L’analyse spectrale de la fréquence cardiaque, de la pression artérielle systolique, de la pression artérielle diastolique ainsi que de la respiration par la transformée de Fourier rapide, est considérée comme une technique non invasive pour la détermination de l’activité du système nerveux autonome (SNA). Dans une population de sujets normaux volontaires, nous avons obtenu à l’état basal, des oscillations de basses fréquences (0,05-0,15Hz) reliées au système nerveux sympathique autonome et des oscillations de hautes fréquences (0,2Hz) représentant sur les intervalles entre chaque ondes R de l’électrocardiogramme (RR), l’arythmie sinusale respiratoire correspondant à une activité vagale. Nous avons comparé les tests de stimulation du système nerveux sympathique autonome déclenché par le passage de la position de repos (en décubitus dorsal), à la position orthostatique volontaire et le passage de la position de repos à la position orthostatique avec la table basculante à 60o. Nous avons également comparé un groupe normotendu à un groupe hypertendu qui a été soumis au passage du repos à l’orthostation volontaire et pour lesquels nous avons évalué la sensibilité du baroréflexe et la réponse sympathique par la mesure des catécholamines circulantes. Dans un groupe de sujets ayant une hypertension artérielle essentielle, nous avons évalué l’effet de la thérapie hypotensive, par le Trandolapril qui est un Inhibiteur de l’enzyme de conversion (IEC) de l`angiotensine. Dans ce groupe hypertendu, nous avons procédé, en plus de la stimulation sympathique par l’orthostation volontaire, à un exercice isométrique de trois minutes à 30 % de la force maximale. Nous avons également complété notre évaluation par la mesure de la densité de récepteurs ß2 adrénergiques sur lymphocytes et par la mesure des indices de contractilité à l’aide de l’échocardiographie en M mode. Les résultats ont montré, dans les groupes normaux volontaires, dans les deux types de stimulation du système nerveux sympathique par la position orthostatique, une augmentation significative des catécholamines plasmatiques avec une augmentation de la fréquence cardiaque et des basses fréquences de RR, confirmant ainsi que l’on est en état de stimulation sympathique. On observe en même temps une diminution significative des hautes fréquences de RR, suggérant un retrait vagal lors de cette stimulation. On a observé au test de la table basculante six cas d’hypotension orthostatique. On a comparé la position orthostatique volontaire entre le groupe de sujets normaux et le groupe de sujets hypertendus. L’analyse spectrale croisée de RR et de la pression artérielle systolique a permis d’évaluer dans l’hypertension artérielle (HTA), essentielle une sensibilité du baroréflexe atténuée, accompagnée d’une réactivité vagale réduite en présence d’une activité et d’une réactivité sympathique augmentées suggérant une altération sympathovagale dans l’HTA. Dans le groupe de sujets hypertendus traités (Trandolapril 2mg/jour), nous avons identifié un groupe de répondeurs au traitement par le Trandolapril et un groupe de non répondeurs à ce type de thérapie anti-hypertensive. Le groupe répondeur avait un profil hyper-adrénergique avec une hyper-réactivité sympathique, une fréquence cardiaque et des pressions artérielles diastolique et systolique plus élevées au repos. Dans le groupe total traité au Trandolapril, la densité des récepteurs ß2 adrénergiques a doublé, après thérapie, alors que la réactivité des basses fréquences obtenues à l’analyse spectrale a augmenté. Nous avons montré dans notre étude qu’un IECA a pu inhiber le mécanisme facilitateur de l’angII sur les terminaisons nerveuses sympathiques et a permis ainsi de réduire l’hyperactivité sympathique et le mécanisme de « down regulation » des récepteurs ß2 adrénergiques rendant ainsi l’expression de l’influence du SNA post synaptique plus efficace. Dans l’ensemble de nos protocoles cliniques, par l’utilisation de l’analyse spectrale des signaux RR, de la pression artérielle systolique,de la pression artérielle diastolique et de la respiration, nous avons montré que cette technique non invasive permet de décrire et de mieux comprendre les mécanismes physiologiques, physiopathologiques et pharmacologiques reliés au système nerveux autonome et à l’hypertension artérielle essentielle. / The spectral analysis of the heart rate, the systolic blood pressure, the diastolic blood pressure and the respiration with the Fast Fourier Transform, is considered as a non-invasive technique for the determination of the autonomic nervous system activity. In a population of normal volunteer subjects, we obtained in the basal state, low-frequency oscillations related to the sympathetic autonomous nervous system (0.05-0.15Hz) and the high-frequency oscillations (0.2Hz), which represent, on RR intervals, the respiratory sinus arrhythmia corresponding to vagal activity. We compared the sympathetic nervous system stimulation tests triggered by the transition from resting to voluntary orthostatic positions and the transition from resting to orthostatic position using tilt table at 60o. We also compared a normal blood pressure group to a hypertensive group which were both subject to the transition from resting to voluntary orthostation and for whom we evaluated the baroreflex sensitivity and the sympathetic response by measuring circulating catecholamines. In a group of subjects having an essential arterial hypertension, we have evaluated the effect of hypotensive therapy, by the Trandolapril which is an Angiotensin Converting Enzyme Inhibitor. In the hypertensive group, we evaluated the sympathetic stimulation using the voluntary orthostation, and we have also proceeded to a 3 minutes isometric exercise at 30% of maximum force. We have also completed our evaluation by measuring both the ß2 adrenergic receptor density on isolated lymphocytes and the contractility index using the echocardiography in M mode. In both sympathetic nervous system stimulation types by orthostatic position, the results have shown, for normal blood pressure volunteer subject groups, a significant increase in concentration of plasma catecholamines with an increase of heart rate (HR) and the low frequency RR, confirming therefore that we are in the presence of a sympathetic stimulation state. At the same time, we observed a significant decrease of high frequency of RR, suggesting a vagal withdrawal during the stimulation. We observed six cases of orthostatic hypotension from the tilt table test. We compared the voluntary orthostatic position between normal and hypertension subject groups. The results with combined spectral analysis of RR and the systolic blood pressure allowed to evaluate in the essential high blood pressure a reduced baroreflex sensitivity along with a reduced vagal reactivity in presence of increased sympathetic activity and reactivity suggesting a sympatho-vagal alteration in essential arterial hypertension. In hypertensive subjects treated with Trandolapril 2mg/day, we have identified a group responding to Trandolapril treatment and a group of non-responders to this type of anti-hypertensive therapy. The responding group has an hyper-adrenergic profile with higher sympathetic reactivity, heart rate and arterial diastolic and systolic pressures at rest. In the total group treated with Trandolapril, the ß2 adrenergic receptor density has doubled after therapy, while the reactivity of low frequencies obtained from spectral analysis has increased. We have shown in this study that Angiotensin Converting Enzyme Inhibitor could inhibit the facilitatory mechanism of angII on sympathetic nerve terminals and therefore allowed the reduction of the sympathetic hyperactivity and the cause of a beta2 adrenergic “down regulation”. Thus it allowed us to obtain an increased density of the receptors and the expression of more effective influence of post synaptic Sympathetic nervous system. In all of our clinical protocols, using spectral analysis of RR, systolic blood pressure, diastolic blood pressure and breathing signals, we have shown that this non-invasive technique has helped to describe and to better understand the physiological and pharmacological mechanisms related to the autonomic nervous system in normotensive and hypertensive subjects.

Introdução: Distrofia muscular progressiva nas formas de Duchenne (DMD) e Becker (DMB) são doenças caracterizadas por progressiva degeneração musculoesquelética e substituição por tecido fibrogorduroso. O envolvimento cardíaco está presente em 80% dos pacientes, apresenta curso clínico silencioso e é diagnosticado tardiamente pelos métodos tradicionais. Objetivos: 1. Investigar a progressão da fibrose miocárdica pela ressonância magnética cardíaca (RMC), em ensaio clínico randomizado para tratamento ou não com IECA, de pacientes com DMD e DMB e fração de ejeção ventricular esquerda (FEVE) preservada, por um período de 02 anos. 2. Investigar se há mutações genéticas específicas que sejam preditoras do acometimento miocárdico diagnosticado pela RMC. 3. Comparar os achados do ECG, radiografia de tórax e ecocardiograma com os da RMC. Métodos: Entre 1/6/2009 e 1/6/2012 foram incluídos 76 pacientes com diagnóstico de DMD e DMB. Todos os pacientes realizaram duas RMCs com intervalo médio de 2,05±0,11 anos, com técnicas de cine ressonância para avaliação da função ventricular e realce tardio miocárdico para avaliação da fibrose miocárdica. A fibrose miocárdica foi quantificada por software específico para obtenção do percentual da massa de fibrose do VE com análise semi automática, utilizando os desvios padrões da média dos valores de intensidade do sinal do miocárdio normal. Os valores acima de 5 desvios padrões da média do miocárdio normal foram considerados como fibrose miocárdica. Os 42 pacientes com fibrose miocárdica e FEVE normal foram randomizado em 2 grupos, com 21 deles recebendo tratamento com IECA e 21 sem qualquer tratamento para cardiomiopatia. Após 2 anos, novas RMCs foram realizadas para avaliar a evolução da fibrose e a FEVE. Resultados: Notou-se fibrose miocárdica em 72,3% dos pacientes, sendo que 55,6 % não apresentavam disfunção sistólica. Verificou-se uma correlação positiva significativa entre idade e percentual de fibrose na RMC basal (r=0,338, p=0,014) e seguimento (r=0,315, p=0,006). Os pacientes randomizados e tratados com IECA apresentaram menor evolução do percentual de fibrose do que os randomizados não tratados (3,1±7,4% versus 10,0±6,2% respectivamente, p=0,001). Na análise linear multivariada, verificamos que pertencer ao grupo tratado diminui a progressão do percentual de fibrose (y=-4,51x+29,63 ajustado por idade, CK e percentual de fibrose basal, p=0,039) e indica uma tendência de menor probabilidade de apresentar fração de ejeção do VE < 50% na RMC seguimento (OR= 3,18, p= 0,102, por regressão logística). Os pacientes com mutação nos exons menores que 45 do gene da distrofina apresentaram maior percentual de fibrose que os com mutação dos exons maiores ou iguais ao 45 na RMC basal (27,9±18,4% versus 12,1±13,4%, respectivamente, p=0,006) e seguimento (33,1±21,1% versus 18,8±16,9%, respectivamente, p=0,024). A avaliação conjunta por métodos tradicionais (radiografia de tórax, ECG e ecocardiografia) apresentou baixa sensibilidade de 47,3% e valor preditivo negativo de 34,1% para o diagnóstico do envolvimento cardíaco na DMD e DMB, em pacientes com FEVE normal e fibrose miocárdica na RMC. Conclusões: O ensaio clínico randomizado, por um período de 2 anos, em pacientes com DMD e DMB, com fibrose miocárdica diagnosticada pela RMC e FEVE preservada, demonstrou significativa maior progressão da fibrose miocárdica nos pacientes que não fizerem uso de IECA. Existe uma correlação significativa entre o local de mutação no gene da distrofina e o acometimento cardíaco. O ECG, o eco e radiografia de tórax apresentaram baixa sensibilidade e baixo valor preditivo negativo para detecção do envolvimento cardíaco precoce nos pacientes com DMD e DMB / Introduction: Duchenne and Becker muscular dystrophies (DMD and BMD) are diseases characterized by progressive skeletal muscle degeneration and replacement by fibro fatty tissue. Cardiac involvement is frequent, as high as 70 - 80% of patients, and often develops clinically silent, without any evident early clinical signs. Traditional diagnostic methods (ECG, chest x-ray and echocardiography) are only able to diagnose cardiac involvement at a later stage. Objectives: 1. To investigate the progression of myocardial fibrosis by cardiac magnetic resonance (CMR), in a randomized clinical trial for treatment with ACE inhibitors, in patients with DMD or BMD and preserved left ventricular ejection fraction (LVEF), for a period of 02 years. 2. To investigate whether there are specific genetic mutations that are predictive of myocardial involvement detected by CMR. 3. To compare the findings of ECG, chest radiography and echocardiography with those found by CMR. Methods: Between 01/06/2009 and 01/06/2012 76 patients with DMD and BMD were included. All patients underwent two CMRs with a mean interval of 2.05±0.11 years, using cine resonance for function evaluation and myocardial delayed enhancement technique for myocardial fibrosis detection. Myocardial fibrosis was quantified by specific software for obtaining fibrosis mass, as percentage of LV mass, using semi-automatic fibrosis analysis and standard deviations of the mean values of signal intensity of the normal myocardium. A value of five standard deviations above the mean of a normal myocardium were considered myocardial fibrosis. The 42 patients with myocardial fibrosis and normal LVEF were randomized into 2 groups, with 21 of them receiving ACE inhibitor treatment and 21 no treatment for cardiomyopathy. After 2 years, new CMRs were performed to evaluate fibrosis extent and LVEF. Results: Myocardial fibrosis was noted in 72.3% of the patients, 55.6% showed no systolic dysfunction. There was a significant positive correlation between age and myocardial fibrosis at the CMR baseline (r=0.338, p=0.014) and follow-up (r=0.315, p=0.006). Patients randomized and treated with ACE inhibitors had lower evolution of myocardial fibrosis than those who were randomized and untreated (3.1±7.4% vs.10.0±6.2%, respectively, p=0.001). Using multivariate regression analysis, we found that belonging to the treated group decreases the progression of myocardial fibrosis (y=-4.51x+29.63 adjusted for age, CK and baseline myocardial fibrosis, p=0.039) and indicated a trend for lower probability of presenting LVEF<50% at follow-up CMR (OR= 3.18, p= 0.102, by logistic regression). Patients with mutations in exons less than 45 had greater extent of myocardial fibrosis than patients with mutations in exons greater than or equal to 45 in CMR at baseline (27.9±18.4% vs. 12.1±13.4%, respectively, p=0.006) and at follow-up (33.1±21.1% vs. 18.8±16.9%, respectively, p=0.024). Conclusions: In this 2-year follow-up randomized clinical trial in patients with DMD and BMD with preserved LVEF, myocardial fibrosis diagnosed by CMR, showed significantly greater progression in patients not receiving ACE inhibitors therapy. There was a significant correlation between the site of mutation in the dystrophin gene and cardiac involvement. ECG, echocardiography and chest radiography showed low sensitivity and low negative predictive value for early detection of cardiac involvement (myocardial fibrosis by CMR) in patients with DMD and BMD

La prévention des maladies cardiovasculaires constitue actuellement une approche capitale dans la diminution de la mortalité au sein de nos pays industrialisés. Tous les facteurs de risques étant associés à une dysfonction endothéliale, nous nous sommes intéressés à deux classes de médicaments dont l’action bénéfique se situe, du moins en partie, au niveau de l’endothélium vasculaire :les inhibiteurs de l’enzyme de conversion de l’angiotensine (IECA) et les inhibiteurs de l’hydroxy-3-méthyl-3-glutaryl-Coenzyme A (HMG-CoA) réductase (statines).<p> Le présent travail contribue à l’étude in vitro des effets protecteurs vasculaires de l’administration chronique, chez le rat, de deux statines (la pravastatine et l’atorvastatine) vis-à-vis de la toxicité aiguë des LDL humaines oxydées et vis-à-vis de la tolérance à la nitroglycérine. Une comparaison est menée par rapport au ramipril dans ces deux modèles expérimentaux.<p>Les effets de ces médicaments se manifestent au niveau vasculaire par une amélioration de la disponibilité du NO. Toutefois, dans nos modèles, des mécanismes singulièrement différents ont été identifiés entre les agents étudiés :alors que le ramipril engendre une augmentation de l’expression de la eNOS, enzyme synthétisant le NO, les statines permettent une meilleure disponibilité de ce radical par un mécanisme post-traductionnel. Outre cette action, elles semblent agir directement sur des enzymes oxydatives comme les NAD(P)H oxydases.<p>Une action antioxydante des statines pourrait expliquer tous les effets observés, ce qui n’est pas le cas pour le ramipril. Vu que le stress oxydatif intervient dans tous les facteurs de risques cardiovasculaires, diverses perspectives cliniques sont envisagées afin d’améliorer l’approche thérapeutique de la maladie athéroscléreuse.<p> / Doctorat en sciences pharmaceutiques / info:eu-repo/semantics/nonPublished