Tesis (geólogo)--Universidad de Chile,1961

Esta tesis es producto de un estudio que toma distintas herramientas teóricas que proporciona el análisis del discurso, en especial aquellas que corresponden a la etnografía de la comunicación y la teoría pragmática, que permiten dar cuenta de un evento comunicativo de gran riqueza lingüística y cultural como es el pedido de mano1. Conscientes de los diferentes matices que este evento adopta en su realización dependiendo del bagaje cultural de sus participantes, se eligió aquel que tiene lugar en un contexto andino y que adopta el nombre quechua de rimaykukuy. / Tesis

In this study, I examine pre-Hispanic and European beads from a variety of early Spanish colonial archaeological sites throughout the Peruvian Andes. I situate these materials and interactions within the history of Andean and European social networks. I demonstrate that the presence of European beads at specific archaeological sites —or contexts within sites— does not indicate that they directly belonged to European people, but were often incorporated into traditional Andean practices. Moreover, by engaging with theories of value and colonial hybridity, I argue that pre-Hispanic Spondylus shell and European glass beads were similarly valued due to the action invested in their acquisition from distant and unique places of origin. I further illustrate how the contemporaneous use of European and pre-Hispanic beads in forms of exchange, dress, and burial practices contributed to Andean and European beliefs and practices acquiring distinct meanings. These activities, with their changing significances, influenced the formation of new cultural identities and shaped Andean and European social values. / En este estudio, examino las cuentas prehispánicas y europeas recuperadas de varios sitios arqueológicos ocupados durante el colonialismo español temprano a lo largo los Andes peruanos. Al hacer esto, sitúo tales materiales e interacciones en la historia extensiva de las redes sociales andinas y europeas. Demuestro que la presencia de las cuentas europeas en sitios arqueológicos o en contextos dentro de dichos sitios no indica que directamente estas les pertenecieran a los europeos. Además, a partir de las varias teorías sobre valor por David Graeber, Mary Helms y Karl Marx, junto con ideas acerca del carácter híbrido de lo colonial, argumento que las cuentas prehispánicas de la concha de Spondylus y cuentas europeas eran similarmente valuadas debido a la acción invertida en su adquisición de tierras lejanas y orígenes únicos. Además, sostengo que el uso contemporáneo de las cuentas prehispánicas y europeas en las formas de intercambio, vestimenta y prácticas funerarias contribuyeron con las creencias y prácticas andinas y europeas al adquirir significados distintos. Estas actividades, con sus significados cambiantes, influían en la formación de nuevas identidades culturales, y conformaba los valores sociales de los andinos y europeos en un entorno español colonial emergente en los Andes.

Este trabalho propôs analisar a cerâmica ritual produzida pelos Mochica, sociedade que ocupou a costa norte peruana entre os séculos I e VIII d.C., com base em três eixos principais: o papel mediador de personagens geralmente entendidos como xamãs, ou sacerdotes; os rituais de sacrifício humano e os processos de verticalização do poder político; e as dinâmicas de transformação e suas implicações nas relações entre entes humanos e não humanos. Estes temas, observados na iconografia e morfologia dos artefatos estudados, orientaram o processo de identificação dos conjuntos cerâmicos selecionados para esta pesquisa. A análise pautou-se na identificação de atributos de personagens classificados como xamãs, curandeiros e sacerdotes, com o objetivo de problematizar a utilização de tais categorias no estudo da cultura material relacionada às práticas rituais Mochica. O debate sobre xamanismo foi inspirado pela teoria antropológica contemporânea que discute o \"multinaturalismo ameríndio\". A reflexão centrou-se nos conceitos de transição, movimento e transformação, temas estruturantes das práticas xamânicas e organização sociocosmológica andina. / This dissertation proposes the analysis of ritual ceramic produced by the Mochica, society that occupied the Peruvian north coast between I and VIII centuries, based in three main axis: the mediator role of characters commonly interpreted as shamans or priests; the human sacrifices rituals and the increase of political power processes; and the transformation dynamics and their implications in the relations between humans and non-humans. This themes, observed in the iconography e morphology of the artifacts served as guide for the identification process of the selected ceramic conjuncts which were used in this study. The analysis was guided in the identification of characters classified as shamans, healers and priests, with the objective of problematize such categories in the studies of material culture related to Mochica mortuary practices. The debate about shamanism was inspired by contemporary anthropological theory that concerns to \"multinaturalismo amerindio\". Transitions concepts, movement and transformation, shamanic practices and cosmological of Andean organization are the topic of thoughts in the research.

La provincia de Los Andes se caracteriza principalmente por ser el 1° Puerto Terrestre de Chile, gracias al Paso Libertadores, razón por la cual se fue desarrollando a través de los años como una ciudad aduanera y de abastecimiento para los viajeros. En este crecimiento como ciudad, Los Andes desarrolla además una fuerte cultura folklórica, que recoge actividades tales como; el rodeo, la artesanía, bailes y cantos tradicionales entre otras, las cuales se han complementado con el carácter agrícola de la zona. Mi interés se centra en resguardar y potenciar estas actividades tradicionales en Los Andes, ciudad la cual actualmente se encuentra frente a un desbordante crecimiento en el cual se ha perdido en un cierto grado la autenticidad de la zona, además por motivos de una fuerte carencia de infraestructura y espacios aptos para el desarrollo y difusión de esta área cultural.

The Ucayali Basin is a Peruvian sub-Andean basin that initially formed during the extensive tectonics of the Early Paleozoic. Originally, the Ucayali Basin was part of a larger basin that extended east of the current Andean chain along the Peruvian territory. Subsequently, this large basin was divided into many smaller sub-Basins during the Andean Orogeny. Today, the basin covers an area of about 140,000 km2, and it is morphologically defined by two well-differentiated structural features: the sub- Andean fold and thrust belt (SFTB) to the west and the Amazon plain and Brazilian shield to the east. It is limited to the north and south by the Contaya and Fitzcarrald Arches respectively, the Andes to the west and the Brazilian Shield to the east. These structural features acted as favorable elements to add sediments and to contribute to the structural development of this basin. The sedimentary section of the basin varies in thickness from 1 to 10 km, with ages of strata ranging from the Paleozoic to Quaternary. The strata were deposited in deep and shallow marine as well as transitional and fluvial continental environments. The most important phase of marine sedimentation was initiated with the transgression of the Cretaceous sea (Aptian –Albian) over the irregular paleogeography defined by morphologic highs and peneplains. Tectonic features of the basin show structural deformations parallel to the Andean front, where overturned structures are observed. These are commonly cut by thrusts and laterally displaced by strike-slip faults. To better understand the development of the Shira Mountains in the central part of the Ucayali Basin, the structural and stratigraphic relationships were mapped out using a dense grid of 2D seismic reflection data and well log control. Three regional EW cross sections were constructed and restored to the top of the Cretaceous to determine the nature of deformation and faulting during the Paleozoic and Mesozoic. The reconstructions show that Shira Mountains fault was initially a major normal fault bounding a half graben. The fault was reactivated by later compression as a thick-skinned thrust fault that detaches between 21 and 24 km depth. Reactivation occurred during Upper Miocene between 7.2 and 5.3 Ma, corresponding to the Quechua 3 compressive phase of Andean Orogeny. The shortening of the central Ucayali Basin determined by the reconstructed cross sections ranges between 3 and 5.5%.

The Ucayali Basin is a Peruvian sub-Andean basin that initially formed during the extensive tectonics of the Early Paleozoic. Originally, the Ucayali Basin was part of a larger basin that extended east of the current Andean chain along the Peruvian territory. Subsequently, this large basin was divided into many smaller sub-Basins during the Andean Orogeny. Today, the basin covers an area of about 140,000 km2, and it is morphologically defined by two well-differentiated structural features: the sub- Andean fold and thrust belt (SFTB) to the west and the Amazon plain and Brazilian shield to the east. It is limited to the north and south by the Contaya and Fitzcarrald Arches respectively, the Andes to the west and the Brazilian Shield to the east. These structural features acted as favorable elements to add sediments and to contribute to the structural development of this basin. The sedimentary section of the basin varies in thickness from 1 to 10 km, with ages of strata ranging from the Paleozoic to Quaternary. The strata were deposited in deep and shallow marine as well as transitional and fluvial continental environments. The most important phase of marine sedimentation was initiated with the transgression of the Cretaceous sea (Aptian - Albian) over the irregular paleogeography defined by morphologic highs and peneplains. Tectonic features of the basin show structural deformations parallel to the Andean front, where overturned structures are observed. These are commonly cut by thrusts and laterally displaced by strike-slip faults. To better understand the development of the Shira Mountains in the central part of the Ucayali Basin, the structural and stratigraphic relationships were mapped out using a dense grid of 2D seismic reflection data and well log control. Three regional EW cross sections were constructed and restored to the top of the Cretaceous to determine the nature of deformation and faulting during the Paleozoic and Mesozoic. The reconstructions show that Shira Mountains fault was initially a major normal fault bounding a half graben. The fault was reactivated by later compression as a thick-skinned thrust fault that detaches between 21 and 24 km depth. Reactivation occurred during Upper Miocene between 7.2 and 5.3 Ma, corresponding to the Quechua 3 compressive phase of Andean Orogeny. The shortening of the central Ucayali Basin determined by the reconstructed cross sections ranges between 3 and 5.5%.

This thesis presents my findings on the Peruvian spiritual tourism industry in both Cusco and Iquitos, based on six weeks of fieldwork during Summer 2005. New Age and Peruvian spiritual belief systems have converged to form current Andean mystical and Amazonian shamanic practices. Increasing numbers of foreign tourists, whether believers in the New Age or not, are coming to gain a deeper understanding of these spiritual belief systems through participation in sacred rituals and ceremonies. The effects of such tourism are similar to other cultural tourism industries, such as increased competition, matters of authenticity, and performance of culture. Other issues are more specific to the spiritual tourism industry, such as the physical and sexual exploitation of tourists. But there are also many positive outcomes of this spiritual interchange, such as individual physical, mental, and emotional healing.

Volcan Sollipulli is a Quaternary stratovolcano situated at 38'50'S in the Southern Volcanic Zone of the Andes of Chile, about 25 km east of the volcanic front. The volcano is capped by a large (25 km2 approx. ) ice-filled caldera. Sollipulli is unusual in this region of predominantly basic to intermediate magmatism in that it has erupted a wide range of magmas from high-MgO (9%) basalt to rhyolite (74% Si02). The last major eruption, the Alpehue eruption, occurred at about 2,900 B. P, ejecting about 4.7 km3 (D. R. E) of homogeneous high-Si dacite pumice, forming an extensive plinian airfall deposit and ignimbrite. The caldera predates the Alpehue eruption and is believed to have formed by passive subsidence combined with erosion rather than by catastrophic collapse. Withdrawal of magma from beneath the centre of the structure and effusive eruption induced subsidence. Magma mixing, fractional crystallisation and crustal assimilation are important evolutionary mechanisms. Some mixed dacite lavas contain primitive basaltic magmatic inclusions with diktytaxitic textures indicative of rapid quenching. Strongly resorbed, reverse zoned sodic plagioclase of dacitic origin occurs in basic inclusions and high-Mg olivine occurs in dacites. Other sequences appeart o have evolved predominantly by fractional crystallisation with some crustal assimilation. The amount of crustal assimilation increasesw ith decreasinga gei n somec ases. Older Sollipulli basic magmash ave evolved as small batchesp redominantlya t moderatet o high pressurein the mid-lower crust whereas younger basic magmas have experienced protracted upper crustal histories in a large magma chamber, fractionating and assimilating crust to produce abundant high-Si dacite. Sollipulli magmas have an anhydrous mineralogy except for the occurrence of very minor amphibolei n somem ixed rocks. Magma temperaturesra ngef rom about 118 0'C in basalts to about 900'C in dacites. The most primitive samples represent hot and relatively water-poor (<1-2% H20) high-Al basaltic magmas. Crystal-rich andesitesa nd dacites record lower temperaturesth an crystal-poore quivalents. The cooler porphyritic magmas appear to have assimilated more crust than the hotter crystal-poor magmas. Most magmas have evolved at oxygen fugacities close to the NNO buffer curve. Large volcanic front centres in the region erupt magmas with lower incompatible elementa bundancea nd higher Ba/Nb than magmase rupteda t minor monogeneticc entresa, nd at stratovolcanoesto the easto f the front, which have incompatiblee lements ignatures transitional towards back-arc alkaline magmas (e. g. high Nb, Ce/Y). Older Sollipulli magmas also have high Ce/Y and Nb similar to magmas at some monogenetic centres but have lower Ti and Y. Younger Sollipulli magmas have even lower Ti and Y. Sollipulli basic magmasa re also characterisedb y higher Mg/Ni than all regional magmas. The simplest explanation is that the high Nb, Ce/Y magmas have assimilated enriched mantle lithosphere. The Ti, Y, Mg/Ni systematics suggest that the Sollipulli magmasa re generated by higher degrees of melting of a similar MORB-source-type mantle than the regional magmas. In the case of the younger Sollipulli magmas, generation from mantle which was slightly depleted during the earlier phase is also possible but the older magmas show no evidence in their spinel compositions for derivation from refractory mantle.

Este artículo explora teorías y estudios para una propuesta de antropología digital en los Andes peruanos. Por un lado, se explica los fundamentos teóricos en los cuales se sustenta una antropología digital en los Andes peruanos, enfatizando 1) Los orígenes de la antropología digital (desde una economía política de los medios de comunicación masiva y un enfoque post-colonial de las nuevas TIC); y 2) La tecnología digital como práctica social (desde los discursos como micro-representaciones ideológicas y relaciones de poder; los usos y sus condiciones de domesticación productiva, económica y técnica; el rol de los contextos, actores, propósitos y resultados; y una política de digitalización en los procesos de empoderamiento e inclusión). Por otro lado, se realiza un balance bibliográfico de los estudios sobre las nuevas TIC en los Andes peruanos (desde la expresión identitaria, el desarrollo productivo y la educación formal en el mundo andino). / This paper explores theories and studies to a proposal for digital anthropology in the Peruvian Andes. On the one hand, this paper explains the theoretical foundations on which digital anthropology in the Peruvian Andes is base on, emphasizing 1) The origins of digital anthropology (on a political economy of the mass media and post-colonial approach to new ICT); and 2) Digital technology as social practice (on the discourses as micro-representations ideological and power relationships; the uses and conditions of productive, economic and technical domestication; the role of contexts, actors, purposes and results; and a policy of digitization in the processes of empowerment and inclusion). On the other hand, this paper presents a bibliographical balance of the studies on the new ICT in the Peruvian Andes (on identity expression, productive development and formal education in the Andean world).