Orientador: Newton Nunes / Banca: Roberta Carareto / Banca: João Moreira da Costa Neto / Resumo: A anestesia epidural, quando comparada à anestesia geral, apresenta algumas vantagens como redução dos custos, minimização dos riscos anestésicos por ocasionar poucas alterações respiratórias e cardiovasculares. Mas tem sido utilizada basicamente para cirurgias no membro posterior e inguinais já que o anestésico local quando administrado no espaço compreendido entre a sétima vértebra lombar e a primeira vértebra sacral proporciona bloqueio máximo até a quarta vértebra lombar. Uma alternativa para bloqueios mais craniais é a utilização do cateter epidural. Tal estudo avaliou, comparativamente os efeitos de duas doses de lidocaína (4 e 6 mg/Kg) administradas por via epidural na altura da primeira vértebra lombar em cadelas submetidas à ovariohisterectomia. Foram utilizadas 16 cadelas SRD, pesando entre 4 e 20 Kg e entre 1 e 6 anos. Todas receberam butorfanol e etomidato, ambos por via intravenosa nas doses de 0,4 mg/Kg e 2 mg/Kg respectivamente. Foram avaliados parâmetros cardiovasculares, hemogasométricos, ventilometricos e relacionados à analgesia. Os parâmetros fisiológicos avaliados não apresentaram diferença entre os grupos em com o uso de diferentes doses de lidocaína. Relativamente à analgesia, 25% dos animais do G4 apresentaram escore de dor considerado insuficiente. Contudo conclui-se que as duas doses de lidocaína, depositadas na altura da primeira vértebra lombar, não interferem nos parâmetros ventilométricos, hemogasométricos e cardiovasculares. E a dose de 6 mg/Kg determina melhor analgesia que a de 4 mg/Kg / Abstract: Epidural anesthesia compared to general anesthesia has some advantages such as reducing cost, minimizing the risks of anesthesia by causing fewer respiratory and cardiovascular changes. But it has been used primarily for surgery in the posterior limb and inguinal as the local anesthetic when administered in the space between the seventh lumbar and first sacral vertebra provides maximum block until the fourth lumbar vertebra. An alternative to more bloks cranial is the use of epidural catheter. This study evaluated the comparative effects of two doses of lidocaine (4 and 6 mg/Kg) administered epidurally at the time of the first lumbar vertebra en bitches submitted to ovariohisterectomy. !6 mongrel dogs were used, weighing between 4 and 20 Kg ande between 1 and 6 years old. All received butorphanos and etomidate, both intravenously ins doses of 0,4mg/Kg to 2 mg/Kg respectively. We assessed cardiovascular, blood gas ventilometric and analgesia. The physiological parameters evaluated did not differ between the groups using different doses of lidocaine. For analgesia, 25% of animals in G4 had a pain score considered insufficient. However, it is conclused that two doses os lidocaine, deposited at the time of the first lumbar vertebra, the parameters do not interfere ventilometric, blood gas and cardiovascular diseases. And the dose of 6 mg/Kg determines the better analgesia of 4 mg/Kg / Mestre

A espécie leporina vem sendo utilizada de forma ampla como modelo experimental em diversas áreas da medicina e medicina veterinária. A escassez de estudos publicados nesta área torna questionável a utilização ética da espécie em experimentos cirúrgicos. O objetivo foi determinar a duração dos bloqueios motor e sensitivo da lidocaína e bupivacaína administradas pela via peridural sacrococcígea e lombossacra e seus efeitos cardiovasculares e respiratórios associados a anestesia geral inalatória em coelhos submetidos a orquiectomia. Foram utilizados 30 animais da espécie leporina, raça Nova Zelândia Branco, pesando entre 2,350 e 3,300 kg, distribuídos em cinco grupos experimentais. O grupo Lido LS recebeu 0,3 ml/kg de lidocaína a 2% pela via peridural lombossacra; o grupo Lido SC recebeu 0,3 ml/kg de lidocaína a 2% pela via peridural sacrococcígea; o grupo Bupi LS recebeu 0,3 ml/kg de bupivacaína a 0,5% pela via peridural lombossacra; o grupo Bupi SC recebeu 0,3 ml/kg de bupivacaína a 0,5% pela via peridural sacrococcígea e o grupo Controle recebeu 0,3 ml/kg de solução fisiológica pela via peridural lombossacra. A administração peridural foi realizada por meio de punção simples com agulha hipodérmica. Na primeira parte do experimento, os animais foram anestesiados com sevofluorano em oxigênio a 100% com auxílio de máscara, e após a administração do protocolo de cada grupo, os reflexos sensitivos foram testados por meio de pinçamento dos dermátomos cutâneos e dos dígitos dos membros pélvicos e cauda. Os reflexos motores foram avaliados por meio de escore de tônus muscular dos membros pélvicos e cauda. Esta fase teve como objetivo determinar a duração e padrão de dispersão do bloqueio sensitivo e motor. Duas semanas após a determinação da duração do bloqueio sensitivo e motor, os animais foram anestesiados com isofluorano em máscara, intubados, e a administração do mesmo protocolo de anestesia peridural foi realizada para a realização de orquiectomia. A frequência cardíaca, frequência respiratória, pressão arterial sistólica, média e diastólica, concentração de dióxido de carbono ao fim da expiração, concentração de isofluorano inspirado e expirado, saturação de oxihemoglobina e temperatura corpórea foram monitorados a cada 10 min durante 50 min. Logo após a administração peridural e ao fim do procedimento, uma amostra de sangue arterial foi colhida para avaliação hemogasométrica. A dispersão, avaliada pelo número de dermátomos bloqueados, nos grupos que receberam a administração lombossacra foi maior que nos grupos de administração sacrococcígea. O período médio de bloqueio sensitivo com a lidocaína foi de 70±13,78 min pela via lombossacra e 60,83±23,11 min pela via sacrococcígea. Com a administração de bupivacaína pela via lombossacra, a duração do bloqueio sensitivo foi de 199,16±15,30 min e pela via sacrococcígea foi de 168,33±44,57 min. O grupo controle teve maior consumo de anestésico geral e maior requerimento de analgésico trans-operatório e de fármacos vasoativos durante o procedimento, demonstrando analgesia insuficiente e depressão cardiovascular superior aos grupos em que houve a associação da anestesia peridural e geral. Houve ocorrência de bloqueio unilateral em 50 % dos animais que receberam a administração sacrococcígea. Conclui-se que a administração peridural lombossacra apresentou duração e dispersão maiores que a administração sacrococcígea em coelhos. A ocorrência de bloqueio unilateral foi maior com a utilização do sítio sacrococcígeo. Foi observada maior depressão cardiovascular nos animais que não receberam a administração de anestésico local no espaço epidural. A utilização de lidocaína e bupivacaína levou a anestesia peridural satisfatória na espécie leporina, sendo uma técnica eficiente e de fácil execução. / Rabbits have been widely used as an experimental model in different areas of medicine and veterinary medicine. The few published studies in this area make the ethical use of this species in surgical experiments questionable. The aim of this study was to determine the duration of sensory and motor block of lidocaine and bupivacaine epidurally administered in lumbosacral or sacrococcygeal sites and their cardiovascular and respiratory effects associated with inhalation anesthesia in rabbits undergoing orchiectomy. Thirty New Zealand White rabbits were used, weighing between 2,350 and 3.300 kg, divided into 5 experimental groups. The Lido LS group received 0.3 ml / kg of 2% lidocaine lumbosacral epidural; Lido SC group received 0.3 ml / kg of 2% lidocaine sacrococcygeal epidural; Bupi LS group received 0.3 ml / kg of 0.5% bupivacaine for lumbosacral epidural; Bupi SC group received 0.3 ml / kg of 0.5% bupivacaine for sacrococcygeal epidural; and the control group received 0.3 ml / kg of saline epidural lumbosacral. Epidural was performed by single puncture with hypodermic needle. In the first part of the experiment, the animals were anesthetized with sevoflurane in 100% oxygen mask, and after the administration of each protocol group, the sensitive reflexes were tested by pinching the skin dermatomes and the digits of the hind limbs and tail. The motor reflexes were evaluated by scoring muscle tone of the pelvic limbs and tail. Two weeks after the determination of the duration of sensory and motor block, the animals were anesthetized with isoflurane in mask, intubated, and the administration of the same protocol of epidural anesthesia was performed for the orchiectomy. Heart and respiratory rate, systolic, mean and diastolic arterial blood pressure, end-tidal CO2, concentration of isoflurane inhaled and exhaled, oxyhemoglobin saturation and body temperature were monitored every 10 minutes during a 50 minutes surgery. Soon after epidural administration and at the end of the procedure, a sample of arterial blood was collected for evaluation of arterial blood gases. The dispersion was measured by the number of dermatomes blocked and groups receiving lumbosacral administration had a higher number than groups that received sacrococcygeal administration. The mean duration of sensory block with lidocaine was 70±13.78 min via lumbosacral site and 60.83±23.11 min via sacrococcygeal site. In bupivacaine lumbosacral group, the duration of sensory block was 199.16±15.30 min and in sacrococcygeal group was 168.33±44.57 min. The control group had higher consumption of general anesthetic and trans-operative analgesic requirement and had higher vasoactive requirement during the surgical procedure, demonstrating greater cardiovascular depression than the groups that received an association of epidural and general anesthesia. There was 50% occurrence of unilateral block in animals that received the sacrococcygeal administration. It is concluded that epidural administration showed lumbosacral length and dispersion greater than sacrococcygeal administration in rabbits. The incidence of unilateral block was higher when used the sacrococcygeus site. Greater cardiovascular depression was observed in animals that did not receive the administration of local anesthetic into the epidural space. The use of lidocaine and bupivacaine led to satisfactory epidural anesthesia in rabbits, being an efficient and easy technique to perform.

Background: Anxiety is a barrier to dental care for many people. Preliminary studies suggest that melatonin may possess anxiolytic and sedative properties. Methods: Twelve subjects were selected for this study which compared melatonin, at a dose of 0.14 mg/kg, with placebo, as an oral premedication for anxious dental patients prior to receiving a general anesthetic. A visual analog scale (VAS) was used to measure anxiety. The Richmond Agitation Sedation Scale (RASS) was used to assess sedation, the Trieger Dot Test (TDT) for psychomotor impairment, and Digit Symbol Substitution Test (DSST) for cognitive impairment. A Quality of Recovery Questionnaire (QoR) was completed 24 hours after each appointment. Results: There were no significant differences in VAS scores for melatonin and placebo between baseline and at 30, 60, and 90 minutes. Similar results were found for RASS scores, TDT, DSST, and the QoR. Conclusion: At the doses used in this study, melatonin was not significantly different from placebo in anxiolysis, sedation, cognitive impairment, psychomotor impairment, and quality of recovery from anesthesia, for anxious dental patients.

Purpose: To identify and compare pre-treatment and post-treatment parental expectations and satisfaction concerning their child’s dental care under general anaesthesia. Participant characteristics were also investigated. Methods: Questionnaires were administered to all parents who attended the pre-operative anaesthesia consultation (pre-treatment group) and to all parents who returned for post-operative reassessment (post-treatment group). Participants were asked to rate the importance and frequency of 27 events on a four point Likert Scale. Parents were also asked to complete a participant characteristics information form. A score was calculated for each item in the questionnaires by multiplying the item’s mean “importance rating” and the item’s mean “expectation rating” and the items were ranked by scores. Results: Complete responses were obtained from 100 parents of the pre-treatment group and from 100 parents of the post-treatment group. In each group, the highest ranked elements were those representing information and communication while the physical conditions of care tended to be least valued by the parents. The rank-order of the importance scores showed a moderate to strong positive correlation with the rank-order of the frequency scores. Conclusion: Parents placed value on good communication and provision of information with regard to dental treatment of their children under general anaesthesia.

Background: Anxiety is a barrier to dental care for many people. Preliminary studies suggest that melatonin may possess anxiolytic and sedative properties. Methods: Twelve subjects were selected for this study which compared melatonin, at a dose of 0.14 mg/kg, with placebo, as an oral premedication for anxious dental patients prior to receiving a general anesthetic. A visual analog scale (VAS) was used to measure anxiety. The Richmond Agitation Sedation Scale (RASS) was used to assess sedation, the Trieger Dot Test (TDT) for psychomotor impairment, and Digit Symbol Substitution Test (DSST) for cognitive impairment. A Quality of Recovery Questionnaire (QoR) was completed 24 hours after each appointment. Results: There were no significant differences in VAS scores for melatonin and placebo between baseline and at 30, 60, and 90 minutes. Similar results were found for RASS scores, TDT, DSST, and the QoR. Conclusion: At the doses used in this study, melatonin was not significantly different from placebo in anxiolysis, sedation, cognitive impairment, psychomotor impairment, and quality of recovery from anesthesia, for anxious dental patients.

Purpose: To identify and compare pre-treatment and post-treatment parental expectations and satisfaction concerning their child’s dental care under general anaesthesia. Participant characteristics were also investigated. Methods: Questionnaires were administered to all parents who attended the pre-operative anaesthesia consultation (pre-treatment group) and to all parents who returned for post-operative reassessment (post-treatment group). Participants were asked to rate the importance and frequency of 27 events on a four point Likert Scale. Parents were also asked to complete a participant characteristics information form. A score was calculated for each item in the questionnaires by multiplying the item’s mean “importance rating” and the item’s mean “expectation rating” and the items were ranked by scores. Results: Complete responses were obtained from 100 parents of the pre-treatment group and from 100 parents of the post-treatment group. In each group, the highest ranked elements were those representing information and communication while the physical conditions of care tended to be least valued by the parents. The rank-order of the importance scores showed a moderate to strong positive correlation with the rank-order of the frequency scores. Conclusion: Parents placed value on good communication and provision of information with regard to dental treatment of their children under general anaesthesia.

No description available.

Children are a group of patients that require special knowledge from the anesthesia staff, both general and specific. Theoretical knowledge and practical experience is necessary to adequately care for the child as it anatomically, physiologically and mentally may differ from adult patients. A growing problem in the pediatric population is overweight and obesity. From a stagnation in the early 2000s the prevalence of overweight and obesity among children in the world are again increasing.The purpose of this study was to examine peri-operative care of overweight and obese children. Systematic searches were done in PubMed, CINAHL and Scopus. After the quality audit according to SBU, twelve articles were included for analysis. Results suggest that overweight and obese children have a higher risk of respiratory peri-operative complications. The risk of hospital admission after outpatient surgery was also greater in this group as well as higher costs for health care. Overweight and obese children are complex subjects with more frequent peri-operative risk factors than normal-weight children. This group requires special knowledge of the anesthesia staff. More studies are required to secure evidence in anesthetic care for overweight and obese children.

published_or_final_version / Chinese Medicine / Master / Master of Philosophy

Intravenous cannulation of pediatric patients is a common procedure in emergency departments. It is a useful tool to facilitate medical investigations and drug administration. However, the pain induced by the procedure can lead to patient distress and bother the nursing and medical procedures afterwards. There are many kinds of topical anesthesia but no relevant evidence-based guideline for their use is available for the emergency departments. This dissertation synthesizes the available evidence in the literature to establish an evidence-based guideline for the use of topical anesthesia to reduce pain caused by pediatric intravenous cannulation in an emergency department. The communication, implementation and evaluation plan are also developed. A systematic literature review was conducted from 30th August to 2nd September, 2011. A number of electronic databases, including PubMed, CINAHL Plus and Embase were searched. Thirteen eligible randomized controlled trials were identified. They were integrated into a table of evidence and were critically appraised by the SIGN Methodology Checklist. After synthesis of evidence, it is suggested that needleless anesthesia with apparatus assistance significantly reduced pain as early as in five minutes. Patients should however be observed for two hours after the administration of anesthesia for signs of adverse effects. The implementation potential, in terms of the transferability, feasibility and cost-benefit ratio, was examined. Among the anesthesia devices, the Jet lidocaine device has satisfactory transferability, feasibility and cost-benefit ratio. The evidence is then translated into a practice guideline with the recommendations scored based on the “SIGN 50: A guideline developer’s handbook”. A fourteen-month implementation plan,including a communication plan, a pilot study and an evaluation plan is developed. The communication phase lasts for three months and the stakeholders including the Chief of Service, Department Operation Manager, Advanced Practice Nurses, frontline healthcare professionals and the pharmacy department are identified. The pilot plan lasts for ten weeks, which includes a two-week training period, a three-week observational period for baseline measurement, a three-week intervention period and an eight-week amendment period. The pilot study collects data regarding the pain level at baseline and identifies unanticipated problems in the guideline. Amendments would be made accordingly and the revised guideline would be sent for ethical approval before the implementation phase. In the evaluation plan, the primary outcome for the innovation is the level of pain. The secondary outcomes are the admission rate and length of hospital stay. Other outcomes are the satisfaction of healthcare professionals, utilization rate and cost. It is expected that the cannulation pain, admission rate and length of hospital stay would be lower with the application of topical anesthesia. / published_or_final_version / Nursing Studies / Master / Master of Nursing