The Cannibal system, comprised of an activated sludge process integrated with a side stream anaerobic bioreactor, is capable of reducing excess sludge up to 60% compared to the conventional activated sludge process. The hydraulic retention time (HRT) in the Cannibal bioreactor and the interchange rate (the percent of sludge by mass interchanged between the activated sludge system and the bioreactor on daily basis) are the two important operational parameters in the optimization of the Cannibal process. This research was designed to investigate the effect of the Cannibal bioreactor hydraulic retention time and the interchange rate on the solids destruction in the system. The first phase of this study has looked at the effect of three different HRTs, 5 day, 7 day and 10 day. The interchange rate during phase I was 10%. The results showed that the 7 day HRT can be recommended as the minimum retention period for the Cannibal process. The 5 day HRT Cannibal system had some settling problems and high volatile fatty acid content compared to the 7 day HRT Cannibal system. The protein and polysaccharide tests showed that the Cannibal bioreactor is primarily involved in the release of biopolymers which are degraded in the aerobic environment. The second part of this study focused on the effect of the interchange rate (IR) on the solids destruction in the system. The interchange rates that were applied in the system were 15%, 10%, 7%, 5% and 4%.The HRT in the Cannibal bioreactor was 7 day. The results showed that the 10% interchange rate gave maximum solids destruction than the other interchange rates. This implies that 10% is an optimum IR for the Cannibal system. Apart from higher solids wastage, the 4% and 5% IR Cannibal systems had higher volatile fatty acid production. / Master of Science

O tratamento de resíduos sólidos orgânicos, como lodos de estação de tratamento de esgotos e a fração orgânica de resíduos sólidos urbanos, são desafios atuais da engenharia sanitária e ambiental. Os processos biológicos são os mais apropriados para o tratamento desses resíduos. Acordos recentes como o Protocolo de Kyoto e os mecanismos de desenvolvimento limpo (MDL) estão contribuindo para o crescimento da digestão anaeróbia de resíduos sólidos orgânicos em todo o mundo. Nesta pesquisa foi investigado o efeito da adição de lodo anaeróbio ao lixiviado de aterro sanitário empregado como inóculo de reator anaeróbio híbrido sólido-líquido tratando a fração orgânica de resíduos sólidos urbanos. Foi verificado que a adição de lodo melhorou a digestão anaeróbia, acelerando a degradação de ácidos graxos voláteis, antecipando a geração de biogás, aumentando a composição percentual de metano e promovendo maior variabilidade e presença de microrganismos. A adição de lodo também aumentou a eficiência de conversão de sólidos totais e sólidos totais voláteis e sólidos totais fixos / Treatment of organic solid wastes like wastewater treatment plant sludges and organic fraction of municipal solid wastes are current issues in environmental engineering. Biological processes are more appropriate to treat these wastes. Recent trends like Kyoto protocol and clean development mechanisms (CDM) are improving anaerobic digestion of organic solid wastes. It was investigated the effect of adding anaerobic sludge to bioreactor landfill leachate applied like seed in hybrid anaerobic solid-liquid bioreactor treating organic fraction of municipal solid wastes. It was verified that sludge addition improved anaerobic digestion, accelerating volatile fatty acids degradation, anticipating biogas generation, increasing methane percentile composition and promoting more variability and presence of microorganisms. Sludge addition also increased total solids, total volatile solids and total fixed solids conversion

Made available in DSpace on 2014-06-11T19:27:24Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 0 Previous issue date: 2008-04-17Bitstream added on 2014-06-13T20:35:52Z : No. of bitstreams: 1 almeida_acm_me_rcla.pdf: 908754 bytes, checksum: c67dc89a044d50c60fbdc87558d820a3 (MD5) / Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico (CNPq) / O uso de biodigestores anaeróbios é uma versátil alternativa para produção de biomassa microbiana a partir de resíduos orgânicos. O reaproveitamento das sobras alimentares, produzidas pelo Restaurante Universitário da Unesp Campus Rio Claro, foi o responsável pela produção de um Inóculo Líquido Residual (I.L.R.) utilizado como agente biodegradador e biossorvente para os corantes azóicos “Acid Yellow 25” e “Direct Violet 51” de importante destaque industrial. O projeto dividiu-se em duas etapas, a primeira contemplando a produção do inóculo em grande escala (biodigestor de fluxo contínuo) e a segunda em escala de laboratorial (biodigestor em batelada). Os resultados da análise microbiológica revelaram a presença predominante de bactérias acidogênicas e de leveduras em menor escala. Estes microrganismos foram aplicados como inóculo nas soluções dos dois corantes em condições variadas de pH (2,50; 4,50 e 6,50). A análise dos produtos formados a partir da interação com o I.L.R demonstraram as potencialidades biodegradativas e biossorventes do consórcio microbiano e sua ação diferenciada de acordo com a mudança de pH.As aminas aromáticas e sulfonadas, formadas após a redução da ligação azóica, foram estudada a partir do sobrenadante dos tratamentos dos corantes através do uso dos métodos difundidos do UV-Vis e do HPLC aliados às analises vanguardistas do FTIR. / The use of anaerobic bioreactor is a versatile alternative for the production of microbial biomass from organic waste. The reuse of the leftovers from the University Restaurant of Unesp Rio Claro Campus, was responsible for producing a Residual Liquid Inoculum (R.L.I.) used as a biodegradator and biosorptive agent for two azo dyes Acid Yellow 25 and Direct Violet 51 with a major role in the industrial scenery. The project was divided in two steps, the first covering the production of the inoculum in large scale (continuous flow bioreactor) and the second in bench-scale (in-batch bioreactor) The results of the microbiological analysis revealed a predominant presence of acidogenic bacteria and a few yeasts. These microorganisms were used as inoculum in both dye solutions at different pH conditions (2.50, 4.50 and 6.50) The analysis of the resultant by-products demonstrated the biodegradation and biosorptive potential of the consortium and its differentiated pH-regulated action. The aromatic sulfonated amines, formed after the reduction of the azoic bounds, were studied through the spreaded analytic methods of UV-Vis and HPLC in conjunct with the vanguard of FTIR device.

Orientador: Carlos Renato Corso / Banca: Sandra Mara Martins Franchetti / Banca: Sandra Regina Ceccato Antonini / Resumo: O uso de biodigestores anaeróbios é uma versátil alternativa para produção de biomassa microbiana a partir de resíduos orgânicos. O reaproveitamento das sobras alimentares, produzidas pelo Restaurante Universitário da Unesp Campus Rio Claro, foi o responsável pela produção de um Inóculo Líquido Residual (I.L.R.) utilizado como agente biodegradador e biossorvente para os corantes azóicos "Acid Yellow 25" e "Direct Violet 51" de importante destaque industrial. O projeto dividiu-se em duas etapas, a primeira contemplando a produção do inóculo em grande escala (biodigestor de fluxo contínuo) e a segunda em escala de laboratorial (biodigestor em batelada). Os resultados da análise microbiológica revelaram a presença predominante de bactérias acidogênicas e de leveduras em menor escala. Estes microrganismos foram aplicados como inóculo nas soluções dos dois corantes em condições variadas de pH (2,50; 4,50 e 6,50). A análise dos produtos formados a partir da interação com o I.L.R demonstraram as potencialidades biodegradativas e biossorventes do consórcio microbiano e sua ação diferenciada de acordo com a mudança de pH.As aminas aromáticas e sulfonadas, formadas após a redução da ligação azóica, foram estudada a partir do sobrenadante dos tratamentos dos corantes através do uso dos métodos difundidos do UV-Vis e do HPLC aliados às analises vanguardistas do FTIR. / Abstract: The use of anaerobic bioreactor is a versatile alternative for the production of microbial biomass from organic waste. The reuse of the leftovers from the University Restaurant of Unesp Rio Claro Campus, was responsible for producing a Residual Liquid Inoculum (R.L.I.) used as a biodegradator and biosorptive agent for two azo dyes Acid Yellow 25 and Direct Violet 51 with a major role in the industrial scenery. The project was divided in two steps, the first covering the production of the inoculum in large scale (continuous flow bioreactor) and the second in bench-scale (in-batch bioreactor) The results of the microbiological analysis revealed a predominant presence of acidogenic bacteria and a few yeasts. These microorganisms were used as inoculum in both dye solutions at different pH conditions (2.50, 4.50 and 6.50) The analysis of the resultant by-products demonstrated the biodegradation and biosorptive potential of the consortium and its differentiated pH-regulated action. The aromatic sulfonated amines, formed after the reduction of the azoic bounds, were studied through the spreaded analytic methods of UV-Vis and HPLC in conjunct with the vanguard of FTIR device. / Mestre

O tratamento de resíduos sólidos orgânicos, como lodos de estação de tratamento de esgotos e a fração orgânica de resíduos sólidos urbanos, são desafios atuais da engenharia sanitária e ambiental. Os processos biológicos são os mais apropriados para o tratamento desses resíduos. Acordos recentes como o Protocolo de Kyoto e os mecanismos de desenvolvimento limpo (MDL) estão contribuindo para o crescimento da digestão anaeróbia de resíduos sólidos orgânicos em todo o mundo. Nesta pesquisa foi investigado o efeito da adição de lodo anaeróbio ao lixiviado de aterro sanitário empregado como inóculo de reator anaeróbio híbrido sólido-líquido tratando a fração orgânica de resíduos sólidos urbanos. Foi verificado que a adição de lodo melhorou a digestão anaeróbia, acelerando a degradação de ácidos graxos voláteis, antecipando a geração de biogás, aumentando a composição percentual de metano e promovendo maior variabilidade e presença de microrganismos. A adição de lodo também aumentou a eficiência de conversão de sólidos totais e sólidos totais voláteis e sólidos totais fixos / Treatment of organic solid wastes like wastewater treatment plant sludges and organic fraction of municipal solid wastes are current issues in environmental engineering. Biological processes are more appropriate to treat these wastes. Recent trends like Kyoto protocol and clean development mechanisms (CDM) are improving anaerobic digestion of organic solid wastes. It was investigated the effect of adding anaerobic sludge to bioreactor landfill leachate applied like seed in hybrid anaerobic solid-liquid bioreactor treating organic fraction of municipal solid wastes. It was verified that sludge addition improved anaerobic digestion, accelerating volatile fatty acids degradation, anticipating biogas generation, increasing methane percentile composition and promoting more variability and presence of microorganisms. Sludge addition also increased total solids, total volatile solids and total fixed solids conversion

Para o tratamento de esgoto sanitário foi desenvolvido e estudado um reator UASB (Upflow Anaerobic Sludge Blanket), associado com unidade de filtração. O estudo se iniciou pela operação do reator UASB durante 642 dias, onde a fase líquida afluente e efluente foi monitorada. Em seguida uma unidade de filtração foi acoplada ao reator UASB e foram avaliados as características de filtração, o desempenho do tratamento e a eficiência do processo de limpeza química de três filtros. Os materiais poliméricos utilizados como filtros foram o polipropileno, o poliéster e o geossintético de poliéster, com diâmetro médio de poros de um mícron (1μm). As características de filtração avaliadas foram o fluxo do permeado e os mecanismos de obstrução de cada material polimérico (resistência à filtração: total, do material, da camada de biossólidos e de entupimento). O desempenho global do sistema de tratamento foi avaliado em termos de remoção de demanda química de oxigênio (DQO) e de sólidos suspensos totais (SST). Para recuperação dos filtros foi utilizada primeiramente a limpeza química com solução ácida (ácido clorídrico-HCl) e em série a limpeza com solução alcalina (hipoclorito de sódio e hidróxido de sódio- NaOCl e NaOH). Dentre os três materiais poliméricos utilizados verificou-se que, o geossintético (poliéster) foi o filtro que apresentou melhores características de filtração e desempenho global, ou seja, com este material a resistência da camada foi predominante (obstrução é reversível), a concentração de sólidos suspensos totais do permeado estabilizou em 25 mg/L e a eficiência média global de remoção da demanda química de oxigênio (DQO) foi de 78%. Dentre os procedimentos de limpeza química utilizada nos três filtros, verificou-se que a solução ácida (HCl) aplicada em série com a solução alcalina (NaOCl e NaOH) apresentou maior eficiência que a limpeza somente com a solução ácida (recuperação do fluxo inicial do permeado acima de 90%). / An anaerobic reactor (UASB – Upflow Anaerobic Sludge Blanket) coupled to a filtration unit for the treatment of domestic sewage was developed and studied. The study began by operating the UASB reactor for 642 days, during which time the influent and effluent liquid phase were monitored. The filtration unit was then coupled to the UASB reactor and the filtration characteristics, the performance of the treatment, and the efficiency of the cleaning process of three polymeric filters were evaluated. The polymeric materials used for the filters were polypropylene, polyester and geosynthetic polyester, all with an average pore size of one micron (1μm). The filtration characteristics evaluated were the permeate flux and the fouling mechanisms (total filtration resistance of the material and the cake, and clogging) during filtration. The system’s overall performance was evaluated in terms of chemical oxygen demand (COD) and removal of total suspended solids (TSS). The filters were cleaned chemically, first with an acid solution (HCl), followed by alkaline solutions (NaOH and NaOCl) applied in series. A comparison of the three filtering materials indicated that the geosynthetic material (polyester) possessed the best overall characteristics of filtration and performance. In other words, i.e., cake resistance (reversible fouling) predominated with this material, the concentration of total suspended solids (TSS) in the permeate stabilized at 25 mg/L, and the overall removal efficiency of chemical oxygen demand (COD) was 78%. Of the various chemical cleaning procedures tested on the three polymeric filters, the acid (HCl) and alkaline solutions (NaOH and NaOCl) applied in series provided more efficient flux recovery (over 90% of the initial permeate) than chemical cleaning only with acid (HCl).

Para o tratamento de esgoto sanitário foi desenvolvido e estudado um reator UASB (Upflow Anaerobic Sludge Blanket), associado com unidade de filtração. O estudo se iniciou pela operação do reator UASB durante 642 dias, onde a fase líquida afluente e efluente foi monitorada. Em seguida uma unidade de filtração foi acoplada ao reator UASB e foram avaliados as características de filtração, o desempenho do tratamento e a eficiência do processo de limpeza química de três filtros. Os materiais poliméricos utilizados como filtros foram o polipropileno, o poliéster e o geossintético de poliéster, com diâmetro médio de poros de um mícron (1μm). As características de filtração avaliadas foram o fluxo do permeado e os mecanismos de obstrução de cada material polimérico (resistência à filtração: total, do material, da camada de biossólidos e de entupimento). O desempenho global do sistema de tratamento foi avaliado em termos de remoção de demanda química de oxigênio (DQO) e de sólidos suspensos totais (SST). Para recuperação dos filtros foi utilizada primeiramente a limpeza química com solução ácida (ácido clorídrico-HCl) e em série a limpeza com solução alcalina (hipoclorito de sódio e hidróxido de sódio- NaOCl e NaOH). Dentre os três materiais poliméricos utilizados verificou-se que, o geossintético (poliéster) foi o filtro que apresentou melhores características de filtração e desempenho global, ou seja, com este material a resistência da camada foi predominante (obstrução é reversível), a concentração de sólidos suspensos totais do permeado estabilizou em 25 mg/L e a eficiência média global de remoção da demanda química de oxigênio (DQO) foi de 78%. Dentre os procedimentos de limpeza química utilizada nos três filtros, verificou-se que a solução ácida (HCl) aplicada em série com a solução alcalina (NaOCl e NaOH) apresentou maior eficiência que a limpeza somente com a solução ácida (recuperação do fluxo inicial do permeado acima de 90%). / An anaerobic reactor (UASB – Upflow Anaerobic Sludge Blanket) coupled to a filtration unit for the treatment of domestic sewage was developed and studied. The study began by operating the UASB reactor for 642 days, during which time the influent and effluent liquid phase were monitored. The filtration unit was then coupled to the UASB reactor and the filtration characteristics, the performance of the treatment, and the efficiency of the cleaning process of three polymeric filters were evaluated. The polymeric materials used for the filters were polypropylene, polyester and geosynthetic polyester, all with an average pore size of one micron (1μm). The filtration characteristics evaluated were the permeate flux and the fouling mechanisms (total filtration resistance of the material and the cake, and clogging) during filtration. The system’s overall performance was evaluated in terms of chemical oxygen demand (COD) and removal of total suspended solids (TSS). The filters were cleaned chemically, first with an acid solution (HCl), followed by alkaline solutions (NaOH and NaOCl) applied in series. A comparison of the three filtering materials indicated that the geosynthetic material (polyester) possessed the best overall characteristics of filtration and performance. In other words, i.e., cake resistance (reversible fouling) predominated with this material, the concentration of total suspended solids (TSS) in the permeate stabilized at 25 mg/L, and the overall removal efficiency of chemical oxygen demand (COD) was 78%. Of the various chemical cleaning procedures tested on the three polymeric filters, the acid (HCl) and alkaline solutions (NaOH and NaOCl) applied in series provided more efficient flux recovery (over 90% of the initial permeate) than chemical cleaning only with acid (HCl).

The objective of this thesis is to evaluate the engineering properties of Municipal Solid Waste (MSW) that are necessary in the design of landfills. The engineering properties of MSW such as compressibility, shear strength, stiffness and hydraulic conductivity are crucial in design and construction of landfills. The variation of the engineering properties with time, age and degradation are of paramount importance in the field of landfill engineering. There is a need to address the role of the engineering properties in landfill engineering as it is not apparent how the engineering characteristics vary with time. The thesis presents the results of study of the engineering properties of MSW comprehensively and develops experimental data for design of MSW landfills. The work includes the study of the index properties and the engineering properties of MSW such as compressibility, shear strength, shear modulus and damping ratio and a detailed experimental study of the bioreactor landfill. The components of settlements, variation of shear strength with respect to unit weight and particle size are determined experimentally and analyzed. The dynamic properties such as shear modulus and material damping ratio and its variation with parameters such as unit weight, load, amplitude, degradation and moisture content are studied and analyzed. The normalized shear modulus reduction curve which is used in the seismic analysis of the landfills is developed for MSW based on the experimental results and previous studies. A pilot-scale bioreactor was setup in the laboratory for long term monitoring of the settlement, temperature variation and gas production simultaneously. The parameters of interest viz, pH, BOD, COD, conductivity, alkalinity, methane and carbon-di-oxide were determined. The generated data can be effectively used in the engineered design of landfills. For a better understanding, the present thesis is divided into the following eight chapter Chapter 1 provides a general introduction to the thesis with respect to the importance of engineering properties of MSW and presents the organization of the thesis. Chapter 2 presents a detailed review of literature pertaining to the basic, index and the engineering properties of MSW namely compressibility, shear strength, shear modulus and damping ratio, bioreactor landfill and also the scope of the study. Chapter 3 includes the materials and methods followed in the thesis. Chapter 4 presents the evaluation of compressibility characteristics of MSW including the components of settlement and the settlement model parameters. Chapter 5 presents the determination of the shear strength properties of MSW using direct shear tests and triaxial tests. The variation of the strength with respect to unit weight and the particle size is examined. The results are examined in terms of strength ratio and stiffness ratio and the implications are discussed. Chapter 6 presents the study of the dynamic characters of MSW. The variation of the shear modulus and damping ratio with respect to unit weight, confining pressure, loading frequency, decomposition and moisture content are analyzed. Normalized shear modulus reduction and damping curves are proposed for seismic analysis. Chapter 7 presents the study of the conventional and the bioreactor landfill in a small scale laboratory setup. A large scale experimental setup is fabricated to study the characteristics of a bioreactor landfill and includes the long term monitoring and analysis of temperature, gas, settlement and leachate characteristics periodically. The results of the comprehensive study are presented in this chapter. Chapter 8 summarizes the important conclusions from the various experimental studies reported in this dissertation. Conclusions and the scope of future work are presented. A detailed list of references and the list of publications from the thesis are presented at the end. Appendix A presents the life cycle analysis and life cycle cost analysis of MSW land disposal options. The land disposal options such as open dumps, engineered landfills and bioreactor landfills are analyzed in this study.