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The reaction of substituted acetylacetonates with R₃B compounds leads to the production of an interesting series of chelates containing the pseudo-metal ion moiety, BR₂. [see document for image of chemical compound] When the substituents on the acetylacetone are capable of extensive delocalization with the chelate ring (e.g., benzoylacetomethane) and/or when the R groups on boron are sufficiently withdrawing (R = F, C₆H₅), these species are capable of reversible one-electron reduction to the radical ion. These ion radicals are extremely stable, having been kept for many months at room temperature under argon atmosphere. Previous studies have indicated that the dianion radical of the substituted acetylacetonate ligand itself is extremely unstable. It has been trapped at extremely low temperatures and its spectral properties have been reported. Obviously, the main group chelate radical ions that we have studied represent a case where the inherently unstable dianion radical system is stabilized by coordination to the pseudometal ion. The spin densities and charge distribution in the boron chelate radicals and the neutral parent have been calculated by Pariser-Parr-Pople SCF techniques, extended Hückel molecular orbital calculations, and CNDO and INDO methods. The ligand dianion radicals have also been successfully handled. In all cases, good agreement between experimentally observed ESR hyperfine coupling constants, assigned by satisfactory simulation, and calculated hyperfine constants have been obtained. The spin density calculations on the radical anions indicated that there are negligible spin delocalization over the moiety, BR₂. The net charge distribution in the neutral and the radical anions demonstrate that the effect of BR₂ on the radical stability is due to its withdrawing effect. The electronic energy levels and electronic transitions allowed in the neutral and the radical ions have been calculated by closed-shell and open-shell (RSCF) methods of Longuet-Higgins and Pople with the CI treatment of Ishitani and Nagakura. Good agreement with the experimental data is observed. Correlation diagrams connecting the MO levels for the neutral and radical ion species reveal information about the perturbations of energy levels caused by the injection of an extra electron into the previous spin-paired system. / Ph. D.

Master of Science

Exchange reactions of anions, especially ferrocyanide and carbonate, with layered double hydroxides (LDHs) were investigated in relation to the origin of life on the early Earth. The effect on ferrocyanide exchange of concentration, pH, reaction time and cations are discussed. It was found that there were two different kinds of ferrocyanide species: one was that intercalated into the layered structure, occupying a site of D symmetry within the LDHs, while in the other, the ferrocyanide group retains full O symmetry. In addition, very low concentration, ferrocyanide associated with LDH will change its FTIR absorption shape. Carbonate was much more strongly intercalated than ferrocyanide into the LDHs, probably because of the strong hydrogen bonding.

During fabrication of integrated circuits, fluorocarbon plasma etching is used to pattern dielectric layers. As a byproduct of the process, a fluorocarbon residue is deposited on exposed surfaces and must be removed for subsequent processing. Conventional fluorocarbon cleaning processes typically include at least one plasma or liquid treatment that is oxidative in nature. Oxidative chemistries, however, cause material degradation to next generation low-dielectric constant (low-k) materials that are currently being implemented into fabrication processes. This work addresses the need for alternative fluorocarbon-residue removal chemistries that are compatible with next generation low-k materials. Radical anion chemistries are known for their ability to defluorinate fluorocarbon materials by a reductive mechanism. Naphthalene radical anion solutions, generated using sodium metal, are used to establish cleaning effectiveness with planar model residue films. The penetration rate of the defluorination reaction into model fluorocarbon film residues is measured and modeled. Because sodium is incompatible with integrated circuit processing, naphthalene radical anions are alternatively generated using electrochemical techniques. Using electrochemically-generated radical anions, residue removal from industrially patterned etch structures is used to evaluate the process cleaning efficiency. Optimization of the radical anion concentration and exposure time is important for effective residue removal. The efficiency of removal also depends on the feature spacing and the electrochemical solvent chosen. The synergistic combination of radical anion defluorination and wetting or swelling of the residue by the solvent is necessary for complete removal. In order to understand the interaction between the solvent and the residue, the surface and interfacial energy are determined using an Owens/Wendt analysis. These studies reveal chemical similarities between specific solvents and the model residue films. This approach can also be used to predict residue or film swelling by interaction with chemically similar solvents.

Thesis (Ph. D.)--University of Missouri--Columbia, 1998. / Typescript. Vita. Includes bibliographical references (leaves: 152-155). Also available on the Internet.

La formation argileuse du Callovo-Oxfordien (COx) est étudiée comme possible roche-hôte d’un stockage profond de déchets radioactifs (projet Cigéo). En effet, en plus d’être très faiblement perméable, elle présente une forte teneur en minéraux argileux, capables de retenir les radionucléides sous forme cationique et d’en retarder ainsi fortement leur transport. Néanmoins, certains colis de déchets sont susceptibles de relarguer d’importante quantité de molécules organiques, capables de complexer ces radionucléides et d’augmenter leur mobilité. Aussi, l’objectif de ce travail a été de mieux comprendre le comportement diffusif de plusieurs molécules organiques d’intérêt vis à vis de cette roche argileuse, en investiguant dans un premier temps leur affinité avec la roche hôte. La rétention de molécules organiques sous forme anionique (acétate, phtalate, adipate, benzoate, citrate) a été quantifiée sur la roche argileuse du COx dispersée à l’aide d’expériences d’adsorption/désorption en batch. Des expériences sur roche décarbonatée et fraction de faible granulométrie ont également été réalisées afin de mettre en évidence les phases de la roche et les fonctions chimiques responsables de la rétention. L’intensité de la rétention, Rd, a pu être corrélée avec le moment dipolaire, µ(Orga.), pour fournir une estimation qualitative de la rétention de molécules organiques polaires hydrophiles. Ainsi, le phtalate, légèrement polaire, présente une rétention réversible (Rd ~1,6 L.kg 1), majoritairement sur les phases argileuses. Le citrate, très polaire et fortement adsorbé (Rd ~ 40 L.kg-1), présente une hystérèse de désorption persistante et une affinité avec différentes phases de la roche (minéraux argileux et oxydes minoritaires). Enfin, l’acétate, l’adipate et le benzoate, peu polaires, présentent une affinité moindre avec la roche (Rd < 0,2 L.kg-1). Le comportement diffusif sur roche compacte de ces anions organiques a alors été étudié. Les valeurs de coefficient de diffusion effectif, De, et facteur de retard ont été quantifiées. La faible diffusivité, [De/D0]ANIONS ORGANIQUES ~ 0,1 à 0,25 × [De/D0]EAU, indique un effet d’exclusion anionique, de même intensité que celui observé pour les anions inorganiques. De plus, les coefficients d’adsorption, Kd, estimés à partir des retards à la diffusion sont environ 2 à 5 fois inférieurs aux coefficients de distribution Rd mesurés sur roche dispersée. Cette différence de comportement n’a pas pu être imputée, ni à des effets de cinétique, ni à des effets de porosité accessible aux anions. Quoiqu’il en soit, les espèces complexantes présentent un retard significatif à la diffusion (Kd > 0,2 L.kg-1), ce qui conforte les capacités de confinement de la roche vis-à-vis de ces espèces. / The Callovo-Oxfordian mudstone (COx) is studied as a possible host rock for a deep disposal of radioactive waste (Cigéo project). Indeed, besides being very weakly permeable, it presents a high content of clayey minerals, capable of retaining radionuclides under cationic form and to delay strongly their transport. Nevertheless, some waste packages may release a significant amount of organic molecules, capable of complexing these radionuclides and drastically increase their mobility. So, the objective of this work was to better understand the diffusive behavior of several organic molecules of interest in this mudstone, by investigating at first their affinity with the host rock. The retention of organic molecules under anionic form (acetate, phthalate, adipate, benzoate, and citrate) was quantified on to the dispersed COx mudstone using adsorption/desorption batch experiments. Experiments on decarbonated rock and clay fraction only (< 2µm) were also performed to identify solid phases and chemical functions responsible for the retention. A correlation of the intensity of retention, Rd, was pointed out whit the dipole moment µ(Orga.), providing a qualitative estimate of retention capacity for polar hydrophilic organic molecules. So, phthalate, slightly polar, displays a reversible retention (Rd ~1,6 L.kg-1), mainly on clayey phases. Citrate, very polar and strongly adsorbed (Rd ~ 40 L.kg 1), displays a persistent desorption hysteresis and an affinity to different solid phases (clayey minerals and minor oxides). Lastly, acetate, adipate and benzoate, weakly polar, display a lower affinity with rock (Rd < 0,2 L.kg-1). The diffusive behavior in compact rock of these organic anions was then studied. The effective diffusion coefficient and retardation factor values were quantified. The low diffusivity, [De/D0]ORGANIC ANIONS ~ 0,1 à 0,25 × [De/D0]WATER evidences an effect of anionic exclusion, with a same intensity as that observed for inorganic anions. Furthermore, the Kd adsorption coefficient, estimated from retarded diffusion are approximately 2 to 5 times lower than the Rd distribution coefficient measured on dispersed rock. This difference of behavior was not able to be attributed, or to kinetic effects, nor to accessible porosity to anions effects. Anyway, the complexing species display a significant diffusive retardation (Kd > 0,2 L.kg-1) consolidating the contain properties of the COx mudstone toward this species.

The research reported here is a study of detector systems to determine those most suited for simultaneous organic acid, inorganic anion determination. Comparisons are made on the basis of detection limits and sensitivities for conductivity, UV/Vis, photoconductivity, and derivative conductivity detection systems. The investigation was made using a constant chromatographic system with the only variable component being the detector system. Eluant optimization conditions for each detector are reported along with tables reporting detection limits and sensitivities for each detector system. Various chromatograms are also shown to provide a visual comparison between detector results.

Les bambusurils, BU[4] et BU[6], sont des oligomères cycliques apparentés aux cucurbiturils, CBs, constitués respectivement de 4 et 6 motifs glycolurils. Les bambusurils diffèrent des CBs par la présence de glycolurils difonctionnalisés.Les BU[6] ont la capacité d'encapsuler des anions dans leur cavité, propriété intéressante pour la décontamination d'effluents, par exemple.Une nouvelle famille de bambusurils, les allylbambusurils, qui possèdent des groupements allyles sur leur portail macrocyclique, a été développée. Leur post-fonctionnalisation par oxydation, métathèse croisée ou réaction thiol-ène a été étudiée. Par réaction thiol-ène, des BU[4] et BU[6], fonctionnalisés respectivement par 8 ou 12 thiols d'intérèt, ont été obtenus. Les BU[6] sont toujours isolés avec un halogènure à l’intérieur de leur cavité. Une méthode utilisant l’hexafluoroantimonate d’argent a été mise au point pour les décomplexer. L'affinité de ces nouveaux BU[6] exempts d'anion, pour différents halogénures, a été évaluée par RMN 1H.Des glycobambusurils ont été synthétisés par réaction thiol-ène en présence de sucres fonctionnalisés par des thiols. Ces glycoBUs donnent accès à des plateformes multivalentes de valence 8 pour les BU[4] et 12 pour les BU[6]. Le pouvoir inhibiteur de ces nouvelles plateformes a été testé sur l'enzyme WaaC, une heptosyltransferase présente dans la paroi bactérienne. Les tests enzymatiques montrent que ces glycobambusurils sont des plateformes multivalentes prometteuses. / Bambusurils, BU[4] and BU[6] are cyclic oligomers that belong to the cucurbiturils family, CBs, assembled respectively by 4 and 6 glycoluril units. Bambusurils are different from cucurbiturils because of their difunctionalized glycolurils. BU[6] are able to encapsulate anions inside their cavity and this property can be useful for the treatment of effluents.A new family of BUs, the allylbambusurils having allyls groups on their macrocyclic portal, has been developed. Their postfunctionalization by oxidation, cross metathesis and thiol-ene coupling has been studied. BU[4] and BU[6] functionalized by respectively 8 and 12 thiols of interest have been prepared.BU[6] are always obtained with an halide inside the cavity. A method using silver hexafluoroantimonate has been developed to remove this halide. Binding constants of these new empty bambusurils have been determined towards severals halide by 1H NMR.Glycobambusurils have been synthesized by thiol- ene coupling with thiosugars. These glycoBUs can lead to multivalent platforms of valency up to 8 for BU[4] and 12 for BU[6]. Inhibition activity of these new platforms has been tested on WaaC enzyme, an heptosyltransferase found in bacterial cell wall. Enzymatic tests show that these glycobambusurils are promising multivalent platforms.

The purpose of this investigation is to examine reactions of anions of oximes, oxime ethers and imines with acylating agents and other electrophiles. It is also an attempt to utilize the phenomenon of geometrical enantiomeric isomerism, in which absolute configuration is determined by double bond geometry, and the concept of regiospecific anion formation, also determined by double bond geometry, for stereospecific synthesis of tropinone derivatives.