No description available.

Yes / Sam Lucy (1994: 26) has stated that a `recognised feature of pre-Christian early medieval cemeteries in eastern England is the smaller number of younger burials recovered¿. Although taphonomic factors such as the increased rate of decay of the remains of children and shallow depth of burial have been suggested as possible explanations for this phenomenon, these have been disregarded in favour of cultural influences, with younger children thought to have been disposed of in a different way from adult remains (Lucy, 1994; Härke, 1997; Crawford, 1999). This paper will review the evidence concerning the treatment of the remains of children during the Anglo-Saxon period. It will then review the factors affecting bone preservation, with special reference to the bones of children, and attempt to assess to what extent the under-representation of children in Anglo-Saxon cemeteries can be attributed to bone preservation and soil type. It will show that hypotheses should not be formulated without full consideration of the taphonomy that may affect the completeness of the archaeological record.

Através deste trabalho, pretendemos analisar o poema Beowulf e sua importância na sociedade da Inglaterra anglo-saxônica, em especial no que se refere às imagens aristocráticas e régias. Estabelecemos paralelos das personagens encontradas no poema e demais referencias do corpo poético anglo-saxão, com o quadro sócio-cultural do momento tendo por foco o período chamado em nossa pesquisa por período alfrediano. Segundo nossa hipótese, teria sido dentro deste período (final do século VIII e início do século XI) que provavelmente Beowulf teria sido composto, assim como outras obras de cunho heróico. A idéia central seria de que tais obras teriam uma finalidade modelar para a aristocracia guerreira durante o momento da reconquista dos territórios ocupados pelos escandinavos desde o início das primeiras invasões. Assim, as imagens encontradas nessas obras e em especial Beowulf, estariam espelhando um ideal aristocrático germânico, mas profundamente influenciado pela tradição cristã. Desta forma, o que teremos será uma produção poética incentivada pela ascensão da Casa de Wessex (iniciada pelo rei Alfred, o Grande) que irá refletir o ideário germânico de glória e honra unido a elementos cristão, principalmente do Velho Testamento. Ao reforçar tais elementos, o período alfrediano estabeleceria um modelo aristocrático e régio, tendo o poema Beowulf como um reflexo desta retomada cultural numa Inglaterra pré-conquista normanda / With this work, we intend to study the Beowulf poem and its importance on Anglo-Saxon society, mainly about the kingship and aristocratic images. We established some parallels of what could be found in the poem and other references of the Anglo-Saxon poetic staff, with the socio-cultural scenario of the age keeping on focus the moment that we call alfredian period. Following our hypothesis, it would have been on this period (end of 8th century and early 11th century) that Beowulf would have been composed, as other works of heroic style. The central idea is that such works had the purpose to be a role model to the warrior-aristocracy in a moment of reconquering of the territories occupied by the Scandinavians since the beginning of the invasions. So, the images found on this kind of work, and specially Beowulf, would have been a resemblance of a Germanic aristocratic ideal, but deeply influenced by the Christian tradition. With this in mind, what we have are a poetic enterprise supported by the ascension of the House of Wessex (started by king Alfred, the Great) which will reflect the Germanic ideal of glory and honor joined with Christian elements, mainly from the Old Testament. With the stressing of this elements, the Alfredian period would established an aristocratic and kingly model, having the Beowulf poem as a sign of this cultural renascence on an England before the Norman conquest.

Thesis (Ph. D.)--University of Glasgow, 2004. / Ph. D. thesis submitted to the Department of English Language, University of Glasgow, 2004. Includes bibliographical references. Print version also available.

This comprehensive account of Anglo-Polish relations, 1788-95, re-examines official and popular British perspectives on the second partition of the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth, perpetrated by Russia and Prussia in 1793, and on the third. 1795. partition of Poland at Russian. Austrian, and Prussian hands, which completed a process begun in 1772. In 1793 and 1795 prominent Poles nurtured high hopes of British interference, which they assiduously, unavailingly, courted. Those dismemberments aroused widespread and genuine British interest and sympathy, and lent themselves, to a generally unrecognized degree, to partisan politicking in Britain. As well the little known pro-Polish remonstrances and activities of some British diplomats and private individuals often served multiple interests--Poland's, and perhaps support for or opposition to war against Revolutionary France, Jacobinism, or domestic Parliamentary reform. In neither the second nor third partition, however, did Britain officially intervene, despite Poland's potential value to her as a trading partner, ally, and bulwark against Russian expansion. Having, however, underestimated the extensive consequences for Britain of the Polish upheaval--critical alliances difficult to secure and maintain, moral uproar at home. even scarcity--William Pitt the Younger's ministry and the nation endured these in the 1790s as Poland disappeared from the map. The breadth of British popular support for the Polish cause then, additionally, presaged nineteenth century British Polonophilia and Russophobia. Past Anglo-Polish relations, the intricacies of the conduct of contemporary British and Polish foreign policy and diplomacy, and of British 'public opinion' as expressed mainly in Parliament and the press are noted. The 1789 French Revolution, the 1791 Ochakov affair and evolving Anglo-Russian relations, the First Coalition's French Revolutionary War (1792-7), Britain's foreign alliances and domestic politics, and Polish internal developments, in particular the 3 May 1791 Constitution, the confederation ofTargowica, and the 1794 Kosciuszko uprising, provide the context. A wide variety of primary and secondary sources, published and unpublished, in several languages, were consulted.

No description available.

No description available.

No description available.

No description available.

No description available.