In the master thesis the focus is laid on assessment of data and values from particular biogas generation units. For this topic I introduced in particular chapters of the thesis own opinions and experience of various experts. Expert data have been compared with own results gained by testing and evaluation of such received data. In this master thesis further technical parameters for the technology of anaerobic fermentation have been put together as well as information and data about other new technologies for biogas treatment and cleaning. Attention has been paid also to the outlook for using this environmentally friendly and green way of energy harvesting in the future.

Made available in DSpace on 2014-06-11T19:33:32Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 0 Previous issue date: 2005-11-16Bitstream added on 2014-06-13T18:45:23Z : No. of bitstreams: 1 amorim_ac_dr_jabo.pdf: 517767 bytes, checksum: 85dd984061e649a9eb2de771e214671b (MD5) / Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico (CNPq) / Fundação de Amparo à Pesquisa do Estado de São Paulo (FAPESP) / Foram objetivos da execução deste trabalho: a avaliação dos processos de biodigestão anaeróbia e compostagem utilizando-se como substrato os dejetos de cabras adultas Saanen e F1 (Saanen x Boer) alimentadas com três dietas (d1, d2 e d3 = dietas 1 (80% volumoso (V) e 20% concentrado (C)), 2 (60% V e 40% C) e 3 (40% V e 60% C), respectivamente); e o acompanhamento do desempenho de cabritos Saanen desde 90 até 150 dias de idade, alimentados com as três dietas, promovendo-se a quantificação, caracterização e biodigestão anaeróbia dos dejetos gerados nas idades de 90, 120 e 150 dias de idade. Em ambos os processos, as reduções de coliformes totais e fecais foram superiores a 99,0%. As melhores digestibilidades aparentes da MS, PB e FDN, assim como os melhores coeficientes de resíduos e conversões alimentares ocorreram aos 150 dias de idade e em animais alimentados com a dieta 3. As maiores (P<0,05) reduções de SV foram para substratos preparados com os dejetos de cabritos aos 150 dias e alimentados com a dieta 3 (39,2%), bem como as maiores (P<0,05) produções de biogás e metano. / The main objectives of the present work were to evaluate the anaerobic digestion and composting processes by using substrate of adult Saanen and F1(Saanen X Boer) goats fed three different diets: d1, d2 and d3, whereas d1 (80% forage (V):20% concentrate (C); d2 (60% F:40% C), and d3 (40% F: 60% C); and to evaluate the performance of young Saanen goats from 90 to 150 days of age, fed three different diets, followed by quantity and characterization and anaerobic digestion of wastes produced at 90, 120 and 150 days of age. In both processes, the reductions of total and fecal coliforms were superior to 99.0%. The higher apparent digestibility of the DM, CP and NDF, and the best coefficients of residues and feed: gain ratio were observed in the 150 days of age and in animals feed with diet 3. Higher VS reduction (P<0.05) were observed in substrate prepared with wastes from goats at 150 days of age and fed diet 3 (39.2%), and higher biogas and methane production.

Made available in DSpace on 2014-06-11T19:33:32Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 0 Previous issue date: 2011-08-26Bitstream added on 2014-06-13T20:45:14Z : No. of bitstreams: 1 meneses_sl_dr_jabo.pdf: 771014 bytes, checksum: b5bd515c6b311e1b6141c69275171d05 (MD5) / Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior (CAPES) / O aproveitamento energético do biogás oriundo da codigestão cana-de-açúcar e silagem de cana com esterco bovino é uma iniciativa desenvolvida visando mitigar o efeito estufa e dar mais sustentabilidade à matriz energética. Objetivou-se avaliar a viabilidade da codigestão anaeróbia do esterco bovino com cana de açúcar e esterco bovino com silagem de cana no potencial de produção de biogás e metano. O trabalho foi realizado no Laboratório de Biomassa e Biodigestão Anaeróbia da Unesp,campus de Jaboticabal. Foram utilizados biodigestores de bancada, tipo batelada com capacidade de 2 litros. Foram analisados pH, alcalinidade, acidez volátil, macro e micronutrientes, fibra em detergente neutro (FDN), fibra em detergente ácido (FDA), lignina, celulose, hemicelulose, teores de sólidos totais (ST) e sólidos voláteis (SV). O pH com 10 dias após abastecimento variou de 5,62 à 5,98 para cana 10% e somente esterco, respectivamente. A alcalinidade e acidez foram satisfatórios para todos os tratamentos analisados. A produção total acumulada de biogás variou de 0,01597m³ à 0,1916m³ para silagem 10% e cana 5%, respectivamente. O potencial de produção de biogás por kg de SV reduzidos variou de 0,54 à 7,05 m³/kg para os tratamentos silagem 10% e cana 5%, respectivamente. O potencial de produção de metano por kg de SV reduzidos foi respectivamente, 0,35 à 4,12m³/kg para silagem 10% e cana 5%. As reduções de ST, SV e fração fibrosa hemicelulose foram mais efetivas no tratamento com esterco. No tratamento cana 5% as maiores reduções ocorreram nas frações FDN, FDA e celulose. Conclui-se que a codigestão de esterco bovino com cana de açúcar na proporção 5% teve melhor rendimento em relação aos outros tratamentos avaliados / The energetic use of biogas that is a result of the co-digestion of sugar cane and sugar cane silage with cattle manure is one of the alternatives that may be developed in order to reduce the greenhouse effect and give more sustainability to the energetic matrix. The aim of the study was to evaluate the viability of the anaerobic co-digestion of sugar cane and cattle manure and sugar cane silage and cattle manure to produce biogas and methane. The study was done in the Biodigestion Anaerobic Laboratory from São Paulo State University, Jaboticabal-SP, two liters stand biodigestors of the batch type were used. The parameters used were pH, alkalinity, acidity, macro and micronutrients, NDF, ADF, lignin, celluloses, total solids and volatile solids. After 10 days, the pH varied from 5.62 to 5.98 for sugar cane (10%) and only cattle manure treatments, respectively. The alkalinity and acidity had satisfactory results for all the period. The biogas production varied from 0.01597 m3 to 0.1916 m3 to silage (10%) and sugar cane (5%) treatments, respectively. The biogas production by kg of VS reduced varied from 0.54 to 7.05 m3/kg for silage (10%) and sugar cane (5%) treatments, respectively. The methane production by kg of VS varied from 0.35 m3 to 4.12 m3 for silage (10%) and sugar cane (5%) treatments. The reduction of TS, VS and fibrous fraction were more effective in the treatment sugar (5%). The co-digestion with cattle manure with sugar cane at 5% has better efficiency related to the others

Made available in DSpace on 2014-06-11T19:35:06Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 0 Previous issue date: 2012-04-13Bitstream added on 2014-06-13T20:06:25Z : No. of bitstreams: 1 bernabe_ga_dr_araiq_parcial.pdf: 244918 bytes, checksum: 3027ac3b68f5b1d3361e5bb414077b34 (MD5) Bitstreams deleted on 2015-04-28T18:32:04Z: bernabe_ga_dr_araiq_parcial.pdf,Bitstream added on 2015-04-28T18:32:38Z : No. of bitstreams: 1 000709031.pdf: 3079044 bytes, checksum: aa2760262f54c673ba2e5a2046e50390 (MD5) / Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior (CAPES) / O crescimento na produção brasileira de cana-de-açúcar devido, principalmente, à obtenção de açúcar e álcool é motivado pelo aumento na exportação deste subproduto e produção de veículos bicombustíveis, respectivamente. Desta maneira, há maior geração de bagaço, embora possuindo inúmeras utilidades, muitas vezes existe um excesso remanescente do total gerado. Assim, são necessários estudos que viabilizem o uso deste resíduo. Neste trabalho foi estudada a modificação da fração lignocelulósica durante o processo de compostagem e biodigestão anaeróbia do bagaço de cana-de-açúcar. Amostras foram coletadas em diferentes períodos para ambos os processos (0 (cru), 7; 45; 60; 90; 120; 272 dias; 1 ano e 1 ano e 2 meses) e acompanhadas por meio de parâmetros como: pH, umidade, temperatura, presença de metais e demanda química de oxigênio. A caracterização foi feita com o auxílio de técnicas termoanalíticas (TG/DTG/DTA e DSC) e espectroscopia na região do infravermelho. As amostras provenientes dos processos aeróbios e anaeróbios foram submetidas às extrações de lignina, utilizando-se dioxano/HCl (9:1) e, de celulose e hemicelulose, as quais foram obtidas do resíduo sólido resultante da extração de lignina. O comportamento térmico e espectros de infravermelho dessas substâncias foram avaliados e, comparadas suas degradações e modificações na ausência e presença de oxigênio. Os resultados obtidos mostraram que a digestão anaeróbia é mais lenta que a compostagem na decomposição de seus constituintes, principalmente, lignina e celulose/hemicelulose, fato comprovado por suas respectivas curvas de Calorimetria Exploratória Diferencial (DSC); além da constatação de modificações nas estruturas de lignina e celulose ao longo dos dois processos, bem como, fortes evidências... / The growth in the Brazilian sugarcane production, mainly, due to obtain sugar and alcohol is motivated by the increase in export of this subproduct and production of flex-fuel vehicles, respectively. This way, there is a larger bagasse generation, although having many uses, often there is an excess remaining of the total generated. Thus, studies are needed that allow the use of this waste. The modification lignocellulosic fraction during composting and anaerobic biodigestion process of sugarcane bagasse was studied in this work. Samples were collected in different periods for both process (0 (raw); 7; 45; 60; 90; 120; 272 days and 1 year and 1 year and 2 months) and monitored by parameters, such as: pH, humidity, temperature, presence of metals and chemical oxygen demand. The characterization was made with help of thermoanalytical techniques (TG/DTG/DTA e DSC) and infrared spectroscopy. The samples from aerobic and anaerobic process were submitted to lignin extraction, using dioxane/ HCl (9:1), and hemicelluloses/cellulose extraction which were obtained from solid residue resulting of lignin extraction. The thermal behavior and infrared spectra from these substances were evaluated and then compared their degradation and changes in the oxygen presence and absence. The obtained results have showed that anaerobic digestion is slower than composting in its constituents decomposition, mainly, lignin and cellulose/hemicellulose, as demonstrated by their respective curves of Differential Scanning Calorimetry (DSC); besides verifying changes in the cellulose and lignin structures through the two process, as well as, strong evidences of lignin in the cellulose extract and, rare assignments of cellulose to lignin extracted. Concerning to humification, a greater tendency for composting samples was observed, mainly... (Complete abstract click electronic access below)

Region specific foods in the Niger Delta like yam and cassava are consumed on a daily basis by at least 70% of the population. In addition to other commonly consumed foods, high volumes of unavoidable food wastes are generated. With 78% of the households in the region disposing their waste by burying, burning or in unauthorised heaps, environmental degradation is sustained. The region also suffers an infestation of Water Hyacinth (WH). Anaerobic Digestion (AD) presents a viable way of managing these wastes in addition to providing a clean source of energy. Limited research has been conducted on the characterisation and biogas potential of these exotic food wastes due to their localised availability, leading to a knowledge gap. My original contribution to knowledge is the Specific Waste Index (SWI), nutrient characterisation and biogas potential of the local food wastes and WH. Also novel is the design and optimisation of the AD process for mono and codigestion including the quarter hourly analysis of CH4 and CO2 content of the biogas composition over the complete duration of an AD test. The research approach was experimental and involved using conventional research methods in new fields of investigation. SWI was determined by replicating local food processing practices while nutrient composition was obtained using standard analytical methods. The Bio-Methane Potential (BMP) tests were carried out on the four most common food wastes, Yam Peel (YP), Cassava Peel (CP), Cocoyam Peel (CoP), Plantain Peel (PP), following VDI 4630 guidelines and using a newly designed cost-effective bioreactor. Laboratory scale batch reactors ran over 20 days at 37⁰C (310 K). The food wastes were anaerobically co-digested with WH in the ratio 2:1 g Volatile Solid (VS) with a total substrate mass of 8.4 g VS. The S:I ratio was 1:2 g VS and tests were carried out in duplicates to give an indication of repeatability. The results showed a wide range of SWI from 0.2-1.5. The Total Solid (TS) content varied from 7% for WH to 82% for Egusi Shell. Crude Protein and Crude Fibre were highest for Ugwu Stalk at 37% VS and Egusi Shell at 82% VS respectively. Cassava Peel had the highest oil content at 25% VS. NFE which was the major nutrient for 80% of the samples was highest for Yam Peel at 82% VS. YP+WH, CP+WH, CoP+WH and PP+WH had specific biogas yields of 0.42, 0.29, 0.39, and 0.38 m3/kg VS respectively. The yields represented 76%, 48%, 70% and 69% of their respective theoretical values. The samples had their highest methane content during the Technical Digestion Time (T80) period, which lasted up to the 8th day of digestion. The pH values ranged from 7.3 to 7.9 indicating that there was no inhibitory accumulation of organic acids. The results of the mono-digestion tests showed that co-digestion with WH reduced the biogas yields for YP, CP, CoP and PP by 16%, 22%, 7% and 7%. This drop in gas production was due to presence of complex molecules in the WH co-substrate, which cannot be digested by the anaerobic microbes. Further tests showed that fresh waste produced more biogas than dry samples, while a lower S:I produced more biogas due to increased microbial population. It was concluded that waste and nutrient content varied widely between different types of Niger Delta foods. In addition mesophilic digestion of food wastes have good biogas potentials which reduce when co-digested with water hyacinth. The methane content is shown to vary widely throughout an AD test. The findings of this research would provide valuable information to AD databases and its implementation would support clean energy production, environmental remediation and allow researchers in poor regions to perform BMP test on novel feedstock using cost-effective reactors. Key Words: Anaerobic Digestion, Co-Digestion, Water Hyacinth, Niger Delta, Yam, Cassava, Cocoyam, Food Waste, Specific Waste Index, Biogas.

L’utilisation des microalgues dans les filières bioénergies est une thématique qui connait un développement remarquable ces dernières années. Si dans une perspective d’exploitation de masse, elles permettent de répondre plus favorablement aux contraintes qui pèsent sur l’exploitation des biocarburants de première et de deuxième génération, elles se heurtent également à la question de la demande en éléments nutritifs mais aussi à un bilan énergétique défavorable. En conséquence, il apparait difficile de répondre à une exigence de durabilité attendue pour ce nouveau gisement. Ce travail de thèse s’est intéressé à une solution permettant à la fois de recycler les éléments nutritifs présents dans la biomasse et de fournir de l’énergie au système de production voire de transformation : la digestion anaérobie. Les travaux se sont particulièrement focalisés sur l’intégration de la production de microalgues et de la méthanisation au travers de la conversion énergétique de cette biomasse et de la mobilisation des éléments nutritifs vers la culture à l’échelle du laboratoire et à l’échelle pilote. Après avoir identifié les contraintes associées à la biodégradabilité anaérobie des microalgues et les stratégies d’optimisation, nous avons mis en évidence que le potentiel énergétique est contraint par la qualité propre des cellules et une capacité de résistance à la dégradation biologique. L’application de stratégies d’optimisation de cette étape de conversion via l’utilisation de prétraitement thermique a montré qu’il est possible d’augmenter les rendements de production d’énergie et d’éléments minéraux mobilisables vers la culture. L’utilisation d’un écosystème naturel microalgue-bactérie destiné à la production en milieu ouvert et qui utilise un digestat synthétique comme milieu de culture a révélé le rôle déterminant de la flore bactérienne associée en interaction avec les microalgues. Ces résultats ont été évalués dans un système de production à l’échelle pilote préindustrielle en conditions extérieures, conçu et opéré spécifiquement pour répondre à cette problématique. Les caractéristiques propres du bassin de culture déterminent le comportement hydrodynamique du milieu et le comportement physique et écologique de la population phytoplanctonique mobilisée. L’étude de la dynamique des communautés microbiennes, eucaryotes et procaryotes, confirme le potentiel de résilience et de production d’un écosystème complexe soumis aux contraintes de son environnement. Les résultats de ces travaux ouvrent des perspectives de gestion et d’optimisation des procédés intégrant l’algoculture et la méthanisation qui peuvent répondre plus largement à des problématiques environnementales et de production de molécules d’intérêt au-delà des filières énergétiques. / In recent years, there has been an explosion of interest in the use of microalgae as a source of bioenergy. Mass cultivation of microalgae for bioenergy production promises several advantages compared to first and second generation biofuels. However, similar difficulties in terms of nutrient requirements and an unfavourable energy balance are faced. As a consequence, achieving the sustainable levels of microalgal culture required to implement this strategy in the longer term appears problematic. The work presented in this thesis focuses on anaerobic digestion; a solution which allows both recycling of nutrients and supply of energy to the production and downstream processes. In particular, the studies presented here have been directed towards the integration of microalgal culture and methanisation, at both the laboratory and pilot scale. The guiding principle used is conversion of biomass and provision of nutrients to the culture. We first identified the constraints and potential strategies associated with the aerobic biodegradability of microalgae. Next, we demonstrated that the energetic potential of cells is limited by their quality as well as their level of resistance to biological degradation. We have shown that it is possible to optimise the conversion step, increasing energy yields and nutrient mineralisation via a strategy of thermal pretreatment The use of a natural microalgae-bacteria ecosystem which uses a synthetic digestate as culture media, revealed a key role for bacterial flora interacting with microalgae. These results were further tested in a pilot-level production system specifically designed to address these questions. The evidence suggests that the characteristics of the culture pond determine both the hydrodynamic behaviour of the culture and the physical and ecological behaviour of the phytoplanktonic population. A study of the dynamics of the microbial, eukaryotic and prokaryotic communities suggests the presence of a resilient and complex ecosystem, which is influenced by variations in its environment. The results of this work provide opportunities for management and optimisation of processes integrating microalgae cultivation and methanisation beyond bioenergy production, for example liquid wastes treatment and production of high-value byproducts.

Made available in DSpace on 2014-06-11T19:27:22Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 0 Previous issue date: 2011-01-26Bitstream added on 2014-06-13T18:31:24Z : No. of bitstreams: 1 bruno_nmn_me_jabo.pdf: 1393793 bytes, checksum: b6969b3a0511e0625a390172ce1b229c (MD5) / Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior (CAPES) / Neste trabalho foi avaliado o desempenho de três reatores anaeróbios horizontais instalados em série, em escala de bancada, com volume de 1,2 L cada, para o tratamento de águas residuárias do beneficamento do café por via úmida. Foi utilizado um reator anaeróbio horizontal com manta de lodo (R1) e dois de leito fixo, preenchidos com anéis de bambu (R2) e fibras da casca de coco (R3) como meio suporte. O reator R1 foi inoculado com lodo proveniente de reator UASB tratando águas residuárias de suinocultura. Os tempos de detenção hidráulica (TDH) aplicados aos reatores anaeróbios horizontais (R1+R2+R3) foram de 90, 72 e 54 h resultando em cargas orgânicas volumétricas médias (COV) de 12,8, 13,2 e 19,7 kg DQOtotal (m3 d)-1, nos ensaios 1, 2 e 3, respectivamente. Os valores médios da DQO total do afluente foram de 16002, 13198 e 14774 mg L-1, nos ensaios 1, 2 e 3, respectivamente. Os valores médios da DQO total dos efluentes dos reatores R1, R2 e R3 foram 6424, 4067 e 2975 mg L-1 , 6807, 5232 e 4081 mg L-1 e 8154, 6871 e 5700 mg L-1 nos ensaios 1, 2 e 3, respectivamente. As eficiências médias de remoção de DQO total no sistema de tratamento com os três reatores, foram de 76, 69 e 61%, nos ensaios 1, 2 e 3, respectivamente. A produção volumétrica média foi de 1,70, 1,25 e 0,70 L CH4 (L reator d)-1 no conjunto dos reatores, (R1+R2+R3), respectivamente. As eficiências médias de de remoção de DQOtotal, SST, e fenóis totais no conjunto de reatores (R1+R2+R3) não apresentaram diferença significativa e foram de 76, 69 e 61%, de 77, 81, 82% e de 58, 62 e 69% nos ensaios 1, 2 e 3, respectivamente. Os valores médios de pH nos efluentes dos reatores variaram de 6,2 a 7,9. A concentração média de ácidos voláteis totais do afluente e efluente do R3 foram de 2206, 1630 e 1732 mg CH3COOH L-1 e de 168, 1269 e 1220 mg CH3COOH L-1, nos ensaios 1, 2 e 3, respectivamente... / In this work it was evaluated the efficiency of three horizontal anaerobic reactors installed in series, in bench scale (volume of 1,2 L each), one with sludge blanket (R1) and two of fixed bed filled out with bamboo rings (R2) and coconut fibers (R3) as it supports. The reactor R1 was inoculated with sludge originating from reactor UASB treating swine residual water. These reactors were fed whit wastewater from the coffee pulping originating by hand pulping of the dry coffee beans, simulating the wastewater of the mechanical pulping of the coffee beans. Each reactor was submitted at hydraulic detention time (HDT) of 30, 24 and 18 h resulting in organic load rate (OLR) of 12,8, 13,2 and 19,7 kg COD (m3 d)-1, in the rehearsals 1 and 2, respectively. The average values of total COD of the influent in the rehearsals 1, 2 and 3 were of 16002, 13198 and 14774 mg L-1, respectively. The average values of total COD of the effluent of the reactors R1, R2 and R3 were 6424, 4067 and 2975 mg L-1, 6807, 5232 and 4081 mg L-1 and 8154, 6871 and 5700 mg L-1 in the rehearsals 1, 2 and 3, respectively. The average efficiencies of removal of total COD in the treatment system with the three reactors, in the rehearsals 1, 2 and 3 were of 76, 69 and 61%, respectively. The content of methane in the biogas was of 76, 69 and 61% and the maximum volumetric methane production was of 1,7 L CH4 (L reactor d)-1 in the system of treatment, with OLR of 12,8 kg DQO (m3 d)-1 and HDT of 30 h, in the second rehearsal the average content of methane was 71, 64 and 17% in the reactors R1, R2 and R3, respectively with volumetric methane production of 1,21 L CH4 (L reactor d)-1 in the system of treatment. The average values of pH in the effluent of the reactors ranged from 6,2 to 7,9. In the rehearsal 1 the average concentration of total volatile acids of the influent was of 2206 mg CH3COOH L-1 and in the effluent... (Complete abstract click electronic access below)

Made available in DSpace on 2014-06-11T19:28:28Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 0 Previous issue date: 2011-09-26Bitstream added on 2014-06-13T18:34:39Z : No. of bitstreams: 1 ortega_k_me_jabo.pdf: 428328 bytes, checksum: 24f278fc6b33340ccf4106abb5513435 (MD5) / Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior (CAPES) / Fundação de Amparo à Pesquisa do Estado de São Paulo (FAPESP) / Com o objetivo de estudar o comportamento do concentrado de vinhaça biodigerida (CVB) em relação à vinhaça in natura (VN), no crescimento e na nutrição de plantas de cana-de-açúcar, foi desenvolvido um experimento em vasos contendo a combinação de dois solos (latossolo e argissolo), com dois níveis de fertilidade (sem e com a correção da fertilidade) e com quatro tratamentos qualitativos em relação ao K (sem adição de K; com VN na dose de 100 m³ ha-1, com CVB ou KCl em dose de K igual à da VN). Os resultados revelaram que houve comportamento similar entre as vinhaças, tanto na ausência como na presença da correção da fertilidade do solo, sendo que para o concentrado de vinhaça biodigerida os valores tenderam a serem inferiores. O latossolo na ausência da correção da fertilidade induziu maiores resultados para crescimento e nutrição das plantas, em relação ao argissolo, por ter fertilidade original melhor. Porém na presença da correção da fertilidade o latossolo induziu menores resultados. A correção da fertilidade do solo é fundamental para se obter melhores respostas para o crescimento e nutrição da planta de cana-de-açucar, assim tanto o latossolo quanto o argissolo, bem manejados, podem proporcionar bons resultados / In order to study the effect of concentrated of biodigested vinasse (CVB) compared to in natura vinasse (VN) on the growth and nutrition of sugar cane plants, an experiment was conducted in pots containing a combination of two soils (Oxisol and Ultisol) with two fertility levels (with and without fertility correction) and with four qualitative treatments related to K (control = without addition of K; with VN in a dose of 100 m³ ha-1; with CVB or KCl at a dose of K equal to the VN). The results showed that with soil fertility correction, the CVB had similar behavior regarding to plant height, stem diameter, internodes number, leaf area, K and Mg content, and accumulation of P. The VN promoted higher values for P content, and accumulation of Cu and K, N, Ca, S and Cu. In the absence of soil fertility correction, CVB was similar to overall plant growth and accumulation of K, N, Ca, S and Cu; the highest values for VN on K content and higher values for CVB regardong to Mg, P and Cucontent, and accumulation of P. In the Oxisol, both vinasses induced similar values for content of K, S, Cu and Mn, and accumulation of S, N, Ca, Mg, Mn and Zn. In the Ultisol vinasses had similar values for content of Mg, Cu and Mn, and Ca, Mg, Mn and Zn accumulation. The highest values of K and S levels, and S and N accumulation were found when plants were fertilized with VN. Both vinasses showed better results of K, Mg and Cu content in the Oxisol. The VN had similar behavior on both soils for S content, and induced higher values for Zn accumulation in Ultisol. The CVB induced higher values for S content and accumulation of Mg in both tested soils

Made available in DSpace on 2014-06-11T19:24:42Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 0 Previous issue date: 2005-08-10Bitstream added on 2014-06-13T20:52:23Z : No. of bitstreams: 1 portes_za_me_botfca.pdf: 650238 bytes, checksum: 5f0b05c83441fa5ab85c14bd88a0f89c (MD5) / Universidade Estadual Paulista (UNESP) / Nos últimos anos, o setor agropecuário do Brasil vem se modernizando, e com isto provocando um aumento significativo na demanda de energia, no volume de dejetos animais e nos restos de cultura, ocasionando muitas vezes problemas de ordem sanitária, gerando desconforto e perigo à saúde devido o alto teor de substâncias patogênicas presentes nestes resíduos. Uma alternativa bastante eficiente para estes problemas é a reciclagem controlada destes resíduos em biodigestores, que podem converter os dejetos de animais de um problema em um benefício. Pois, a biodigestão resulta em dois subprodutos: um gás rico em metano denominado biogás e um fertilizante, uma espécie de lodo, que é o resíduo da matéria orgânica depois de fermentada, chamado biofertilizante. Desta forma, os biodigestores podem promover o suprimento de energia e fertilizante para os produtores rurais. Este trabalho enfoca a importância dos biodigestores em áreas rurais, apresenta técnicas que auxiliam tanto os projetistas como também os edificadores e operadores de biodigestores, discute os cálculos dos parâmetros para o projeto e construção de biodigestores, considerando os tipos e quantidades de resíduos presentes na propriedade rural e propõe um programa computacional para facilitar tais cálculos. / Lately, the Brazilian farming and cattle rising sector has been improving it self, and hereby, promoting a significant rising on energy demand, on animal screments mass, and a culture residues. It often causes problems of sanitary character, producing discomfort and danger to health due to the strong content of pathogenic substances that appear in these residues. A very efficient alternative is the controlled recycling of these residues in the biodigestors, inverting the problem into benefits, since the biodigestion results in two derivates: an abundant gas in methane, named biogas, and a fertilizer, with a mire aspect, which is the organic matter residue after fermented, named biofertilizer. Thus, the biodigestors may promote energy and fertilizer supply for the agricultural producers. This work focuses on the importance of biodigestors in the field, introduces techniques that help both designers and biodigestor builders and operators. Besides, it discusses the calculus of parameters for the design and building of biodigestors, considering the kind and amounts of residues, which are present at the home farm. Finally, it presents computational software for favoring such calculus.

Submitted by ALINE FERNANDES null (aline.nands@hotmail.com) on 2016-09-03T19:35:06Z No. of bitstreams: 1 DISSERTAÇÃO__repositorio.pdf: 1283943 bytes, checksum: 04c78f479f55ad56dd7a52f0a5254481 (MD5) / Approved for entry into archive by Juliano Benedito Ferreira (julianoferreira@reitoria.unesp.br) on 2016-09-05T17:02:18Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 1 fernandes_a_me_bot.pdf: 1283943 bytes, checksum: 04c78f479f55ad56dd7a52f0a5254481 (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2016-09-05T17:02:18Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 fernandes_a_me_bot.pdf: 1283943 bytes, checksum: 04c78f479f55ad56dd7a52f0a5254481 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2016-07-06 / Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico (CNPq) / A pecuária leiteira bem como a industrialização do leite produzem resíduos que podem impactar o meio se lançados de forma imprópria. Sendo assim, objetivou-se avaliar o efeito da co-digestão de água residuária de laticínio com dejetos bovinos em biodigestores do tipo batelada e contínuo sobre a produção de biogás e biofertilizante. O experimento foi dividido em duas fases. A primeira fase desenvolvida com biodigestores batelada e a segunda subdividida em dois períodos com biodigestores contínuos. Avaliou-se o efeito da inclusão de água residuária de laticínio (ARL) na primeira etapa: 0% de ARL, 50% de ARL, 77,5% de ARL, 100% de ARL e tratamento ARL. Para segunda fase no primeiro período tratamento com 0% de ARL e 50% de ARL. E no segundo período com tratamentos de 0% ARL e 63,5% ARL. Para análise dos dados considerou-se um delineamento inteiramente casualizado, utilizando-se o programa SAS® com nível de significância de 5%. Para a primeira fase, observou–se que o tratamento ARL foi o que apresentou menor produção de biogás (0,00753 m3) em relação aos demais. Para os potenciais de produção o tratamento com 50% de ARL apresentou as menores médias. Nos dois períodos da segunda fase, ou seja, com biodigestores contínuos, os resultados demonstram que os tratamentos contendo água residuária foram eficientes sem diferença de produção de biogás entre os tratamentos. O aproveitamento da água residuária para compor substrato em co-digestão com dejetos bovinos leiteiros apresentou condições favoráveis de produção e qualidade de biogás e biofertilizante. / The dairy farming and industrialization of milk produce waste that may impact the environment if disposed improperly. Thus, this study aimed to evaluate the effect of co-digestion of dairy production wastewater with cattle manure in biodigesters in the batch and continuous type on the production of biogas and biofertilizers. The experiment was divided into two phases. The first phase developed with batch digesters and second divided in two periods with continuous digesters. We evaluated the effect of the inclusion of dairy wastewater (DW) in the first stage: 0% of DW, 50% of DW, 77,5% of DW, 100% of DW and DW treatment. For the second phase the first treatment period with 0% and 50% DW. And in the second period with treatments of 0% and 63.5% DW. Data analysis was considered a completely randomized design, using the SAS® program with 5% significance level. For the first phase, it was observed that the DW treatment showed the lower production of biogas (0.00753 m3) compared to the others treatments. For the production potential treatment with 50% of DW had the lowest means. In the second phase in both periods, with continuous digesters, the results show that the treatments containing wastewater were effective and there is no difference in biogas production between the treatments. The use of wastewater to form substrate co-digestion of dairy cattle manure showed favorable production conditions and quality of biogas and biofertilizers.