En 4x4x4 kub konstrueras av RGB LED's med integrerad drivrutin och via en Arduino styrs den av musiken som spelas. Arduinon får musiken som input och med hjälp av fouriertransform delas signalen upp i 128 logaritmiskt uppdelade bins. Efter många olika teorier om hur bas, volym och känsla skulle kunna bestämmas i Arduinon bestämdes slutligen att de skulle bero av olika frekvensintervall; basen i 50-250 Hz, volymen i 500-2000 Hz och känslan i 2000-4000 Hz. Basen förflyttar mönstret framåt, volymen bestämmer ljusintensiteten (mellan 50% - 100% av max) och känslan avgör vilket av 6 mönster som aktiveras.

Electrical drive systems are used in various applications and getting more attractive in recent years. When the usage of electric motors increased in different applications then the control model of them has been also demanded. This work is aimed at deeper research to gain a better understanding of three different control models for electric motors, in case of this work a brushless direct current (BLDC) motor. Three different types of control models (6-step, sinusoidal and FOC control) have been investigated and designed using MATLAB/SIMULINK. Then the control models have been implemented in an Arduino Due based BLDC motor and its functionality has been configured. The results show that the FOC control model provided to work better in the simulation while the implementation of the hardware showed that sinusoidal control works a little better and smoother. Making the implementation of the control models to the hardware work better requires more works and this has been left for future work.

This study has examined what services grid-connected energy storage systems can provide to the electricity grid in Sweden. In particular, energy storages in the form of batteries have been examined. This has been done by studying existing literature and current installations of grid-connected batteries. A total of 13 different services were identified: arbitrage, capacity firming, curtailment minimization, electric supply capacity, black start, frequency regulation, voltage support, transmission and distribution congestion relief, reduced transmission grid costs, increase of self consumption, end-consumer power quality, time-of-use bill management and backup power. Furthermore, a grid-connected battery storage system that will be installed by Vattenfall was modelled and simulated in this paper. The results showed that the battery storage system can mitigate congestion in the transmission grid, as well as providing the grid with frequency regulation. This can generate a revenue of 3 million SEK annually.

Real games har utformat programvaran HOME I/O i realtid där ett 3D-hus har allt som behövs för att simulera och övervaka ett smart hem.Syftet med det här examensarbetet är att analyser och utvärdera simuleringsprogramvaran. Målen är att använda en extern PLC och en SoftPLC, sista målet är att ta fram laborationsinstruktion förutbildningsändamål i automationsingenjörsprogrammet.Laborationsinstruktionen innehåller tre delar, där användning av simuleringsverktyget och det med följande programmet Connect I/O.Den första delen är att se hur en SoftPLC kan användas med simuleringsverktyget. I den andra delen skall en extern PLC kopplas till simuleringsverktyget där väsentliga delar av TIA Portals tas upp för Siemens S7-1200 och sista delen skall flera scenario kopplas upp.

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This project was chosen by the students themselves. The idea behind the proposed system was tooffer an alternative method to control robotics in remote places and harsh environments using avision-based approach. The purpose of the project is to introduce a more natural way of humanto-computer interaction and also to make humans working in hazardous environments still performtheir duties remotely.The components used in the project are a mechanic hand, a Raspberry Pi, a Raspberry Pi cameramodule v2, servos, a servo driver, and a Raspberry Pi display. The code is written in C++, and thelibraries used were OpenCV for the computer vision part and wiringPi for the servo control. Theimage processing is divided into four parts, finding the region of interest, which is responsible forsegmenting the hand region, locating fingertips and the palm center, calculating the distances inorder to detect movements of the user’s hand, and finally a part responsible for the servo control.With respect to the specification and the goals of the projects, the project resulted in a successfulworking system, with some limitations. However, the system proposed relies on the binary maskcreated in one of the first steps in the image processing part. Results show that the creation of thebinary mask is heavily dependent on good lighting conditions of the scene. There is still room formore improvements regarding image processing and alternative methods in order to achieve betterresults. / Detta projekt valdes av studenterna själva, och tanken bakom det föreslagna systemet var atterbjuda en alternativ metod för att möjliggöra styrning av robotar på avlägsna platser och i tuffamiljöer med hjälp av datorseende. Syftet med projektet var att introducera ett mer naturligt sätt förinteraktion mellan människa och dator och att flytta människor ifrån farliga miljöer men samtidigtkunna utföra sina arbetssysslor. Komponenterna som använts i projektet består av en mekanisk hand, en Raspberry Pi, en RaspberryPi-kameramodul v2, servo, ett kort för servostyrning och en Raspberry Pi-skärm. Koden är skriven i C ++, och biblioteken som använts är OpenCV för bildanalysen och wiringPi för styrning av servo. Bildbehandlingen är uppdelad i fyra delar, varav en är ansvarig för att avgöra inom vilket områdesom handen befinner sig i, lokalisera fingertopparna och handflatans centrum, beräkna avstånden för att upptäcka rörelser hos användaren och slutligen en del som är ansvarig för kontrollen av servo. När det gäller kravspecifikationen och målen för projekten resulterade projektet i ett framgångsrikt fungerande system med vissa begränsningar. Det föreslagna systemet är dock beroende av den binära masken som skapats i ett av de första stegen i bildbehandlingsdelen. Resultaten visaratt skapandet av den binära masken är starkt beroende av scenens ljusförhållanden. Det finnsfortfarande utrymme för fler förbättringar av bildbehandling och alternativa metoder för att uppnå bättre resultat.

The increasing presence of wind energy installations is faced with citizen and political resistance often founded on the potential damage these can impose on fauna such as birds. This resistance is an obstacle to the necessary introduction of more weather-based renewable electricity sources due to the consequences of fossil-fuel electricity generation. However, if the introduction of more wind energy installations is to continue, this must also not be at the expense of wildlife. This project seeked to verify the existence of bird-turbine collision risk and to identify high collision risk zones in the temporal and spatial scale for Afro-Palaearctic migratory birds flying through Europe. Collision risk was assumed as the presence of birds through the swept area of turbines. The migratory movement of birds was obtained from an interpolation of a geostatistical model and data from 37 weather radars for the dates 13 February 2018 to 1 January 2019. The data is given as a volumetric flow across a 0.25° grid. The volumetric distribution of wind energy installations was derived from a database of 23145 installations and a self-sourced turbine database of 589 turbine models. This distribution is presented as both a high-resolution map covering the European continent and as a swept area density map. The volumetric bird flow was multiplied by the swept area density to obtain values for birds at risk of collision in a 0.25° grid cell. Birds were not considered at risk when the average wind speed in the cell was outside the cut-in and cut-out wind speed region for the turbines (i.e. not between 3 m/s and 24 m/s). The potential electricity production per 0.25° grid cell was also estimated. This was achieved by assigning power curves from a database to the wind energy installations and assigning a mean power curve to the entries missing a specific turbine model. The wind velocities were hourly average values for the dates 13 February 2018 to 1 January 2019 from the ERA5 reanalysis. A calculation of energy per bird at risk in [TJ/bird] was also done. Four high collision risk spatial zones were explored in detail by use of a map compiled in QGIS and their proximity to or overlay with protected bird habitat sites discussed. Temporally, date ranges when bird collision is highest were obtained for the four country sub-region in 2018. The possibility of curtailment is briefly discussed.

The purpose of ths report is to shed light on the problems surrounding error detection in returncables, specifically in connection with tunnels. In Sweden, among other things, has chosen to usea BT system with a suction transformer and a dedicated return conductor to reduce interferencesuch as occurs on telecommunications and signal cables along the track. A fault that occurs in thereturn conductor does not necessarily need to be noticed in other parts of the system or gives anyoperational impact. What happens is that the local error may be undetected underneath a lowertime which can cause cable fires or other disruptions to train traffic.This thesis has a model over a tunnel system simulated to study how currents in the circuit areaffected by various faults in the conductor. Saturation of the transformer has examined in the wrongtime as it is important for the possibilities around detection in the local windows that are simulated.The result based on the simulation can clearly show that a local measurement of currents in thecurrent BT window, near the exposed tunnel best results. Measurement of the current derivativein the rail could also demonstrate a measurement possibility, provided that the earth lines can bedistinguished for each current line.

Världen är i behov av en ständigt ökande mängd energi och även om vi kan fortsätta att skövla regnskogarna och ödelägga haven i jakt på olja så är detta inte en hållbar lösning. Mer förnybar energi behöver produceras och detta kan åstadkommas genom att antingen utökningen av de nuvarande förnybara energikällorna eller genom att utveckla mer effektiva sätt att generera förnybar energi. Detta projekt väljer att fokusera på det andra alternativet. En solpanel omvandlar solljus till elektrisk ström genom att generera en spänning. Hur stark spänningen är beror på ljusets intensitet och hur mycket ljus som träffar panelen. En solpanel där solljuset faller in vinkelrätt mot panelen genererar en högre spänning och med det mer elektricitet. Syftet med detta arbete var att konstruera en solföljare, med tillhörande solpanel, som kunde finna solens position på himlen på två olika sätt och sedan jämföra metoderna. Solföljaren använde sig av en tvåaxlad design för att kunna täcka hela himlavalvet och bestod av en kropp och tillhörande elektronik. Kroppen designades i ett CAD-program, Computer-aided design, och 3D-printades sedan. Den första metoden som användes för att finna solen på himlen var med ljuskänsliga resistorer vars resistans sjunker när de utsätts för ljus, så kallade fotomotsånd alternativt LDR. En GPS låg till grund för den andra metoden. Fotomotstånden gav information om vart ifrån det starkaste ljuset kom ifrån medan GPS:en gav solföljarens koordinater, datum och klockslag. I båda fallen omvandlades datan till instruktioner för solföljaren två motorer via en mikrokontroller, en enkel form av dator, specifikt en Arduino Nano.

When designing military vehicles, it is of interest to make the vehicles difficult to detect using radar. The radar cross-section (RCS) property indicates how easily a vehicle is detected by radar and should thus be minimized. However, the RCS of a vehicle represents the cross-sectional area of a perfectly reflecting sphere that would produce the same reflection strength as the vehicle in question. Since this is extremely complicated to calculate as military vehicles are quite complex, these calculations are performed using computational simulations. BAE Systems Hägglunds is looking into changing from their current simulation software OPTISCAT to CST Studio Suite and thus want to know how CST performs and compares against OPTISCAT. In this work, we show that CST obtains results within 2% of theoretical data when simulating a sphere and a slab. When simulating vehicles, the RCS difference between the two software is from 3% to 55% while showing similar general behavior. Results indicate that CST performs well when simulating simple objects but deviates from OPTISCAT when simulating the vehicle. It is not surprising that the software does not match up perfectly since they use different theoretical approaches, OPTISCAT uses physical optics while CST an extension to physical optics called the Shooting Bouncing Ray method. Even though the software differs to this extent it is most likely possible that CST can be a suitable replacement for OPTISCAT. When looking at RCS the important part is the location of spikes and since they have similar general behavior, those spikes may still be possible to identify. This thesis will hopefully act as a starting point for further examination of CST as a software for simulating RCS, for example by comparing results from CST to experimentally measured data. Hopefully it will also be used to improve the design process of making military vehicles harder to detect.