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La tesis aborda la problemática de las migraciones de amenidad y su incidencia en el desarrollo competitivo sustentable de dos destinos turísticos de montaña que son representativas de estos procesos: San Martín de los Andes y Villa La Angostura, en los Departamentos Lácar y Los Lagos respectivamente, en el sudoeste de la Provincia de Neuquén, Argentina. La propuesta parte del reconocimiento de una hibridación cada vez mayor entre las funciones residenciales, económicas y recreativas del otrora llamado tiempo vacacional, en el que la migración de amenidad es un indicador particularmente importante y donde tanto la competitividad sustentable en particular y por ende los procesos de desarrollo local en destinos turísticos de montaña en general, se encuentran seriamente afectados. Desde esta perspectiva, se propone re-sítuar el tema de la migración de amenidad en el contexto del post turismo, a partir de los cambios en la relación entre la ciudad y la montaña en el ámbito del Corredor de los Lagos, que abarca parte de las provincias de Neuquén, Río Negro y Chubut, en el noroeste de la Patagonia Argentina. Las movilidades del post turismo promueven una serie de problemas y contradicciones en el desarrollo competitivo y sustentable de los destinos turísticos de montaña con procesos de migración de amenidad. La creciente hibridación entre las funciones residenciales, económicas y recreativas características del post turismo termina promoviendo un territorio terciarízado residencial de alto poder adquisitivo que no constituye un modelo apto como territorio de vida, en la medida que genera homogenización, exclusión, privación del uso delos bienes públicos comunes y promueve la falta de interacción social de sus habitantes. Resulta crucial en este sentido analizar y comprender los modos en que los desarrollos geográficos desiguales en estos dos destinos turísticos de montaña encarnan las contradicciones de las formas neoliberales de la globalización. En este sentido, la investigación se propone indagar en las evidencias que dan cuenta de los inconvenientes que el modelo de desarrollo actual asociado a la migración de amenidad plantea para estos destinos turísticos de montaña en el ámbito del Corredor de los Lagos. / The thesis deals with the problem of amenity migration and its impact on the sustainable competitive development of two mountain destinations that are representative of these processes: San Martin de los Andes and Villa La Angostura in Lacar and Los Lagos Departments, both in the southwest of the Neuquén Province, Argentina The proposal starts from the recognition of a growing hybridization between residential, economic and recreational functions of the formerly called vacation time, in which amenity migration is an important indicator, and where both sustainable competitiveness and local development area seriously affected. From this perspective, a discussion concerning amenity migration in the context of the post tourism is proposed, considering the changes in the relationship between the city and the mountain in the context of the lakes Corridor - which covers part of the provinces of Neuquén, Rio Negro and Chubut, in the Northwest Argentinean Patagonia. The mobilities of the post tourism promote a series of problems and contradictions in the competitive and sustainable development of these mountain tourist destinations; Increased hybridization between residential, economic and recreational functions - typical of post tourism phenomenom - ends up promoting the commodification of a residential territory, which in turn does not constitute a suitable model as territory of life, since it generates homogenization, exclusion, deprivation of the common resources, and evenpromoting the lack of social interaction of its inhabitants. Hence, it is crucial to analyse and understand the ways in which unequal geographic developments on these two mountain destinations embody the contradictions of neoliberal forms of globalization. In this sense, the research intends to investigate evidences that realize the drawbacks posed by the current development associated with amenity migration model to these mountain tourist destinations.

En este trabajo se estudia las representaciones del mundo andino en el cine andino de los últimos diez años. Para ello se analizará, mediante el método de análisis de contenido, tres películas andinas reconocidas en festivales tanto nacionales como internacionales. Este tipo de investigaciones cobran cada vez más importancia porque en la actualidad la disputa por espacios de representación se ha agudizado por la rápida hipervisualización de las sociedades (Nahmad, 2007). En el caso peruano, ello se observa en el ámbito del cine en específico con el cine andino el cual entra al espacio de disputa con nuevas y distintas formas de representación ausentes hasta ahora en la pantalla peruana con las formas de representación tradicionales que provienen del cine capitalino que producen y reproducen estereotipos del mundo andino (Vich y Barrow, 2021; Turpo Gebera y Gutiérrez Gala, 2019). A ello se le suma, la existencia limitada de estudios sobre la representación del mundo andino desde el cine andino a diferencia de la variada gama de trabajos que existen sobre ello desde la mirada capitalina. De modo que el objetivo de esta investigación es identificar y analizar la representación del mundo andino en el cine andino. Así, el contenido de esta investigación abarca el recorrido por los trabajos realizados sobre el cine peruano en específico el cine andino y los estudios de contenido de estos. De ahí se desarrollará los conceptos claves que permitirán una mayor comprensión del tema. Luego le seguirá la metodología propuesta para el posterior análisis de las películas. Finalmente, se presentan las conclusiones sobre lo avanzado en esta investigación.

La presente tesis tiene por objetivo demostrar de qué manera las sanciones aduaneras o sus propuestas pueden constituir medidas restrictivas al comercio contrarias al principio de libre circulación de mercancías que protege el artículo 72 y 73 del Acuerdo de Cartagena. El Tribunal de Justicia de la Comunidad Andina y la Secretaría General señalan que no se busca que toda sanción o acción de control o fiscalización realizada por las aduanas de los Países Miembros de la Comunidad Andina deba estar, per se, sujeta a cuestionamiento. Más bien, a través de la revisión de la jurisprudencia andina y, tras hacer referencia a la legislación y jurisprudencia europea, ambas instituciones concluyen que solo deben ser cuestionadas aquellas sanciones o propuestas de sanción que puedan tener un efecto restrictivo. Para ser calificadas como restricciones al comercio, se tendrá en cuenta si tales medidas son desproporcionales y, por tanto, injustificadas en el derecho intracomunitario andino. Tras analizar el principio de proporcionalidad en las sanciones aduaneras en el ámbito de la Comunidad Andina, se estudia que dicho principio también es recogido en el Acuerdo de Facilitación del Comercio de la Organización Mundial del Comercio. De esta manera, el carácter vital y obligatorio que adquiere dicho principio en el marco sancionatorio aduanero actual queda fortalecido. Sin embargo, pese a la importancia del principio de proporcionalidad, se verifica que, a la fecha, en el Perú su implementación todavía no es completa en el campo de las sanciones aduaneras. En efecto, por un lado, su aplicación para el caso de las multas no ha sido contemplada y, por otro lado, los procedimientos aduaneros legales pertinentes que regulen la aplicación de dicho principio por la autoridad aduanera no se han expedido. Estos problemas deben subsanarse a fin de evitar futuras disputas legales en la CAN y la OMC sobre la posible aplicación de restricciones al comercio debido a la falta de proporcionalidad de las sanciones. La tesis concluye que las sanciones aduaneras, tales como las multas o las propuestas de multas emitidas por las autoridades aduaneras de los Países Miembros de la CAN, pueden tener un efecto restrictivo del comercio y, por ello, pueden constituir una medida de efecto equivalente a las restricciones cuantitativas incompatibles con los artículos 72 y 73 del Acuerdo de Cartagena. / The present thesis aims to demonstrate how customs sanctions or proposals thereof may constitute restrictive measures contrary to the principle of free movement of goods protected by Articles 72 and 73 of the Cartagena Agreement. Both the Andean Community’s Court of Justice and the General Secretariat contend that not all kind of control or supervision sanctions or actions undertaken by the customs offices of the Andean Community’s Member States should, per se, be questioned. Instead, through the revision of Andean legal precedents and, after referring to European legislation and case law, both bodies conclude that only those sanctions and actions that have a disproportionate restrictive effect should be questioned. In order to be considered trade restrictions, it should be taken into account whether such measures are disproportionate and therefore unjustified under Andean law. After analyzing the principle of proportionality concerning customs sanctions within the Andean Community, this thesis argues that the aforementioned principle is also contained in the Trade Facilitation Agreement of the World Trade Organization. Thus, this reinforces the essential and compulsory nature of such principle under the current legal framework. However, despite the importance of the principle of proportionality, at present its implementation remains incomplete in Peru concerning customs sanctions. On the one hand, its application in the case of fines has not been provided for and, on the other hand, the relevant legal customs proceedings governing the application of that principle by customs authorities have not been issued yet. These problems must be resolved to avoid future legal disputes before the Andean Community and the WTO on the possible application of trade restrictions, due to lack of proportionality of the sanctions. The thesis concludes that customs sanctions, such as fines or proposals for fines issued by the customs authorities of the Andean Community’s Member States, may have a restrictive effect on trade and may, therefore, constitute a measure having equivalent effect to the quantitative restrictions, which may lead to a violation of Articles 72 and 73 of the Cartagena Agreement.

Tableau d’honneur de la Faculté des études supérieures et postdoctorales, 2012-2013. / En Bolivie, la résistance des Autochtones a impulsé des changements sociopolitiques majeurs au cours des dernières années, permettant entre autres l’amorce d’une révision en profondeur des rapports ethniques au pays. La société bolivienne est fortement marquée par une hiérarchisation historique des rapports sociaux, économiques et politiques entre Autochtones et non Autochtones. Ancrée dans le processus plus large des grandes transformations sociales qui s’opèrent actuellement à l’échelle nationale en Bolivie, cette recherche tente de mieux comprendre comment les inégalités ethniques sont négociées, contestées ou renforcées par les acteurs sociaux dans la vie quotidienne. Depuis 2003, l’accès universel gratuit aux services de santé en périnatalité a multiplié les contacts entre les familles autochtones des régions rurales et les membres du personnel médical, souvent des non Autochtones d’origine urbaine. En s’inscrivant dans la littérature anthropologique qui considère la naissance comme un phénomène social complexe et indissociable du contexte économique et politique plus large, cette recherche examine comment les rapports sociaux liés à la grossesse et à l’accouchement permettent de mieux comprendre la réalité sociale en Bolivie. Une attention particulière sera portée sur la situation des femmes autochtones boliviennes en milieu rural de même que l’évolution de la dynamique sociale entre Autochtones et non Autochtones dans le domaine des soins de santé. Le tout est abordé à travers l’analyse des expériences d’accouchement de femmes quechuas établies dans la province tropicale du Chapare, une zone de migration récente des populations autochtones andines où les organisations paysannes sont particulièrement militantes.

Pastoralists tend to occupy highlands and drylands lands with uncertain climates and are experienced at coping with climatic variability and drought. Increasingly, however, the speed with which climate patterns are changing has become an issue of concern. This study examines household water management strategies of pastoralists in western Argentina. In this semi-arid region, pastoralists rely primarily on streams and springs fed by snow and glacier melt from the Andes, and have developed various strategies to meet their water needs. They also deal with myriad challenges posed by climate, economic, and socio-cultural change and work vigorously to maintain their herds – a combination of cattle, goats, and sheep – in this water scarce region. The goal of this study is to understand: 1) different household water management strategies; 2) the ways pastoral livelihoods are changing in response to changes in water supply; and 3) the socio-economic changes that affect pastoral livelihoods. Information from interviews, household surveys, and participant observations reveals that climate fluctuation impacts water supplies and use, herd size, and expenses made on tanks, technology, and infrastructure for the storage and transport of water, food for animals, and subsistence crops. Understanding the micro-scale, water practices of pastoral households provides insight into the ways rural populations in semi-arid and arid environments respond to changes in climate and meet their water needs. Moreover, these findings can contribute to scholarship on traditional and local knowledge and resource management systems, and may potentially inspire the development of adaptive management solutions.

El estudio de geoglifos ha tenido a las Líneas y geoglifos de Nasca y Palpa como paradigma sobre la investigación de este aspecto tan particular de la cultura andina, sin embargo, nuevas investigaciones en los últimos 15 años han revelado que lejos de ser el único sitio de concentración de geoglifos existe mucha más evidencia de ellos en distintas partes de los andes centrales. La presente investigación tiene como objetivo comprender, dentro de un área determinada, que rol estarían cumpliendo los campos con geoglifos en el valle medio del río Chillón. Con esta finalidad hemos utilizado el registro con drones y prospecciones intensivas junto con recolección de material, principalmente cerámico, en superficie y asociado a los campos con geoglifos. Como no existe otra manera, estos trabajos han contado con la debida autorización y supervisión del Ministerio de Cultura. Como resultado de nuestro trabajo se logró relevar más de 1,343 hectáreas de nuevas zonas arqueológicas que contenían en su mayoría geoglifos (113) y en muchos casos material cerámico asociado, lo que nos permite plantear algún tipo de cronología relativa. Nuestro registro y análisis logro determinar que los campos con geoglifos tienen una alta complejidad y debieron ser utilizados para actividades de índole ritual. Finalmente se propone que las quebradas o cerros que contenían campos con geoglifos estaban relacionados a los asentamientos del valle medio y que cada zona con geoglifos tenía una determina área de influencia. / The study of geoglyphs has had the Lines and geoglyphs of Nasca and Palpa as a paradigm for the investigation of this very particular aspect of Andean culture, however, new research in the last 15 years has revealed that far from being the only site of concentration of geoglyphs, there is much more evidence of them in different parts of the central Andes. The objective of this research is to understand, within a given area, what role the fields with geoglyphs would be fulfilling in the middle valley of the Chillón River. For this purpose we have used drone registration and intensive surveys along with the collection of material, mainly ceramic, on the surface and associated with the fields with geoglyphs. As there is no other way, these works have had the proper authorization and supervision of the Ministry of Culture. As a result of our work, it was possible to survey more than 1,343 hectares of new archaeological zones that mostly contain geoglyphs (113) and in many cases associated ceramic material, which allows us to propose some type of relative chronology. Our registration and analysis determined that the fields with geoglyphs have a high complexity and must have been used for ritual activities. Finally, it is proposed that the ravines or hills that contained fields with geoglyphs were related to the settlements of the middle valley and that each area with geoglyphs had a certain area of influence.

Neste estudo investigou-se a variabilidade da Monção Sul-Americana (MSA) ao longo dos últimos 38ka, por meio de um registro em alta resolução de \'\'delta\' POT.18\'O baseado em três espeleotemas da caverna Shatuca, localizada no norte do Peru (~ 5ºS). O registro da caverna Shatuca é um dos primeiros registros paleoclimáticos da zona de altitude intermediária no flanco oriental dos Andes setentrionais (1960m). O registro isotópico da Shatuca compreende espeleotemas bem datados e de alta resolução que são usados para investigar a atividade da MSA no passado, em resposta tanto ao ciclo de precessão da insolação, como às mudanças na circulação oceânica, ocorridas durante o último período Glacial - Deglacial, as quais são definidas nos testemunhos marinhos e de gelo do Hemisfério Norte. Os registros de espeleotemas da caverna Shatuca, não mostram nenhum controle claro da insolação sobre a MSA nos Andes entre 38-11 ka AP, o que pode ser explicado por um controle predominante das condições de contorno glaciais sobre a MSA. Mudanças abruptas, entre períodos mais úmidos e mais secos da MSA, em escalas de tempo milenar, são observadas no registro de espeleotemas de Shatuca através de valores de \'\'delta\' POT.18\'O anormalmente baixos e altos, respectivamente. Estes eventos são interpretados como uma resposta aos eventos Heinrich (H) e Dansgaard-Oeschger (D-O) através de deslocamentos latitudinais da Zona de Convergência Intertropical (Intertropical Convergence Zone-ITCZ). No entanto, a intensidade da resposta a esses ciclos foi variável. Em particular, os episódios climáticos mais extremos foram aqueles relacionados aos eventos Heinrich 1 e 2. O período de ocorrência e a estrutura do evento Heinrich 1 (H1) são mais precisamente descritos nos espeleotemas da caverna Shatuca do que em registros anteriores dos Andes e da Bacia de Cariaco. O evento H1 é caracterizado por valores isotópicos baixos entre 18.0 e 14.7 ka AP, o que indica condições predominantemente úmidas; mas um pico, nunca antes registrado, de valores de \'\'delta\' POT.18\'O altos foi registrado em 16.2 ka AP. Este resultado é particularmente importante dado que a ITCZ poderia ter estado deslocada mais ao sul do que 5ºS. Além disso, a estrutura dos períodos do Bølling-Allerød (B/A) e Younger Dryas (YD) assemelha-se à dos testemunhos de gelo da Groenlândia. Durante o Holoceno, o clima da região da caverna Shatuca foi controlado pela insolação, consistente com outros registros de isótopos de diferentes altitudes nos Andes peruanos. O Holoceno Inferior é marcado pelo severo enfraquecimento da MSA na região da Shatuca, sendo seguido por uma tendência de aumento gradual das condições de umidade em direção ao Holoceno Superior, esta tendência climática, em longo prazo, ocorreu em união à tendência de aumento da insolação modulada pelo ciclo de precessão. Condições particularmente úmidas foram sentidas na região da caverna Shatuca após 5.0 ka AP. Várias mudanças abruptas ocorridas, em escalas de tempo centenárias e multidecenais, durante o Holoceno, são descritas pela primeira vez nos Andes. Durante o Holoceno Inferior, o caso mais extremo, é o registrado em 9.5 ka AP, mas outros eventos úmidos ocorreram também, tais como o registrado em 8.1 ka AP. Por outro lado, durante o Holoceno Médio, a comparação com outros registros andinos, na região afetada pela MSA, aponta para uma série de eventos abruptos que ocorreram entre 5.1 e 5.0 ka AP. Finalmente, um resultado importante do presente estudo é a semelhança observada, durante o Holoceno Superior, entre o registro da caverna Shatuca com o do lago Pallcacocha, situado no sul dos Andes equatorianos e amplamente utilizado como um proxy da frequência do fenômeno El Niño Oscilação Sul (El Niño Southern Oscillation -ENSO). O registro Shatuca não apresenta nenhuma evidência clara de ter sofrido algum controle climático influenciado por ENSO. Pelo contrário, propõe-se que ambos registros, o lago Pallcacocha e a caverna Shatuca, indicam um aumento da umidade entre 3.5 e 2.5 ka AP, resultado do controle da alta insolação de verão austral sobre a MSA, e de uma profunda reorganização do sistema climático ocorrido na borda oeste da MSA, entre terras altas e intermediárias dos Andes. / this study, we investigated the South American Summer Monsoon (SASM) variability through the last 38 ky with a high-resolution \'\'delta\' POT.18\'O record based on three speleothems from Shatuca cave, located in northern Peru (~ 5ºS). The Shatuca cave record is one of the first paleoclimate records from mid-altitude (1960m) sites in the northeastern Andean slopes. The Shatuca isotope record comprises well-dated and high-resolution speleothems that were used to investigate the past activity of SASM, in response to both insolation precession cycle and changes in oceanic circulation during the last Glacial-Deglacial period, defined in ice cores and marine core records from the northern Hemisphere. The speleothem records from Shatuca cave show no clear insolation control over the SASM between 38-11 ky BP, which could be explained by a prevailing control of the glacial boundary conditions over SASM. Abrupt millennial shifts between wetter and drier monsoon phases are observed in Shatuca speleothem record based on abnormally low and high values of \'\'delta\' POT.18\'O, respectively. These events are interpreted as a response to Heinrich (H) and Dansgaard-Oeschger (D-O) events through latitudinal displacements in the Intertropical Convergence Zone (ITCZ). However, the response intensity to these events was variable. In particular, the most extreme climate episodes were those related to the Heinrich events 1 and 2. The structure and timing of the Heinrich event 1 (H1) event are more precisely described in Shatuca speleothems than in previous records from Andes and Cariaco Basin. The H1 event is characterized by low ?18O values from 18.0 to 14.7 ky BP, indicative of predominantly wet conditions; but a peak, never reported before, of high \'\'delta\' POT.18\'O values is recorded at 16.2 ky BP. This result is of particular importance given that the ITCZ was probably displaced even more to the south than 5ºS. In addition, the structure of the Bølling-Allerød (B/A) and Younger Dryas (YD) periods resembles that of the Greenland ice cores. Insolation control on climate at Shatuca site is evident during the Holocene, which is consistent with other Andean isotope records from different altitudes in the Peruvian Andes. The early Holocene is marked by a extremely weak SASM activity over Shatuca area, that is followed by a gradual increasing trend toward wetter conditions at the late Holocene period, this long term climate trend occurred in union with increasing insolation trend modulated by the precession cycle. Particularly wet conditions were felt in Shatuca site after 5.0 ky BP. During the Holocene, several abrupt multidecadal to centennial events are for the first time described in Andes. During the early Holocene, the most extreme event is the one logged at 9.5 ky BP, however other wet events occurred, such as the one logged at 8.1 ky BP. On the other side, during the mid Holocene, the comparison with other Andean records affected by the SASM, points out to a striking series of events that occurred between 5.1 and 5.0 ky BP. Finally, one important result from the present study is the similarity observed during the late Holocene between Shatuca cave and the Pallcacocha lake record in southern Equadorian Andes, a record that has been widely used as a proxy for El Niño Southern Oscillation (ENSO) frequency during Holocene. Shatuca record presents no clear evidence for climate control by ENSO. On the contrary, it is proposed that the increase in moisture logged between 3.5 and 2.5 ky BP, in both Pallcacocha lake and Shatuca cave records, resulted from high austral insolation control over the SASM and a major reorganization of the climatic system in the western border of the SASM at mid- to high altitudes of the Andes.