Colour Electronic Information Displays (EIDs) typically consist of pixels that are made up of red, green and blue (RGB) subpixels. A recent technology, Organic Light Emitting Diode (OLED), offers the potential to create a superior EID. OLED is already suitable for use in small displays and microdisplays for personal electronics products. OLED microdisplays, in particular, exhibit lower power consumption than equivalent direct-view panels thus enabling microdisplay-based personal display systems such as electronic viewfinders and video glasses to exhibit the longest possible battery life. In many EIDs, the light source is white and colour filters are used, at the expense of much absorbed light, to create the RGB light in the subpixels. Hence, the concept has recently emerged of adding a white (W) subpixel to form an RGBW pixel. The advantages can include lower power, higher luminance, and in the case of emissive displays, longer lifetime. One key to realizing the improved performance of RGBW EIDs is a suitable method of data conversion from standard RGB input signal formats to RGBW output signal formats. An OLED microdisplay built on Complementary Metal–Oxide–Semiconductor (CMOS) active matrix back-plane exhibits low power consumption. This device architecture also gives the OLED microdisplay the potential to realize the concept of low-power Display System on a Chip (DSoC). In realizing the performance potential of DSoC on an RGBW OLED microdisplay, there is a trade-off between system resources used to perform the data conversion and the image quality achieved. A compact and efficient method of RGB-to-RGBW data conversion is introduced to fit the requirement of “minimum system resources with indistinguishable visual side-effect” that is appropriate for an OLED microdisplay. In this context, the terms “Compact” and “Efficient” mean that the data conversion functionality (i) is capable of insertion into the signal path, (ii) is capable of integration on the OLED microdisplay back-plane, i.e., is small and (iii) consumes minimal power. The image quality produced by the algorithm is first simulated on a software platform, followed by an optical analysis of the output of the algorithm implemented on a real time hardware platform. The optical analysis shows good preservation of colour fidelity in the image on the microdisplay so that the proposed RGB-to-RGBW data conversion algorithm delivers sufficiently high image quality whilst remaining compact and efficient to meet the development requirements of the RGBW OLED microdisplay with DSoC approach.

[pt] O interesse pela fotoelasticidade em aplicações na determinação experimental de tensões, bem como seu uso na indústria como ferramenta de controle de qualidade e inspeção, tem sido estimulado graças à evolução da microinformática e, especialmente, dos equipamentos e softwares destinados à captura e processamento de imagens. Atualmente, novas placas de vídeo, motherboards e velocidade de processamento das CPU s possibilitam um novo avanço na automatização da fotoelasticidade com o uso da luz branca. O presente trabalho descreve, inicialmente, os recentes avanços da determinação automática das ordens de franja fotoelásticas (N), desde o uso de luz monocromática (Gray Photoelasticity) até alcançar o atual estado da arte, no qual se utiliza luz branca e denomina-se Three colors Photoelasticity (ou Fotoelasticidade RGB). Tópicos sobre aquisição de imagens de modelos fotoelásticos e captura RGB, incluindo instruções de programação, são comentados, assim como procedimentos para obtenção de imagend adequadas são sugeridos. Em seguida são apresentadas inovações para melhorar o índice de acertos N nos métodos convencionais, que utilizam tabelas para comparação para realizar susa estimativas. Dois métodos são propostos para corrigir estimativas erradas, baseados em um algoritmo especialmente desenvolvido para qualificar a certeza das estimativas encontradas. No primeiro método as estimativas erradas são identificadas e substituídas através de interpolação linear entre pontos vizinhos. No segundo são utilizados alguns fundamentos da teoria lógica nebilosa para redefinir as estimativas corretamente. O principal objetivo deste trabalho é provar a viabilidade de uma nova linha de pesquisa cujo objetivo é obter, através de uma única imagem de modelo fotoelástico, valores corretos de N. Nesta linha, interessantes ferramentas podem ser elaboradas a partir de técnicas de inteligência artificial como, por exemplo, aplicação de fundamentos da teoria da lógica nebulosa. Os principais resultados deste trabalho foram implementados em um programa de computador, através do qual foi possível apresentar alguns exemplos de aplicação . Nestes exemplos observa-se a facilidade de se obter o Fator de Concentração de Tenção (Kt) e o Fator de Intensidade de Tensão (Kl) através de valores de ordem de franja (N) obtidos pela fotoelasticidade RGB. Outro interessante exemplo é a aplicação prática na indústria de vidro, onde é possível detectar a presença de tensões residuais trativas indesejáveis. / [en] The interest for the use of photoelasticity in experimental applications of the determination of stress, and its use in industry as a quality control and inspection tool hás been stimulated thanks to the micro computing evolution, the equipment and software able to capture and process images. Currently, new video boards, motherboards and increased CPU processing speed have made significant progress in white light photoelasticity automation. The present work describes, initially, the recent progress of the automatic photoelasticity fringe orders (N) determination, by means of monochromatic light use (Gray Photoelasticity) until the current state of art, in which white light is used, called Three Color Photoelasticity (or RGB Photoelasticity (1)). Topics about photoelastic models, image acquisition and RGB capture, including programming instructions, are addressed, as well as procedures for obtaining appropriate images. Additionally, innovations using master tables for comparison are presented to improve the determination of N by conventional methods. Two methods, based on specially developed algorithms, are proposed to improve the quality of N determination. In the first method wrong estimates are identified and substituted through linear interpolation among neighboring points. In the second method, fuzzy logic fundamentals are used to re-define the estimates. The main purpose of this work is to prove the viability of a new line of research, where its objective is to obtain, through a single photoelastic model image, extremely accurate N values. Through this research, valuable tools can be derived from the application of artificial intelligence techniques, specifically the fundamentals of fuzzy logic. (Kt) and Stress Intensity Factor (Kl) from the fringe order values (N) obtained from RGB Photoelastic models is readily apparent and has a clear advance over the methods. The main results of this work were implemented in a computer program and some examples were presented. The possibility to obtain the Stress Concentration Factor Other example is the practical application in the glass industry, where the undesirable tractive residual stress detection is greatly improved.

The purpose of this thesis is implementation of RGB LED driver using circuit ON Semiconductor NCV7430. The main objective was to design a circuit solution for temperature compensation of the driver. The thesis aims to describe the driver and its functions and to eliminate thermal effects caused by heating the circuit by surroundings. It discusses the circuit thermal stabilization in the temperature range of -40 to 80 °C to the RGB diode lights to a constant color. The thesis presents various possibilities of the stabilization and method of evaluating the obtained parameters of applications. Next, the thesis solves the design of equipment for implementation of light effects. The equipment presents options and features of the RGB driver.

Traffic Control Signs or destination boards on roadways offer significant information for drivers. Regulation signs tell something like your speed, turns, etc; Warning signs warn drivers of conditions ahead to help them avoid accidents; Destination signs show distances and directions to various locations; Service signs display location of hospitals, gas and rest areas etc. Because the signs are so important and there is always a certain distance from them to drivers, to let the drivers get information clearly and easily even in bad weather or other situations. The idea is to develop software which can collect useful information from a special camera which is mounted in the front of a moving car to extract the important information and finally show it to the drivers. For example, when a frame contains on a destination drive sign board it will be text something like "Linkoping 50",so the software should extract every character of "Linkoping 50", compare them with the already known character data in the database. if there is extracted character match "k" in the database then output the destination name and show to the driver. In this project C++ will be used to write the code for this software.

The thesis gives an overview of the issue of control of full-color RGB LED panels with a large number of rows and columns. It deals with communication protocols for image transfer and information exchange. It focuses on implementing the FPGA into the RGB LED control structure. In the first half, the thesis focuses on deepening the theoretical knowledge about LED technologies, their control and color display. It further solves communication with superior elements. The last part of the theory is dedicated to FPGA circuits. The second part of the thesis describes the practical design of the FPGA circuit from UART and SPI communication through data storage from the communication to the panel control itself.

L'émergence de capteurs de profondeur capturant la structure 3D de la scène et du corps humain offre de nouvelles possibilités pour l'étude du mouvement et la compréhension des comportements humains. Cependant, la conception et le développement de modules de reconnaissance de comportements à la fois précis et efficaces est une tâche difficile en raison de la variabilité de la posture humaine, la complexité du mouvement et les interactions avec l'environnement. Dans cette thèse, nous nous concentrons d'abord sur le problème de la reconnaissance d'actions en représentant la trajectoire du corps humain au cours du temps, capturant ainsi simultanément la forme du corps et la dynamique du mouvement. Le problème de la reconnaissance d'actions est alors formulé comme le calcul de similitude entre la forme des trajectoires dans un cadre Riemannien. Les expériences menées sur quatre bases de données démontrent le potentiel de la solution en termes de précision/temps de latence de la reconnaissance d'actions. Deuxièmement, nous étendons l'étude aux comportements plus complexes en analysant l'évolution de la forme de la posture pour décomposer la séquence en unités de mouvement. Chaque unité de mouvement est alors caractérisée par la trajectoire de mouvement et l'apparence autour des mains, de manière à décrire le mouvement humain et l'interaction avec les objets. Enfin, la séquence de segments temporels est modélisée par un classifieur Bayésien naïf dynamique. Les expériences menées sur quatre bases de données évaluent le potentiel de l'approche dans différents contextes de reconnaissance et détection en ligne de comportements. / The emergence of RGB-D sensors providing the 3D structure of both the scene and the human body offers new opportunities for studying human motion and understanding human behaviors. However, the design and development of models for behavior recognition that are both accurate and efficient is a challenging task due to the variability of the human pose, the complexity of human motion and possible interactions with the environment. In this thesis, we first focus on the action recognition problem by representing human action as the trajectory of 3D coordinates of human body joints over the time, thus capturing simultaneously the body shape and the dynamics of the motion. The action recognition problem is then formulated as the problem of computing the similarity between shape of trajectories in a Riemannian framework. Experiments carried out on four representative benchmarks demonstrate the potential of the proposed solution in terms of accuracy/latency for a low-latency action recognition. Second, we extend the study to more complex behaviors by analyzing the evolution of the human pose shape to decompose the motion stream into short motion units. Each motion unit is then characterized by the motion trajectory and depth appearance around hand joints, so as to describe the human motion and interaction with objects. Finally, the sequence of temporal segments is modeled through a Dynamic Naive Bayesian Classifier. Experiments on four representative datasets evaluate the potential of the proposed approach in different contexts, including recognition and online detection of behaviors.

Dissertação (mestrado)—Universidade de Brasília, Instituto de Química, Programa de Pós-Graduação em Química, 2017. / Submitted by Raquel Viana (raquelviana@bce.unb.br) on 2017-10-02T12:14:05Z No. of bitstreams: 1 2017_LucasPintoBernar.pdf: 7249506 bytes, checksum: 3f1aff3dc6f8b10cf83fa7951d607348 (MD5) / Approved for entry into archive by Raquel Viana (raquelviana@bce.unb.br) on 2017-10-04T15:27:06Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 1 2017_LucasPintoBernar.pdf: 7249506 bytes, checksum: 3f1aff3dc6f8b10cf83fa7951d607348 (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2017-10-04T15:27:06Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 2017_LucasPintoBernar.pdf: 7249506 bytes, checksum: 3f1aff3dc6f8b10cf83fa7951d607348 (MD5) / No presente trabalho, o sinal RGB de imagens digitais foi utilizado para construção de um titulador automático capaz de realizar um número variado de titulações. O equipamento construído pode ser uma alternativa a outros procedimentos devido à sua precisão e capacidade de realizar várias análises diferentes com o mesmo instrumento de detecção do ponto final. Para isso, como um primeiro passo, imagens digitais de 5 titulações foram gravadas por uma câmera webcam comum em ensaios com amostras reais feitos utilizando uma bomba-seringa de elevada precisão controlada por um computador. Curvas de titulação foram construídas com seu sinal RGB e analisadas por meio de várias transformações matemáticas (primeiras, segundas derivadas e suas combinações) para gerar algoritmos de detecção automática do ponto final. Estes algoritmos foram testados através da medição do erro de titulação de soluções padrão. As titulações analisadas foram as determinações de ácido acético em vinagres com NaOH, dureza de água mineral com EDTA, cloretos em águas de coco com Nitrato de Prata, ácido ascórbico em comprimidos de vitamina C com iodo e açúcares redutores em amostras de vinhos e cervejas com tiossulfato de sódio. Para os procedimentos considerados, de neutralização, complexação, precipitação, oxi-redução e açúcares redutores foram obtidos, respectivamente, 0,10%, 1,16%, 0% , 0% e -0,67% de erro relativo à procedimentos clássicos de titulação. Os testes para obtenção dos algoritmos foram comparados aos métodos clássicos e verificou-se que não há diferenças significativas em um intervalo de confiança de 95% e o sinal RGB é suficientemente exato para determinar o ponto final das titulações consideradas. Esta configuração, aliada à natureza multivariada do sinal RGB, traz uma poderosa e barata forma de análise quantitativa. / In this assay, the RGB signal of digital images is used to craft a versatile automatic titrator. In order to achieve this, digital images of 5 titrations of real samples were recorded by a commom webcam. The titrations were conducted using a syringe-pump controlled by a personal computer. Titration curves are drawn with RGB signal and analysed by some mathematical transformations (first, second derivatives and combinations of it) to generate algorithms for automatic detection of titration end-point. This are evaluated by determining the titration errors of standard solutions. The titrations studied were the determination of acetic acid in vinegars with NaOH, mineral water hardness with EDTA, chlorides in coconut water with silver nitrate, ascorbic acid in vitamin C tablets with iodide and reducing sugars in wines and beer samples with Na2S2O3 .To the procedures involved, neutralization, complexation, precipitation, redox and reducing sugars were obtained, 0,10%, 1,16%, 0%, 0% e 0,67% of errors, respectively. Those tests were compared to classical methods and no significant differences were found in a 95% confidence level. The metodology developed will be applied to a smartphone and every step of the method will be conducted by Bluetooth communication. This configuration, allied to the multivariate nature of the RGB signal, brings a powerful and unexpensive way of quantitative analysis.

Submitted by Divisão de Documentação/BC Biblioteca Central (ddbc@ufam.edu.br) on 2016-12-14T18:44:32Z No. of bitstreams: 1 Dissertação - Keyla F. Serrão.pdf: 1066729 bytes, checksum: e54dd5912e3fa1565cdc19a252ad2b4b (MD5) / Approved for entry into archive by Divisão de Documentação/BC Biblioteca Central (ddbc@ufam.edu.br) on 2016-12-14T18:44:49Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 1 Dissertação - Keyla F. Serrão.pdf: 1066729 bytes, checksum: e54dd5912e3fa1565cdc19a252ad2b4b (MD5) / Approved for entry into archive by Divisão de Documentação/BC Biblioteca Central (ddbc@ufam.edu.br) on 2016-12-14T18:45:06Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 1 Dissertação - Keyla F. Serrão.pdf: 1066729 bytes, checksum: e54dd5912e3fa1565cdc19a252ad2b4b (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2016-12-14T18:45:06Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Dissertação - Keyla F. Serrão.pdf: 1066729 bytes, checksum: e54dd5912e3fa1565cdc19a252ad2b4b (MD5) Previous issue date: 2014-07-31 / FAPEAM - Fundação de Amparo à Pesquisa do Estado do Amazonas / This work proposes the use of digital images obtained by scanner to determine the alcohol content in cachaça. Obtaining the image of an object by scanner generally uses a bar of radiation reaching the image that reflects radiation to the sensor allowing the reconstruction and storage of digital images. Each image generated in accordance with the red-green-blue system (RGB) provides an array of values of RGB components. The standard of RGB vectors was adopted as analytical response to the construction of titration curves based on digital images. To evaluate the results with those obtained by Gay-Lussac Alcoholmeter with digital images, a paired t test was applied to the dataset to a confidence level of 95%. It was found that there was no significant difference between the two methodologies for the confidence level seen (p <0.05). The relative standard deviations of the results obtained by the proposed method were less than 3.0%. / Neste trabalho é proposto o uso de imagens digitais obtidas por scanner para determinação do teor alcoólico em cachaça. A obtenção da imagem de um objeto por scanner geralmente usa uma barra de radiação, que ao atingir a imagem, reflete a radiação para o sensor permitindo a reconstrução e armazenamento da imagem digital. Cada imagem, gerada de acordo com o sistema vermelho-verde-azul (RGB), fornece uma matriz de valores das componentes RGB. A norma dos vetores RGB foi adotada como resposta analítica para a construção das curvas de titulação baseadas nas imagens digitais. Para avaliar os resultados obtidos com o alcoômetro com aqueles obtidos por imagens digitais, um teste t emparelhado foi aplicado ao conjunto de dados para um nível de confiança de 95%. Verificou-se que não existe diferença significativa entre as duas metodologias para o nível de confiança considerado (p < 0,05). Os desvios padrão relativos dos resultados obtido pela metodologia proposta foram inferiores a 3,0%.

La façon dont l'industrie pharmaceutique développe et manufacture ses produits a évolué au cours de ces dernières années. L'environnement réglementaire auquel elle est contrainte a provoqué ce changement dans le but de doter de technologies de pointe dans ses différentes activités. L’encouragement pour utiliser les technologies d’analyse de procédé (PAT) afin d’implémenter le concept de « Quality By Design » (QbD) est l’exemple le plus significatif de ce nouveau paradigme. Lentement, les industries implémentent ces technologies pour de nouveaux produits, mais également pour certains produits déjà existants, bénéficiant ainsi de leurs avantages. Pour implémenter des PAT dans un procédé, plusieurs étapes doivent être franchies, de l’étude de faisabilité des instruments jusqu’à l’approbation règlementaire. Cette thèse décrit l’étude initiale (faisabilité et développement de modèles) avant toute demande d’autorisation d’utilisation d’outils PAT (proche infra-rouge (NIR), caméra RGB et fluorescence induite par laser (LIF)) pour suivre le procédé de compression d’un mélange commercial comprenant plusieurs ingrédients. Après avoir établi le potentiel de ces différents outils, des modèles quantitatifs calculés par régression par moindres carrés partiels (PLS) ont été développés pour suivre les composants ayant une concentration aussi faible que 0,1 w/w%, avec un coefficient de détermination (R2) de 0,95. Il a également été démontré que l’utilisation conjointe de données de plus d’un outil améliorait la précision du modèle. La spécificité de chacun des outils a également été évaluée à l’aide de plan d’expériences factoriels complets pour lesquels les modèles ont été construits en faisant varier simultanément la concentration de différents éléments. Même dans ces conditions, les modèles construits ont montré une précision acceptable, en considérant les critères d’acceptation utilisés pour les produits alimentaires comme les multivitamines. Le travail présenté dans cette thèse a contribué à la publication de trois articles et de trois présentations orales. En plus de l’établissement de la preuve de concept, ce qui augmente les opportunités pour tester d’autres sondes, la possibilité de suivre en ligne la composition quantitative dans la ligne d’alimentation de la presse a également été établi. Dans ce dernier cas, tous les outils sont suffisamment précis pour suivre au moins un des composants, même si celui-ci est présent en faible concentration et fait partie d’un mélange de plusieurs composants. Conséquemment, l’industrie peut utiliser ses connaissances pour suivre le procédé de compression de façon plus adéquate en augmentant l’éventail des outils utilisés à cet effet. Une recherche fondamentale pourrait également investiguer les phénomènes tels que la ségrégation afin mieux les comprendre. / Abstract : The way pharmaceutical industry develops and manufactures their products has been changing in recent years. The regulatory environment that they are obligated to comply has been pushing this change in order to endow this activity with state of art technology. The encouragement of the use of process analytical technology (PAT) to build the quality right from the design (QbD) is perhaps the most significant example of the new paradigm. The manufacturers are implementing this technology in new and existing products and benefiting from their advantages. To implement PAT in a process, many steps must be taken (from the study of feasibility of the instruments until regulatory approval). This thesis describes the initial study (feasibility and model developments), prior to any submission of authorization, of the use of PAT tools (Near-Infrared (NIR), Red Green Blue (RGB) camera and Light Induced Fluorescence (LIF)) to monitor the compression process of a commercial multi-component blend. After the potential of these tools was assessed, quantitative Partial Least Squares (PLS) models were able to be developed to monitor components with a concentration as low as 0.1 w/w % with a R2 of 0.95. It was also proved that combining data from more than one tool was benefit for the accuracy of the model. The tools were also evaluated to their specificity by using a full factorial design where the models were built with simultaneous variations of concentration of some of the components. Even in this challenging case, the models built remained with an acceptable accuracy, considering the acceptance criteria used for dietary products such as multi-vitamins. The work developed in this thesis contributed to the publication of 3 articles and 3 communications. Along with the proof of concept that it provided - which enlarged the opportunities for testing other probes - it also proved that is possible to monitor in-line the components in the feed frame. In this latter case, all the tools were accurate enough to monitor at least one component even if they are present in low concentration and part of multi-component blends. Therefore, the industry can use this knowledge to monitor the compression process more adequately, increasing the range of tools used for the effect. Fundamental research can also be investigated as phenomena like segregation can be more accurately identified.

To advance crop monitoring techniques in horticultural tree crops, earlier research has examined the relationship between crop vigor (height, canopy den- sity, health) as assessed by remote sensing technologies and aspects such as fruit quality and yield requirements. In recent years, structure-from-motion image pro- cessing techniques have been widely used to generate orthomosaics and 3D point clouds from RGB and multispectral (MS) imagery acquired by unmanned aerial vehicles. However, this process requires a lot of computing power and can be expensive, especially for large commercial orchards. However, studies have been scarce comparing the accuracy of different remote sensing technologies in deter- mining tree height and plant area index. Light detection and ranging (LiDAR) is an alternative method to generate 3D point clouds that requires less compu- tational power. This study assessed the accuracy, processing parameters, and limitations of UAV-based RGB, MS, and LiDAR data for measuring cherry trees’ height and plant area index in a high-density orchard in Malauc`ene, southeastern France. Furthermore, the plant area index changes of 5 different cherry culti- vars were assessed during the growth cycle. Overall, the LIDAR data provided the highest accuracy for tree height measurements around harvest (R² = 0.923, RMSE = 0.215 m) and the beginning of leaf senescence (R² = 0.863, RMSE = 0.218 m). LiDAR-derived plant area index also produced the best accuracy at May (R² = 0.48 and RMSE = 0.42) and October (R² = 0.45 and RMSE = 0.59). Our findings demonstrate that UAV-based LiDAR data provide an effective and rapid means for measuring cherry tree height and plant area index over time. Such information can serve as a general indicator of tree health and aid growers in making informed agricultural crop monitoring and management decisions.