Este trabalho apresenta um estudo experimental a respeito do fenômeno da biestabilidade em cilindros finitos com média razão de aspecto. Na biestabilidade, há uma esteira estreita a jusante de um dos cilindros e uma esteira larga a jusante do outro. Pode estar presente em muitas situações práticas da engenharia dependendo da distância entre os cilindros. Em cilindros finitos ainda é pouco compreendida e explorada. Para compreender o mecanismo do desprendimento de vórtices, são estudados o escoamento em torno de um único cilindro finito, com cilindros de diâmetros entre 25 e 60 mm e razão de aspecto entre 1 e 4 e após, o escoamento em torno de dois cilindros finitos dispostos lado a lado, com cilindros de diâmetros entre 25 e 32 mm e razão de aspecto entre 3 e 4. A técnica experimental aplicada consiste na medição das flutuações de velocidade em canal aerodinâmico, utilizando a técnica de anemometria de fio quente e na visualização do escoamento no mesmo canal, mantendo os parâmetros, utilizando gelo seco e laser. Além disso, foi realizada a visualização do escoamento em canal hidráulico com as mesmas dimensões do canal aerodinâmico, utilizando injeção de tinta através de agulhas. Para o estudo foram utilizados Re=2,00×104 para um cilindro finito e 3,86×103 ≤ Re ≤ 4,81×104 para cilindros finitos dispostos lado a lado. Os dados medidos em canal aerodinâmico são tratados através de ferramentas estatísticas, espectrais e de ondaletas, e os resultados das visualizações do escoamento são apresentados por meio de imagens obtidas das filmagens realizadas com uma câmera digital. Além disso, os vídeos são tratados com softwares de edição de vídeo e com ferramentas estatísticas. Os resultados confirmam a existência do fenômeno da biestabilidade para dois cilindros finitos dispostos lado a lado, que é um dos objetivos do estudo, nas três posições estudadas. A técnica de visualização de escoamento reforça a interpretação dos resultados obtidos através da técnica de anemometria de fio quente. Neste trabalho é considerada a existência de três escoamentos concomitantes: o escoamento ascendente, caracterizado pela estrutura de vórtices na base; o escoamento descendente, caracterizado pela estrutura de vórtices no topo; e o aqui chamado escoamento principal, caracterizado pelo desprendimento de vórtices a meia altura dos cilindros. / This work presents an experimental study on the bistability phenomenon in finite cylinders with a mid-aspect ratio. In the bistability phenomenon the flow to form two wakes behind the cylinders, a large wake behind a cylinder and a narrow wake after another. It can be present in many practical engineering situations depending on the distance between the cylinders. In finite cylinders, it is still poorly understood and explored. To understand the vortex shedding mechanism are studied the flow in a single finite cylinder with diameters between 25 and 60 mm and aspect ratio between 1 and 4 is studied. After that, the flow of two finite cylinders placed side by side with cylinders of diameters between 25 and 32 mm and aspect ratio between 3 and 4 was studied. The experimental technique of hot wire anemometry in aerodynamic channel is applied in the measurement of velocity fluctuations of the flow. The flow visualization was performed on the same aerodynamic channel, keeping the parameters, through using dry ice and laser. In addition, flow visualization is performed on the hydraulic channel with the same dimensions of the aerodynamic channel using ink injection through needles. All images are captured with a camera digital. For the study, Re=2.00×104 for a finite cylinder and 3.86×103 ≤ Re ≤ 4.81×104 for finite cylinders arranged side by side were used. The data measured in aerodynamic channel are treated through statistics, spectral and wavelet tools and the videos are treated through video editing software and with statistical tools. The results show the existence of two different levels of mean velocity in time series, corresponding to two flow modes confirming the phenomenon of bistability for two finite cylinders placed side by side, which is one of the objectives of the study. The flow visualization technique strengthens the interpretation of the results obtained through the hot wire anemometer technique. In this work the existence of three concomitant flows is considered: the upwash flow, characterized by the vortex structure in the base; the downwash flow, characterized by the vortex structure at the top; and the so-called main flow, characterized by the vortex shedding at half height of the cylinders.

Work describe principles and problems of the realization ultrasonic anemometer. It's described methods of computation speed wind and its correction. In favor of realization are used ultrasonic transducers and microcontroller ARM Cortex-M3. The work treats PWM signal generating, its analog filtration, amplification and transmitting. On receiving part there are low voltage amplifier and comparator. Developing code is described by flowcharts.

No description available.

An analysis is presented for hot wire/film anemometer measurement of mean velocities and turbulent stresses in a three dimensional flow field with a predominant flow direction. The experimental data can be taken with an automated traverse under the control of a digital data acquisition system which has been modified for this particular application. / Master of Science

Automating tasks and processes are becoming more and more common in both corporate and everyday life. The aim of this project is to assist the company Hotswap in the development of a safety system for an existing automatic flagpole. The safety system should be able to monitor wind velocity and, optionally, wind direction as well as communicate the data to the flagpole’s main control unit. The thesis describes and discusses the different possible mechanisms, solutions for measuring wind, and a possible implementation. A method for measuring wind velocity by utilizing an FS5 thermal mass flow sensor was selected and a prototype was developed for testing the performance of the implementation. The tests showed that the thermal mass flow sensor fulfilled the requirements regarding wind velocity measurement and accuracy with an average deviation of 0.19 m/s from the reference value. The solution was then discussed and compared with Hotswap’s existing prototype. The comparison showed that the prototype was a viable alternative. Finally, some suggestions for further development were presented along with the conclusion that the prototype provides a proof of concept for a fully realizable solution. / Automatisering av arbetsuppgifter och processer blir mer och mer vanligt både på företag och i vardagslivet. Detta projekt hade som mål att bistå företaget Hotswap med utvecklingen av ett säkerhetssystem för en befintlig automatisk flaggstång. Säkerhetssystemet ska kunna mäta vindstyrka och vindriktning och kommunicera den uppmätta datan till flaggstångens kontrollenhet. Rapporten beskriver och diskuterar de olika möjliga mekanismer och lösningar som finns för att mäta vindhastighet samt en möjlig implementering. En metod för mätning av vindhastighet där en hot-wire flödessensor valdes och en prototyp utvecklades sedan för att testa den implementerade metodens prestanda. Testen visade att användning av flödessensorn tillfredsställde de ställda kraven på prototypen gällande vindhastighetsmätning och mätprecision med en medelavvikelse på 0.19 m/s från referensvärdet. Lösningen diskuterades och jämfördes sedan med Hotswaps befintliga prototyp. Jämförelsen visade att prototypen var ett rimligt alternativ. Slutligen presenterades några förslag på vidareutveckling tillsammans med slutsatsen att prototypen är en konceptvalidering för en fullt realiserbar lösning.

Hot wire anemometers have been used in several wind velocity sensors deployed in Mars. They are based in keeping the temperature of a surface at a constant value, above the ambient. This is done by means of a heater controlled with an electronic system. The cooling rate of each point at the sensor surface can be used to calculate the wind velocity and direction. However, due to turbulent fluctuations, the cooling rate is not constant even in the case of constant velocity. Moreover, RANS simulations cannot estimate such fluctuations as they only provide an estimation of the averaged flow field. The goal of this work has been to estimate such fluctuations and the e↵ect they might have on the sensor readings. To do so, the turbulent cooling rate (Nusselt number) of a sensor with a generic shape, under the typical conditions to be find in Mars, has been simulated using high performance LES (Large Eddy Simulation) simulations and compared with RANS and URANS simulations.

In the first section of this document, there are described principles of the wind measuring. Anemometers can be divides by physical principles to mechanical (propeller or cup), ultrasonic anemometers and thermoanemometers. This paper is focused to ultrasonic anemometers. In the next part, there are described principles of sound propagation in the atmosphere. There are studies of measurement theory and comparing of different approaches. Completed solutions are presented in patent exploration. Afterwards, there are introduction of market research. Important parameters of ultrasonic anemometers are highlighted. Main aim of work is designing prototype of ultrasonic anemometer. Software, hardware and construct of experimental anemometer were designed. Created anemometer was calibrated in aerodynamics tunnel and results were compared with simulation output.

Electrostatic properties of formulation component materials and blends play an important role in dry powder inhalation (DPI) products, and that valid measurement of charge distribution will lead to more precise control of powder behavior in DPI manufacturing processes. Ultra-fine powders are known to be bipolarly charged, have non-spherical shapes and tend to be highly cohesive. Real time, non-invasive techniques need to be developed to obtain a precise and accurate time-history characteristic of electrically charged powders as they aerosolize from a DPI product, and how this measure relates to materials behavior throughout the various steps of a manufacturing process i.e. from drug micronisation, blending with lactose, through to filling dose units. A novel non-invasive technique for simultaneous measurement of size and charge of pharmaceutical powders is considered which employs the Phase Doppler Anemometry (PDA) system. Previous research demonstrated the advantages of this technique in measuring the bipolar charge distribution on a population of particles. These findings led to significant improvements in understanding performance of dry powder formulations, manufacturing processes and development of new platforms for inhaled drug delivery. The main aim of this research is to perform an investigation of electrostatic propertiesof pharmaceutical dry aerosols using the PDA system. The PDA technique was used to track the motion of charged particles in the presence of an electric field. The magnitude as well as the polarity of the particle charge can be obtained by solving the equation of particle motion in DC and AC fields combined with the simultaneous measurement of its size and velocity. The results show the capability of the technique to allow real-time size and charge distribution in the control of dry powder attributes that are critical to fully understanding manufacturing design space. The data obtained from initial investigations of electrical properties of pharmaceutical powders and bipolar charge measurements was used to perform an in-depth study of electrostatic properties of pharmaceutical aerosols dispensed by dry powder inhaler (DPI) devices. The delivery of a drug to the lungs can only be achieved by a combination of inhaler device and drug formulation which is capable of producing an aerosol of an aerodynamic diameter smaller than 5 μm and of appropriate charge. The aerosols generated by these devices are often bipolarly charged and can influence specific site deposition in human lung. By controlling the electrostatic charge generated by tribielectrification, it may be possible to achieve the desired drug deposition in the airways. Bipolary charged dispensed ultrafine particles are inhaled through the extrathoracic and tracheobronchial airways down into the alveolar region. Anatomically realistic respiratory airways and computation fluid dynamics (CFD) models have been created to study airflow structures and predict aerosol deposition within the human respiratory system using visible human data sets, human casts and morphometric data. Many theoretical studies of charged aerosol deposition in human respiratory systems have been developed, however getting real time, non-intrusive data of bipolar charge levels on aerosols dispensed from DPI’s within the human respiratory system represents a challenging issue. This research project presents a simplified human upper airway model which combined with the modified Phase Doppler Anemometry (PDA) system is able to provide real time bipolar charge distributions of aerosols delivered from several commercially available DPI devices. A three dimensional (3D) reconstruction of the upper respiratory system was performed from two dimensional (2D) images obtained from computerized tomography (CT), magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) and cryosectioned images available from Visible Human Server data set (Ecole Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne). The resulting dimensions of the model were consistent with morphometric data from the literature from which the simplified upper airway model consisting of two connected segments, i.e., the oral airways from the mouth to trachea (Generation G0), was created. The findings of this study provided a better understanding of the interaction between specific active ingredients and DPI devices. These results may be used in designing future generation DPI devices and a better understanding of aerosol transport and deposition efficiency within the human airways.

Variable-rate technologies for sprayer applications stand to increase efficacy by ensuring the right amount of chemical is applied at the right location. However, external environmental factors such as droplet drift caused by variable ambient condition, are not yet integrated into modern sprayer systems. Real-time wind velocity measurements can be used to control droplet spectra for reducing spray drift by actuating a variable-orifice nozzle. This work aimed to develop data processing methods needed to filter noise and remove vehicle speed from wind velocity measurements collected with an ultrasonic anemometer aboard a moving platform. Using a global navigation satellite system (GNSS), vehicle speed was calculated in the field and subtracted from apparent wind velocity for comparison to static measurements. Experiments under stationary and dynamic sensor deployments were used to develop an algorithm to provide instantaneous local wind velocity and to better understand the local spatiotemporal variability of wind under field conditions.

An instrumented unmanned aerial vehicle (UAV) was developed and employed to observe the full range of turbulent motions that exist within the inertial subrange of atmospheric surface layer turbulence. The UAV was host to a suite of pressure, temperature, humidity, and wind sensors which provide the necessary data to calculate the variety of turbulent statistics that characterize the flow. Flight experiments were performed with this aircraft, consisting of a large square pattern at an altitude of 100 m above ground level. In order to capture the largest turbulent scales it was necessary to maximize the size of the square pattern. The smallest turbulent scales, on the other hand, were measured through the use of a fast response constant temperature hot wire anemometer. The results demonstrates that the UAV system is capable of directly measuring the full inertial subrange of the atmospheric surface layer with high resolution and allowing for the turbulence dissipation rate to be calculated directly.