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Retalho ósseo vascularizado do côndilo femoral medial: estudo anatômico / Vascularized medial femoral condyle flap: anatomic studySilva, Gustavo Bersani 21 March 2018 (has links)
INTRODUÇÃO: O retalho ósseo vascularizado do côndilo femoral medial é opção para tratamento de pseudoartroses e falhas ósseas desde 1991. Este retalho deve sua irrigação à artéria genicular descendente (AGD) e, na ausência desta, à artéria genicular superior medial (AGSM), ambas oriundas da artéria femoral superficial (AFS). A AGD, comumente, ramifica-se em três ramos principais: ramo muscular para o músculo vasto medial (RM), ramo safeno que irriga pele (RS), e ramo osteoarticular (ROA), que nutre periósteo, osso e região subcondral. A origem comum destes ramos permite grande versatilidade ao viabilizar reconstrução de múltiplos tecidos (periósteo, osso, região subcondral, músculo e pele) nutridos por um único pedículo em potencial, passível de anastomose microcirúrgica, a depender de variações anatômicas. A descrição dos padrões anatômicos da AGD e seus ramos motivou o presente estudo, que teve por objetivo detalhar as características antropométricas dos espécimes estudados, além das diversas variáveis relativas à dissecção do retalho ósseo vascularizado do côndilo femoral medial. MÉTODOS: De junho de 2015 a novembro de 2017, foram dissecados, no Serviço de Verificação de Óbitos da Capital (SVOC-USP), 30 joelhos de 20 cadáveres frescos do sexo masculino, sendo registradas as seguintes variáveis: idade; estatura; peso; lateralidade; comprimento da coxa (distância entre o trocânter maior do fêmur até interlinha articular tíbio-femoral); presença da AGD; distância entre a origem da AGD na artéria femoral e interlinha articular (IA); distância entre a origem da AGD e os RM e RS; se o RS tem origem na AGD; comprimento do RM, RS e ROA, e os diâmetros da AGD e veia comitante. RESULTADOS: A AGD esteve presente em 93,3% dos espécimes (28/30), sendo o periósteo nutrido pela AGSM nos dois casos restantes. O RS originou-se da AGD em 76,7% das dissecções (23/70). A síntese dos resultados foi a seguinte: idade média = 69,1(±14,0) anos, estatura média = 171,7(±5,1) cm, peso médio = 65,9(±15,4) kg, comprimento médio da coxa = 42,8(±1,6) cm, distância média entre origem da AGD e IA = 13,4(±1,4) cm, distância média entre origem da AGD e RM = 2,6(±1,6) cm, distância média entre origem da AGD e RS = 1,2(±0,7) cm, comprimento médio da AGD = 7,5(±1,5) cm, comprimento médio do RM = 0,9(±0,3) cm, diâmetro médio da AGD = 1,9(±0,3) mm, diâmetro médio da veia comitante = 1,7(±0,3) mm. O comprimento e diâmetro médios da AGSM foram 4,1(±0,4) cm e 1,7(±0,1) mm, respectivamente. CONCLUSÃO: O retalho ósseo vascularizado do côndilo femoral medial mostrou-se opção versátil, de fácil dissecção e anatomia relativamente constante para reconstrução de lesões complexas tridimensionais do sistema musculoesquelético. Permite a elevação de retalho ósseo e osteocondral, associado à pele e ao tecido muscular, cada qual nutrido por ramos independentes (ROA, RS e RM) na maior parte das ocasiões / INTRODUCTION: The vascularized medial femoral condyle osseous flap has been an option for the treatment of bone defects since 1991. This flap owes its irrigation to the descending genicular artery (DGA) and, in its absence, to the medial superior genicular artery (MSGA), both originating from the superficial femoral artery (SFA). DGA commonly branches into three main branches: the muscular branch to the vastus medialis muscle (MB), the saphenous branch that irrigates the skin (SB) and the osteoarticular branch (OAB), which nourishes the periosteum, bone and subchondral region of the medial femoral condyle. The common origin of these branches enables the transference of multiple tissues (periosteum, bone, cartilage, muscle and skin) nourished by a single potential vascular pedicle, prone to microsurgical anastomosis, given anatomical variations are not present. Description of the anatomical patterns of the DGA and its branches motivated the present study, which aimed to detail the anthropometric characteristics of the anatomical specimens and describe the several variables involved in the dissection of the vascularized medial femoral condyle flap. METHODS: From June 2015 to November 2017, 30 thighs of 20 fresh male cadavers were dissected in the \"Serviço de Verificação de Óbitos da Capital\" (SVOC-USP). The following variables were recorded: age; stature; weight; thigh length (distance between the greater trochanter of the femur to the tibiofemoral joint); presence of the DGA; distance between the origin of the DGA from the femoral artery and the joint surface (JS); distance between the origin of the DGA and the MB and SB; if the SB originated from the DGA; length of the MB, SB and OAB and the diameters of the DGA and venae comitantes. RESULTS: The DGA was present in 93.3% of the specimens (28/30) and the periosteum was nourished by the MSGA in the two remaining cases. SB originated from the DGA in 76.7% of the dissections (23/70). The results were as follows: mean age = 69,1(±14,0) years, mean height = 171,7(±5,1) cm, mean weight 65,9(±15,4) kg, mean thigh length = 42,8(±1,6) cm, mean distance between DGA origin and JS = 13,4(±1,4) cm, mean distance between DGA origin and MB = 2,6(±1,6) cm, mean distance between AGD origin and SB = 1,2(±0,7) cm, mean length of the DGA = 7,5(±1,5) cm, mean length of MB = 0,9(±0,3) cm, mean diameter of the DGA = 1,9(±0,3) mm, mean diameter of the vena comitans = 1,7(±0,3) mm. The mean length and diameter of the MSGA were 4,1(±0,4) cm and 1,7(±0,1) mm, respectively. CONCLUSION: The vascularized medial femoral condyle flap is a versatile option for the reconstruction of complex three-dimensional lesions of the musculoskeletal system, with straightforward dissection and relatively constant anatomy. It allows the transference of bone, cartilage, muscular tissue and a thin cutaneous flap, each one nourished by independent branches (OAB, MB and SB) on most occasions
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Retalho ósseo vascularizado do côndilo femoral medial: estudo anatômico / Vascularized medial femoral condyle flap: anatomic studyGustavo Bersani Silva 21 March 2018 (has links)
INTRODUÇÃO: O retalho ósseo vascularizado do côndilo femoral medial é opção para tratamento de pseudoartroses e falhas ósseas desde 1991. Este retalho deve sua irrigação à artéria genicular descendente (AGD) e, na ausência desta, à artéria genicular superior medial (AGSM), ambas oriundas da artéria femoral superficial (AFS). A AGD, comumente, ramifica-se em três ramos principais: ramo muscular para o músculo vasto medial (RM), ramo safeno que irriga pele (RS), e ramo osteoarticular (ROA), que nutre periósteo, osso e região subcondral. A origem comum destes ramos permite grande versatilidade ao viabilizar reconstrução de múltiplos tecidos (periósteo, osso, região subcondral, músculo e pele) nutridos por um único pedículo em potencial, passível de anastomose microcirúrgica, a depender de variações anatômicas. A descrição dos padrões anatômicos da AGD e seus ramos motivou o presente estudo, que teve por objetivo detalhar as características antropométricas dos espécimes estudados, além das diversas variáveis relativas à dissecção do retalho ósseo vascularizado do côndilo femoral medial. MÉTODOS: De junho de 2015 a novembro de 2017, foram dissecados, no Serviço de Verificação de Óbitos da Capital (SVOC-USP), 30 joelhos de 20 cadáveres frescos do sexo masculino, sendo registradas as seguintes variáveis: idade; estatura; peso; lateralidade; comprimento da coxa (distância entre o trocânter maior do fêmur até interlinha articular tíbio-femoral); presença da AGD; distância entre a origem da AGD na artéria femoral e interlinha articular (IA); distância entre a origem da AGD e os RM e RS; se o RS tem origem na AGD; comprimento do RM, RS e ROA, e os diâmetros da AGD e veia comitante. RESULTADOS: A AGD esteve presente em 93,3% dos espécimes (28/30), sendo o periósteo nutrido pela AGSM nos dois casos restantes. O RS originou-se da AGD em 76,7% das dissecções (23/70). A síntese dos resultados foi a seguinte: idade média = 69,1(±14,0) anos, estatura média = 171,7(±5,1) cm, peso médio = 65,9(±15,4) kg, comprimento médio da coxa = 42,8(±1,6) cm, distância média entre origem da AGD e IA = 13,4(±1,4) cm, distância média entre origem da AGD e RM = 2,6(±1,6) cm, distância média entre origem da AGD e RS = 1,2(±0,7) cm, comprimento médio da AGD = 7,5(±1,5) cm, comprimento médio do RM = 0,9(±0,3) cm, diâmetro médio da AGD = 1,9(±0,3) mm, diâmetro médio da veia comitante = 1,7(±0,3) mm. O comprimento e diâmetro médios da AGSM foram 4,1(±0,4) cm e 1,7(±0,1) mm, respectivamente. CONCLUSÃO: O retalho ósseo vascularizado do côndilo femoral medial mostrou-se opção versátil, de fácil dissecção e anatomia relativamente constante para reconstrução de lesões complexas tridimensionais do sistema musculoesquelético. Permite a elevação de retalho ósseo e osteocondral, associado à pele e ao tecido muscular, cada qual nutrido por ramos independentes (ROA, RS e RM) na maior parte das ocasiões / INTRODUCTION: The vascularized medial femoral condyle osseous flap has been an option for the treatment of bone defects since 1991. This flap owes its irrigation to the descending genicular artery (DGA) and, in its absence, to the medial superior genicular artery (MSGA), both originating from the superficial femoral artery (SFA). DGA commonly branches into three main branches: the muscular branch to the vastus medialis muscle (MB), the saphenous branch that irrigates the skin (SB) and the osteoarticular branch (OAB), which nourishes the periosteum, bone and subchondral region of the medial femoral condyle. The common origin of these branches enables the transference of multiple tissues (periosteum, bone, cartilage, muscle and skin) nourished by a single potential vascular pedicle, prone to microsurgical anastomosis, given anatomical variations are not present. Description of the anatomical patterns of the DGA and its branches motivated the present study, which aimed to detail the anthropometric characteristics of the anatomical specimens and describe the several variables involved in the dissection of the vascularized medial femoral condyle flap. METHODS: From June 2015 to November 2017, 30 thighs of 20 fresh male cadavers were dissected in the \"Serviço de Verificação de Óbitos da Capital\" (SVOC-USP). The following variables were recorded: age; stature; weight; thigh length (distance between the greater trochanter of the femur to the tibiofemoral joint); presence of the DGA; distance between the origin of the DGA from the femoral artery and the joint surface (JS); distance between the origin of the DGA and the MB and SB; if the SB originated from the DGA; length of the MB, SB and OAB and the diameters of the DGA and venae comitantes. RESULTS: The DGA was present in 93.3% of the specimens (28/30) and the periosteum was nourished by the MSGA in the two remaining cases. SB originated from the DGA in 76.7% of the dissections (23/70). The results were as follows: mean age = 69,1(±14,0) years, mean height = 171,7(±5,1) cm, mean weight 65,9(±15,4) kg, mean thigh length = 42,8(±1,6) cm, mean distance between DGA origin and JS = 13,4(±1,4) cm, mean distance between DGA origin and MB = 2,6(±1,6) cm, mean distance between AGD origin and SB = 1,2(±0,7) cm, mean length of the DGA = 7,5(±1,5) cm, mean length of MB = 0,9(±0,3) cm, mean diameter of the DGA = 1,9(±0,3) mm, mean diameter of the vena comitans = 1,7(±0,3) mm. The mean length and diameter of the MSGA were 4,1(±0,4) cm and 1,7(±0,1) mm, respectively. CONCLUSION: The vascularized medial femoral condyle flap is a versatile option for the reconstruction of complex three-dimensional lesions of the musculoskeletal system, with straightforward dissection and relatively constant anatomy. It allows the transference of bone, cartilage, muscular tissue and a thin cutaneous flap, each one nourished by independent branches (OAB, MB and SB) on most occasions
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Estudo anatômico das dimensões e do padrão vascular do retalho lateral do braço ampliado distalmente ao epicôndilo lateral / Anatomic study of the dimensions and the vascular pattern of distal part to lateral epicondyle of the extended lateral arm flapGonçalves, Renato Ribeiro 28 April 2003 (has links)
Foram realizadas dissecções anatômicas de 45 membros superiores de cadáveres, com o objetivo de avaliar as dimensões e o padrão vascular da porção distal ao epicôndilo lateral do retalho lateral do braço. Todos os casos deste estudo eram do sexo masculino, com idade superior a 21 anos. Os casos foram divididos em grupos A, B, e C e submetidos a injeção de contraste diretamente na artéria colateral radial posterior. Nos cadáveres do Grupo A, foi injetado contraste a base de azul de metileno e serviu para avaliar o maior comprimento e largura de pele corada pelo contraste, tendo como local para início das medidas o epicôndilo lateral do úmero. No Grupo B foi utilizada a mesma metodologia do Grupo A, sendo acrescentado para cada cadáver em estudo, uma ficha com os dados antropométricos e serviu para avaliar a extensão de pele corada pelo contraste e correlacioná-la com os dados antropométricos individuais. Nos cadáveres do Grupo C foi utilizado contraste a base de látex e serviu para avaliar o padrão vascular da artéria colateral radial posterior encontrado distalmente ao epicôndilo lateral. Em todos os casos a pele foi corada pelo contraste distalmente ao epicôndilo lateral, com o comprimento variando de 4 cm a 12 cm, com média de 7,5 cm e a largura variando de 3 cm a 10 cm, com média de 6 cm. Houve em todas as dissecções um padrão plexiforme da artéria colateral radial posterior distalmente ao epicôndilo lateral. Ocorreu uma correlação entre os comprimentos do braço e do antebraço e as dimensões da área corada pelo contraste, distalmente ao epicôndilo lateral. O autor conclui que é possível a confecção do retalho lateral do braço na forma ampliada, incluindo a pele da região proximal do antebraço, sendo os limites de 7,5 cm de comprimento por 6 cm de largura, distalmente ao epicôndilo lateral, limites seguros para a confecção deste tipo de retalho. A artéria colateral radial posterior apresenta um padrão arterial plexiforme, distalmente ao epicôndilo lateral do úmero. Existe uma relação direta entre o comprimento do retalho lateral do braço ampliado distalmente ao epicôndilo lateral e os comprimentos do braço e do antebraço / Anatomical dissections of forty-five upper limbs of cadavers were made in order to evaluate the dimensions and the vascular pattern of distal part to lateral epicondyle of lateral arm flap. All cases of this study were male, with more than twenty-one years old. The cases were divided into groups A, B and C and they were submitted to a contrast injection directly on posterior radial collateral artery. Into cadavers of Group A it was injected contrast a basis of methylene blue to evaluate the longest length and width of coloured skin by contrast. The place for beginning of measures was the lateral epicondyle of humerus. In the group B, it was used the same methodology of group A, and a record card with anthropometric data of each cadaver. With them it was possible to evaluate the extension of coloured skin by contrast and correlate it with individual anthropometric data. In the cadavers of group C was used contrast a basis of latex in order to evaluate the vascular pattern of posterior radial collateral artery which was found distally to lateral epicondyle. In all cases the skin was coloured by contrast distally to lateral epicondyle, with the length changing from 4 cm to 12 cm, mean length was 7,5 cm and the width changing from 3 cm to 10 cm, mean width was 6 cm. In all dissections, there was a plexiform pattern of posterior radial collateral artery distally to lateral epicondyle. There was a correlation between the length of forearm and the dimensions of coloured area by contrast distally to lateral epicondyle. The author concluded that it is possible the confection of lateral arm flap in enlarged way, including the skin of proximal region of forearm, distally to lateral epicondyle, with distal limits 7,5 cm of length to 6 cm of width to lateral epicondyle, secure limits for confection of this flap. The posterior radial collateral artery presents a plexiform arterial pattern, distally to lateral epicondyle. There is a direct relation between the length of lateral arm flap enlarged distally to lateral epicondyle and the legths of arm and forearm
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Análise morfológica renal de ratas prenhes submetidas ao estresse / Renal morphological analysis of pregnant rats submitted to stressCustodio, Marcelo Graziano 18 October 2006 (has links)
O presente trabalho avaliou os rins de ratas Wistar prenhes e não prenhes submetidas ao estresse e seus respectivos controles. O estresse crônico consistiu de estímulo sônico de 100 decibéis por trinta minutos, interrompido por noventa minutos, e superpopulação entre o sétimo e o décimo quarto dia de gestação e o estresse agudo foi representado pela imobilização durante trinta minutos, no décimo oitavo dia da prenhez ou período equivalente nas ratas não prenhes, dois dias antes do final do experimento. Todas as ratas foram sacrificadas no vigésimo dia do protocolo. Foram avaliados os rins de todas as ratas do estudo, assim como o peso das ratas no primeiro, sétimo, décimo quarto e vigésimo dia do experimento, a pressão arterial caudal no quinto e décimo oitavo dia de prenhez, ou período equivalente, e os pesos dos fetos e respectivas placentas. Não foram encontradas alterações à microscopia óptica nos rins das ratas submetidas ao estresse; entretanto foram observadas maiores medidas de pressão arterial caudal sistólica (154,4 ± 14,2 mmHg) e diastólica (89,0 ± 8,7 mmHg) no grupo prenhe estresse (p < 0,05) em relação ao grupo prenhe controle (129,1 ± 13,1 mmHg e 79,9 ± 18,1 mmHg, respectivamente) no décimo oitavo dia e menor peso dos fetos (2,54 ± 0,32g) e das placentas (0,53 ± 0,09 g) de ratas submetidas ao estresse crônico no vigésimo dia de prenhez (p < 0,001) quando comparados aos do grupo controle (2,95 ± 0,53g e 0,60 ± 0,08g, respectivamente). Desta maneira, o modelo analisado pode ser empregado para avaliar a restrição do crescimento intra-uterino de ratos causada pelo estresse crônico, provavelmente decorrente do aumento dos níveis pressóricos maternos durante a prenhez / This study evaluated the kidneys from pregnant and non-pregnant Wistar rats exposed to chronic stress and its respective control groups. The chronic stress consisted of noise exposure (30 minutes of 100-dB each two hours interval) and super-population between the 7th and 14th day and the acute stress of thirty minutes immobilization in the 18th of pregnancy two days before the end of the experiment. All the rats were killed in the 20th day of protocol. The kidneys were studied and also the weight of the rats in the 1st, 7th, 14th and 20th day, the caudal artery blood pressure in the 5th and 18th day, and the fetus and placentas weight. There were not seen any alteration using light microscopy in the kidney of rats submitted to stress; although it was observed a significant increase in systolic (154.4 ± 14.2 mmHg) and diastolic (89.0 ± 8.7 mmHg) caudal blood pressure in the 18th day in the pregnant stress group (p < 0.05) in relation to the control group (129.1 ± 13.1 mmHg and 79.9 ± 18.1 mmHg, respectively) and a decrease in fetal (2.54 ± 0.32g) and placenta (0.53 ± 0.09g) weight in the 20th day in the pregnant stress group (p < 0.001) in relation to the control group (2.95 ± 0.53g and 0.60 ± 0.08g, respectively). The analyzed model may be employed to evaluate the intrauterine growth restriction in rats, caused by chronic stress, probably induced by hypertension during the pregnancy
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The development of the human cortex: a neuroanatomical and histochemical study. / CUHK electronic theses & dissertations collectionJanuary 2001 (has links)
by Sau Cheung Tiu. / Thesis (M.D.)--Chinese University of Hong Kong, 2001. / Includes bibliographical references (p. 348-388). / Electronic reproduction. Hong Kong : Chinese University of Hong Kong, [2012] System requirements: Adobe Acrobat Reader. Available via World Wide Web. / Mode of access: World Wide Web.
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Morphological and biochemical studies of the spinal cord in the rat after hemisection.January 1992 (has links)
by Wai-Ying Li. / Thesis (M.Phil.)--Chinese University of Hong Kong, 1992. / Includes bibliographical references (leaves 87-94). / ABSTRACT --- p.i / CONTENTS --- p.iii / Chapter CHAPTER I. --- INTRODUCTION / Chapter A. --- Plasticity of central nervous system --- p.1 / Chapter B. --- The response of spinal cord after injury --- p.2 / Chapter C. --- Sprouting in the corticospinal tracts --- p.3 / Chapter D. --- Influential factors of sprouting in CNS --- p.5 / Chapter E. --- The objective of the present study --- p.6 / Chapter CHAPTER II. --- THE NORMAL RAT CORTICOSPINAL TRACTS --- p.9 / Chapter CHAPTER III. --- MATERIALS AND METHODS / Chapter A. --- The experimental model --- p.15 / Chapter B. --- Retrograde fluorescing tracer study to confirm sprouting --- p.16 / Chapter C. --- Protagol silver study to detect axonal sprouting --- p.19 / Chapter D. --- Chromatolysis study to prove the sprouting --- p.22 / Chapter E. --- Degenerating silver study to detect where sprouting might have come from --- p.25 / Chapter F. --- Cytochrome oxidase study to evaluate the cytochemical change of the motor neurons after hemisection --- p.28 / Chapter G. --- Labelled uptake studies to assay the biochemical changes after hemisection --- p.31 / Chapter H. --- The Raman spectroscopy study to detect proteins change after hemisection --- p.33 / Chapter I. --- Study on preferential growth sprouts into spinal cord or peripheral nerve --- p.35 / Chapter J. --- Study on target specificity of sprouting fibers --- p.37 / Chapter K. --- Study on the behavior of the hemisected rats --- p.39 / Chapter CHAPTER IV. --- RESULTS / Chapter A. --- Examination of the sprouting / Chapter 1. --- Results of the retrograde fluorescent tracer study --- p.50 / Chapter 2. --- Result of protagol silver study --- p.51 / Chapter 3. --- Result of chromatolysis study --- p.52 / Chapter 4. --- Result of degenerating silver study --- p.52 / Chapter B. --- Estimation of biochemical changes / Chapter 1. --- Result of cytochemical changes --- p.53 / Chapter 2. --- Result of labelled uptake study --- p.54 / Chapter 3. --- Result of Ramam spectroscopy study --- p.54 / Chapter C. --- Result on preferential growth of sprouts into the spinal cord or peripheral nerve --- p.55 / Chapter D. --- Result of target specificity study --- p.55 / Chapter E. --- Changes in the walking ability --- p.56 / Chapter CHAPTER V. --- Conclusion and discussion / Chapter A. --- Evaluation of the sprouting --- p.77 / Chapter B. --- Estimation on the source of sprouting --- p.79 / Chapter C. --- Evaluation of promoting effect of peripheral nerve --- p.79 / Chapter D. --- Evaluation of target specificity of sprouting --- p.80 / Chapter E. --- Analysis of functional activity of sprouting --- p.80 / Chapter F. --- Factors influencing sprouting --- p.81 / REFERENCES --- p.87 / ACKNOWLEDGEMENT --- p.95
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Análise morfológica renal de ratas prenhes submetidas ao estresse / Renal morphological analysis of pregnant rats submitted to stressMarcelo Graziano Custodio 18 October 2006 (has links)
O presente trabalho avaliou os rins de ratas Wistar prenhes e não prenhes submetidas ao estresse e seus respectivos controles. O estresse crônico consistiu de estímulo sônico de 100 decibéis por trinta minutos, interrompido por noventa minutos, e superpopulação entre o sétimo e o décimo quarto dia de gestação e o estresse agudo foi representado pela imobilização durante trinta minutos, no décimo oitavo dia da prenhez ou período equivalente nas ratas não prenhes, dois dias antes do final do experimento. Todas as ratas foram sacrificadas no vigésimo dia do protocolo. Foram avaliados os rins de todas as ratas do estudo, assim como o peso das ratas no primeiro, sétimo, décimo quarto e vigésimo dia do experimento, a pressão arterial caudal no quinto e décimo oitavo dia de prenhez, ou período equivalente, e os pesos dos fetos e respectivas placentas. Não foram encontradas alterações à microscopia óptica nos rins das ratas submetidas ao estresse; entretanto foram observadas maiores medidas de pressão arterial caudal sistólica (154,4 ± 14,2 mmHg) e diastólica (89,0 ± 8,7 mmHg) no grupo prenhe estresse (p < 0,05) em relação ao grupo prenhe controle (129,1 ± 13,1 mmHg e 79,9 ± 18,1 mmHg, respectivamente) no décimo oitavo dia e menor peso dos fetos (2,54 ± 0,32g) e das placentas (0,53 ± 0,09 g) de ratas submetidas ao estresse crônico no vigésimo dia de prenhez (p < 0,001) quando comparados aos do grupo controle (2,95 ± 0,53g e 0,60 ± 0,08g, respectivamente). Desta maneira, o modelo analisado pode ser empregado para avaliar a restrição do crescimento intra-uterino de ratos causada pelo estresse crônico, provavelmente decorrente do aumento dos níveis pressóricos maternos durante a prenhez / This study evaluated the kidneys from pregnant and non-pregnant Wistar rats exposed to chronic stress and its respective control groups. The chronic stress consisted of noise exposure (30 minutes of 100-dB each two hours interval) and super-population between the 7th and 14th day and the acute stress of thirty minutes immobilization in the 18th of pregnancy two days before the end of the experiment. All the rats were killed in the 20th day of protocol. The kidneys were studied and also the weight of the rats in the 1st, 7th, 14th and 20th day, the caudal artery blood pressure in the 5th and 18th day, and the fetus and placentas weight. There were not seen any alteration using light microscopy in the kidney of rats submitted to stress; although it was observed a significant increase in systolic (154.4 ± 14.2 mmHg) and diastolic (89.0 ± 8.7 mmHg) caudal blood pressure in the 18th day in the pregnant stress group (p < 0.05) in relation to the control group (129.1 ± 13.1 mmHg and 79.9 ± 18.1 mmHg, respectively) and a decrease in fetal (2.54 ± 0.32g) and placenta (0.53 ± 0.09g) weight in the 20th day in the pregnant stress group (p < 0.001) in relation to the control group (2.95 ± 0.53g and 0.60 ± 0.08g, respectively). The analyzed model may be employed to evaluate the intrauterine growth restriction in rats, caused by chronic stress, probably induced by hypertension during the pregnancy
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Histologia do trato digestório do surubim-pintado (Pseudoplatystoma coruscans - Agassiz, 1829) / Histology of the digestive tract of surubim-pintado (Pseudoplatystoma coruscans - Agassiz, 1829)Cal, Josy Alvarenga 20 December 2006 (has links)
O pintado (Pseudoplatystoma coruscans), também comumente chamado de surubim é um dos peixes mais apreciados pelo mercado consumidor brasileiro, devido à excelente qualidade do filé. No entanto, trabalhos sobre a morfologia do seu trato digestório são escassos. No presente trabalho, a descrição histológica do esôfago, estômago e intestino do pintado, visa contribuir e fornecer subsídios científicos para compreensão dos processos digestivos dessa espécie. Foram obtidas amostras do esôfago, estômago e de todas as regiões intestinais e posteriormente analisadas à microscopia óptica. No esôfago, observou-se epitélio de revestimento do tipo pavimentoso estratificado não-queratinizado, apresentando células epiteliais, mucosas e grande quantidade de células claviformes. A presença de células claviformes são indicadores de que este órgão está sujeito a lesão e lacerações, participando no sistema de defesa do organismo. O estômago do pintado constitui-se de um órgão em forma de J, distinguindo-se três regiões: cárdica, fúndica e pilórica. O epitélio de revestimento encontrado é do tipo colunar simples. A superfície epitelial é interrompida pelas criptas gástricas, no fundo das quais se abrem as glândulas gástricas, sendo estas criptas mais profundas na região cárdica ou proximal do estômago. As glândulas gástricas apresentam-se maiores e mais numerosas no segmento proximal, diminuindo em quantidade e tamanho no sentido caudal, o que está relacionado a uma maior demanda na secreção de muco para proteção e digestão de proteínas. O intestino do pintado constitui-se de três regiões distintas e denominadas: intestino proximal, intestino médio e intestino distal ou reto. No epitélio intestinal foram encontrados macrófagos e linfócitos indicando uma barreira celular de defesa no organismo. No intestino distal, observou-se epitélio com cutícula estriada mais baixa do que nos segmentos anteriores. Podemos concluir que o pintado apresenta características particulares quanto à estrutura microscópica do seu trato digestório, em alguns aspectos, se comparado a outros teleósteos. / Pintado (Pseudoplatystoma coruscans), also commonly called surubim, is one of the most appreciated fish by the Brazilian consumer market, due to the excellent filet quality. However, works on the morphology of their digestive tract are scarce. In this work, the histological description of the esophagus, stomach and intestine of pintado, seeks to contribute and to supply scientific information for the better understanding of the digestive process of these species. Samples were obtained from esophagus, stomach and from all the intestinal areas and later analyzed with light microscope. In the esophagus, epithelium is stratified pavimentous type and was observed no queratinization, presenting epithelial cells, mucous membranes and great amount of club cells. The presence of club cells indicates that this organ is subjected to lesion and lacerations, participating in the organism defense system. The stomach of pintado is constituted of an organ in J form, being there distinguished three areas: cardic, fundic and piloric. The epithelium of the stomach is simple colunar type. The epithelial surface is interrupted by the gastric crypts, in the bottom of which opens up the gastric glands, being these deeper crypts in the cardic area or proximal of the stomach. The gastric glands come larger and more numerous in the proximal segment, decreasing in amount and size in the caudal way, what is related to a larger demand in the mucus secretion for protection and digestion of proteins. The pintado`s intestine is constituted of three different areas and denominated: proximal intestine, medium intestine and distal intestine or rectum. In the intestinal epithelium there were found macrophages and lymphocytes indicating a cellular barrier for the organism defense. In the distal intestine, epithelium was observed with cuticle grooved lower than in the previous segments. We can conclude that pintado presents private characteristics in relation to the microscopic structure of its digestive tract, in some aspects, if compared to other teleosts.
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Steroids and Reproductive Biology in the Blotched Blue-tongued Lizard, Tiliqua nigroluteaEdwards, A January 2000 (has links) (PDF)
This thesis documents the annual profiles of the primary reproductive steroids testosterone (T), 17beta-oestradiol (E2) and progesterone (P4), in the reproductive cycles of male and female blue-tongued lizards, Tiliqua nigrolutea. Data collected from a large captive population over three consecutive reproductive seasons are included. Reproductive cycles are discussed in the context of other viviparous squamate reptiles, while a broader comparative approach is used to consider patterns of steroid biosynthesis and peripheral metabolism. The annual patterns of circulating concentrations of T, E2 and P4 have been characterised for both sexes. In males, peak plasma T (10.9 +/- 3.00 ng ml-1) and E2 (778.0 +/- 120.00 pg ml-1) concentrations occur coincident with late spermatogenesis and observations of mating, respectively. Plasma P4 concentrations remain basal (< 1.2 ng ml-1) throughout the annual reproductive cycle. In females, increasing plasma E2 concentrations (275.2 +/- 33.87 pg ml-1 - 715.1 +/- 106.68 pg ml-1) are associated with vitellogenesis and plasma T peaks (6.3 +/- 0.63 ng ml-1) in the mating and peri-ovulatory period. In pregnant females, plasma P4 concentrations are elevated for the first two thirds of gestation, peaking in the second trimester at 12.7 +/- 1.27 ng ml-1 and falling rapidly prior to parturition. Concurrently, plasma P4 concentrations in non-reproductively active adult females remain basal (1 - 2 ng ml-1) throughout the year. There is good circumstantial evidence for a multiennial reproductive cycle in females. Parturition occurs late in the active season, presumably leaving little time for females to store sufficient fat reserves to become vitellogenic in the following spring: reproductive opportunities are effectively missed in at least one year following a reproductive effort. Observed reproductive behaviours, including agonistic male - male interactions, mating, and parturition, are documented. An investigation of gonadal steroid biosynthetic pathways in this viviparous squamate is presented. This compares variation in the relative contributions of the delta-4 and delta-5 steroidogenic pathways according to sex and reproductive condition. The delta-4 pathway predominates in both sexes, aligning this species phylogenetically with other reptiles. However, there are clear differences between sexes and with changing reproductive condition in the patterns of production of pathway intermediates and end-products. Additionally, detection of a possibly novel polar steroid as a major end-product of steroid biosynthesis in both sexes is reported. Peripheral (extragonadal) metabolism of T and E2 in a number of reproductively relevant steroid target tissues is compared at times of year chosen to represent three clearly distinctive reproductive conditions in each sex. There are differences both between sexes, between tissue types and with changing reproductive condition in the relative proportions of steroid conjugates and non-conjugated derivatives produced. Biosynthetic pathway activity and peripheral steroid metabolism both appear to be plastic in response to changing reproductive condition in Tiliqua nigrolutea. With a comprehensive database of information about the reproductive endocrinology and physiology of Tiliqua nigrolutea, this species is now available as a model to further examine selected aspects of the steroid hormone control of reproductive physiology and behaviour in a cool temperate, viviparous reptile.
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Histologia do trato digestório do surubim-pintado (Pseudoplatystoma coruscans - Agassiz, 1829) / Histology of the digestive tract of surubim-pintado (Pseudoplatystoma coruscans - Agassiz, 1829)Josy Alvarenga Cal 20 December 2006 (has links)
O pintado (Pseudoplatystoma coruscans), também comumente chamado de surubim é um dos peixes mais apreciados pelo mercado consumidor brasileiro, devido à excelente qualidade do filé. No entanto, trabalhos sobre a morfologia do seu trato digestório são escassos. No presente trabalho, a descrição histológica do esôfago, estômago e intestino do pintado, visa contribuir e fornecer subsídios científicos para compreensão dos processos digestivos dessa espécie. Foram obtidas amostras do esôfago, estômago e de todas as regiões intestinais e posteriormente analisadas à microscopia óptica. No esôfago, observou-se epitélio de revestimento do tipo pavimentoso estratificado não-queratinizado, apresentando células epiteliais, mucosas e grande quantidade de células claviformes. A presença de células claviformes são indicadores de que este órgão está sujeito a lesão e lacerações, participando no sistema de defesa do organismo. O estômago do pintado constitui-se de um órgão em forma de J, distinguindo-se três regiões: cárdica, fúndica e pilórica. O epitélio de revestimento encontrado é do tipo colunar simples. A superfície epitelial é interrompida pelas criptas gástricas, no fundo das quais se abrem as glândulas gástricas, sendo estas criptas mais profundas na região cárdica ou proximal do estômago. As glândulas gástricas apresentam-se maiores e mais numerosas no segmento proximal, diminuindo em quantidade e tamanho no sentido caudal, o que está relacionado a uma maior demanda na secreção de muco para proteção e digestão de proteínas. O intestino do pintado constitui-se de três regiões distintas e denominadas: intestino proximal, intestino médio e intestino distal ou reto. No epitélio intestinal foram encontrados macrófagos e linfócitos indicando uma barreira celular de defesa no organismo. No intestino distal, observou-se epitélio com cutícula estriada mais baixa do que nos segmentos anteriores. Podemos concluir que o pintado apresenta características particulares quanto à estrutura microscópica do seu trato digestório, em alguns aspectos, se comparado a outros teleósteos. / Pintado (Pseudoplatystoma coruscans), also commonly called surubim, is one of the most appreciated fish by the Brazilian consumer market, due to the excellent filet quality. However, works on the morphology of their digestive tract are scarce. In this work, the histological description of the esophagus, stomach and intestine of pintado, seeks to contribute and to supply scientific information for the better understanding of the digestive process of these species. Samples were obtained from esophagus, stomach and from all the intestinal areas and later analyzed with light microscope. In the esophagus, epithelium is stratified pavimentous type and was observed no queratinization, presenting epithelial cells, mucous membranes and great amount of club cells. The presence of club cells indicates that this organ is subjected to lesion and lacerations, participating in the organism defense system. The stomach of pintado is constituted of an organ in J form, being there distinguished three areas: cardic, fundic and piloric. The epithelium of the stomach is simple colunar type. The epithelial surface is interrupted by the gastric crypts, in the bottom of which opens up the gastric glands, being these deeper crypts in the cardic area or proximal of the stomach. The gastric glands come larger and more numerous in the proximal segment, decreasing in amount and size in the caudal way, what is related to a larger demand in the mucus secretion for protection and digestion of proteins. The pintado`s intestine is constituted of three different areas and denominated: proximal intestine, medium intestine and distal intestine or rectum. In the intestinal epithelium there were found macrophages and lymphocytes indicating a cellular barrier for the organism defense. In the distal intestine, epithelium was observed with cuticle grooved lower than in the previous segments. We can conclude that pintado presents private characteristics in relation to the microscopic structure of its digestive tract, in some aspects, if compared to other teleosts.
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