Resilience Engineering has evolved during the recent century and could be a good complement to the prevailing ideas concerning safety within the air traffic industry. The concept of Resilience Engineering stresses the fact that in order to keep up the high standard of safety, there must be greater attention directed to the importance of being proactive, and to implement measures before dangerous situations arises. The purpose of our work was to develop the Resilience Analysis Grid (RAG) to help LFV, the leading Air Navigation Service Provider in Sweden, to identify their ability to deal with disturbances and unexpected events. By testing our RAG on seven active air traffic controllers and operational managers, we were able to produce a final set of assertions, with a total number of 22 items, which LFV (or other similar organisations) can use as a foundation for future RAG studies. As a first attempt we also rated the answers which gave us an opportunity to produce a star diagram, showing the relationship between the areas covered by the RAG. During the interviews we discovered that resilience is already today in many aspects a big part of the everyday work and that the RAG method can therefore be applicable in the industry with some modification. However, there are certain areas within LFV that we believe there is room for improvements. We believe that the RAG could serve as a helpful tool in identifying these areas as well as assisting LFV in their striving to remain one of the safest organisations in the world.

Resilience Engineering has evolved during the recent century and could be a good complement to the prevailing ideas concerning safety within the air traffic industry. The concept of Resilience Engineering stresses the fact that in order to keep up the high standard of safety, there must be greater attention directed to the importance of being proactive, and to implement measures before dangerous situations arises. The purpose of our work was to develop the Resilience Analysis Grid (RAG) to help LFV, the leading Air Navigation Service Provider in Sweden, to identify their ability to deal with disturbances and unexpected events. By testing our RAG on seven active air traffic controllers and operational managers, we were able to produce a final set of assertions, with a total number of 22 items, which LFV (or other similar organisations) can use as a foundation for future RAG studies. As a first attempt we also rated the answers which gave us an opportunity to produce a star diagram, showing the relationship between the areas covered by the RAG. During the interviews we discovered that resilience is already today in many aspects a big part of the everyday work and that the RAG method can therefore be applicable in the industry with some modification. However, there are certain areas within LFV that we believe there is room for improvements. We believe that the RAG could serve as a helpful tool in identifying these areas as well as assisting LFV in their striving to remain one of the safest organisations in the world.

Cette étude fait l’objet d’un double traitement des manuels de français utilisés en Grèce : d’une part, l’étude de leur histoire et, d’autre part, le recensement et l’analyse de leur dimension culturelle. Cette rétrospective nous permet de mieux cerner les lignes directrices des manuels, d’en dégager des constantes, des éléments communs, au cours des diverses époques étudiées et d’en confronter les données.Les manuels de notre recherche sont classés en deux catégories, les manuels du XIXe siècle et ceux qui sont datés principalement de la première décennie du XXIe siècle ou plus précisément ont été publiés entre 1998 et 2008.Nous voulons montrer par l’étude de la naissance de l’enseignement du français en Grèce qu’il y a un rapport étroit entre l’introduction du français en tant que discipline dans les cursus des écoles publiques grecques et les événements historiques des époques de référence. Ce travail permet de retrouver ainsi, les premières racines de la disciplinarisation du français langue étrangère en Grèce.À travers notre analyse des manuels contemporains, qui s’appuie sur l’observation d’un corpus de plus de vingt manuels de français en usage en Grèce dans les écoles de l’enseignement secondaire et primaire publics, nous nous interrogeons aussi sur le rôle de l’image en tant que porteur de culture dans les manuels et sur la façon de rendre l’acte didactique interculturel plus clair au moyen du traitement des dialogues. Est également posée la question de la valeur des dialogues qui figurent dans les manuels de FLE en tant que documents authentiques ou fabriqués et du métalangage utilisé. Le recensement des aspects culturels des manuels de notre corpus nous permet d’élaborer une grille d’analyse et d’évaluation d’un manuel de FLE. Cette grille sert à comparer les manuels quant à leur pertinence sur certains points précis et met en avant leurs rubriques consacrées aux aspects culturels. / This research intends to make a double study of Greek textbooks for French as a foreign language: on the one hand it examines the history of these textbooks in Greece and on the other hand it records and analyses their cultural dimension. This flashback allows us to distinguish more clearly the books’ guidelines, to deduce their constancy, the common elements of the different eras as well as to compare and contrast this data.The textbooks are divided into two categories, the 19th century textbooks and those dating mostly at the first decade of the 21st century, more specifically those published between 1998 and 2008.We would like to point out by studying the birth of the French language teaching in Greece that there is an unbreakable connection between the introduction of French as a taught subject in the curriculum of the Greek public schools and the historical events of that time period. This study allows us to find the origins of disciplinarization of the French language teaching in Greece.The examination of the contemporary textbooks, which is based on the analysis of a selection of more than twenty textbooks used in primary and secondary Greek schools, focuses firstly on the role of image as culture conveyor in the textbooks and secondly on the way we could make the teaching cultural act clearer through the study of dialogues. It refers also to the question of the value of the dialogues we come across often in the textbooks as authentic or fabricated productions as well as to the metalanguage used by them.The recording of the cultural aspects in the textbooks of our selection allows us to develop a chart which analyses and evaluates those which are used in teaching French as a foreign language. This chart serves in comparing and contrasting the textbooks concerning the accuracy of specific points and in demonstrating the rubrics dedicated to cultural elements.

L’évolution de l’aménagement urbain s’oriente actuellement vers la démarche du développement durable. C’est à travers les projets à l’échelle locale – les quartiers durables –que sont initiées et appliquées les politiques des collectivités en la matière. Le nombre croissant et la diversité de ces opérations reflètent toutefois un manque d’études sur l’approche et le processus d’élaboration propre à cette échelle du quartier ainsi que la question de l’adaptation de la démarche dans chaque contexte urbain. A partir de ce constat, nous avons défini le sujet central de notre recherche comme le croisement et l’intégration de la notion de la durabilité dans la complexité des contextes locaux.Notre approche s’appuie sur un regard transversal et croisé des thématiques interdisciplinaires du développement durable en insérant les questionnements propres à la conduite des projets architecturaux et urbains. Notre principal objectif est de contribuer à une base de réflexion synthétique pour l’aide à la décision et la programmation des projets de quartiers, avec le cas d’étude de la ville d’Hanoï. Nous mettons en place une approche systémique sous forme de grilles d’analyse multicritères génériques pour l’évaluation des projets de quartiers durables. Nous proposons des recommandations et des préconisations par une analyse croisée des expériences européennes du domaine, en vue d’une démarche opérationnelle de l’élaboration des quartiers durables. Il s’agit d’un travail de référence permettant d’actualiser et d’enrichir les connaissances sur les dispositifs architecturaux et urbains durables adaptés aux contextes des villes des pays émergents comme le Vietnam. / The evolution of urban development is moving towards the sustainable development approach. It is through projects at the local scale - sustainable neighborhoods - that community policies on this matter are initiated and implemented. The increasing number and diversity of these operations reflect however a lack of studies on the approach and the development process specific to the scale of neighborhood, as well as the question of adaptation of the approach to each urban context. Based on this observation, we defined the central subject of our research as the crossing and integration of the concept of sustainability in the complexity of local contexts.Our approach is based on a transverse and crossed look on interdisciplinary themes of sustainable development, by crossing questions specific to architectural and urban projects management. Our main objective is to contribute to a synthetic base of reflection for decision-support for district planning, based on the case study of Hanoi City.We implement a systemic approach in the form of generic multi-criteria analysis grids for the evaluation of sustainable neighborhoods projects. We propose recommendations by a crossed analysis of European experiences in the field, in view of an operational approach to the development of sustainable neighborhoods. This is a reference work allowing updating and deepening knowledge on architectural and urban sustainable features, adapted to the contexts of cities in emerging countries like Vietnam.

Electricity grids require the ancillary services frequency control, grid operation, re-establishment of supply and voltage stability for a proper operation. Historically, conventional power plants in the transmission grid were the main source providing these services. An increasing share of decentralized renewable energy in the electricity mix causes decreasing dispatch times for conventional power plants and may consequently lead to a partial replacement of these technologies. Decentralized energy sources are technically capable of providing ancillary services. This work focuses on the provision of reactive power for voltage stability from decentralized sources. The aim is to answer the question of how voltage stability and reactive power management can be achieved in a future electricity system with increasing shares of decentralized renewable energy sources in an economical and efficient way. A methodology that takes reactive power and voltage stability in an electricity system into account is developed. It allows for the evaluation of the economic benefits of different reactive power supply options. A non-linear and a linearized techno-economic grid model are formulated for this purpose. The analysis reveals an increasing importance of reactive power from the distribution grid in future development scenarios, in particular if delays in grid extension are taken into account. The bottom-up assessment indicates a savings potential of up to 40 mio. EUR per year if reactive power sources in the distribution grid provide reactive power in a controlled manner. Although these savings constitute only a small portion of the total cost of the electricity system, reactive power from decentralized energy sources contributes to the change towards a system based on renewable energy sources. A comparison of different reactive power remuneration mechanisms shows that a variety of approaches exist that could replace the inflexible mechanisms of obligatory provision and penalized consumption of reactive power that are mostly in place nowadays.