The geometry of CMOS processes has decreased in a steady pace over the years at the same time as the complexity has increased. Even if there are more requirements on the designer today, the main goal is still the same: to minimize the occupied area and power dissipation. This thesis investigates if a prediction of the costs in future CMOS processes can be made. By implementing several processes on a test circuit we can see a pattern in area and power dissipation when we change to smaller processes. This is done by optimizing a two-stage operational transconductance amplifier on basis of a given specification. A circuit optimization tool evaluates the performance measures and costs. The optimization results from the area and power dissipation is used to present a diagram that shows the decreasing costs with smaller processes and also a prediction of how small the costs will be for future processes. This thesis also presents different optimization tools and a design hexagon that can be used when we struggle with optimization trade-offs.

Background. With the development and popularization of mobile Internet, smartphones are becoming more and more popular. Android is one of the most popular platforms of smartphones.  And application is one of the most important part of a smartphone. There are a lot of money and human resources spent on Android application development every year. And quiet a big part of them goes to quality assurance of applications. Graphic user interface (GUI) testing is one important part of its quality assurance. Android phones use touch screen as the major I/O method. Therefore, GUI testing on android platform shall be different to conventional software applications that are designed to run on desktop environment. Objectives. The aim of this research is to assess the performance of two GUI testing approaches (2nd vs 3rd generation) of automated UI testing in terms of testing Android applications. By assessing these approaches, we could hopefully get insights of their advantages and limitations for using them in the context of Android development. And this aim can be divided into three objectives, to compare the time spent on implementing test cases of each tool, to compare the time costed when executing test cases of each tool, to compare the number of defects found by each tool. Methods. The research methodology we chose is controlled experiment. We have chosen UI Automator and Appium to represent 2nd generation GUI testing approach, EyeAutomate and SikuliX to represent 3rd generation GUI testing approach. We used each tool to implement and execute 120 test cases to compare them on the time spent on implementing test cases of each tool, the time costed when executing test cases of each tool, the number of real defects found by each tool, and the number of false positives found by each tool. Results. Tools using 3rd generation GUI testing approach take less time to implement test cases than tools using 2nd generation GUI testing approach. And there is no specific pattern when comparing tools using 2nd and 3rd generation GUI testing approaches in terms of time cost on executing test cases. It is different between different test cases. Besides false positive alerts appear at a much higher frequency in tools using 3rd generation GUI testing approach than tools using 2nd generation GUI testing approach. While, real defects found by each tool are the same. Conclusions. 3rd generation GUI testing approach is more efficient in terms of implementing test cases than 2nd generation GUI testing approach. But 3rd generation GUI testing approach finds much more false positives than 2nd generation approach. To decide if a defect alert is false positive or not requires human effort. In a long term, it may accumulate huge lost on human efforts. Therefore, to maintain test cases, 3rd generation approach consumes lots of human efforts.

Today’s electronics in aviation (avionics) are more complex than ever before. With higher requirements on safety and reliability and with new SoC (System on Chip) technology, the validation and verification of designs meet new challenges. In commercial and military aircraft there are many safety-critical systems that need to be reliable. The consequences of a failure of a safety-critical system onboard a civil or military aircraft are immeasurably more serious than a glitch or a bit-flip in a consumer appliance or Internet service delivery. If possible hazards are found early in the design process, a lot of work can be saved later on. Certain structures in the code are prone to produce glitchy logic and timing problems and should be avoided. This thesis will strengthen Saab Avitronics knowledge of adaptable rule checking tools for HDL, with a market analysis of the tools available. Moreover will it evaluate two of the most suitable tools and finally it will describe some of the design issues that exist when coding safety-critical systems. Finally it is concluded that the introduction of static rule checking tools will help the validator to find dangerous constructs in the code. However, it will not be possible to fully automate rule checking for safety-critical systems, because of the high requirements on reliability.

No description available.

This thesis proposes a novel air flow sensor based on PZT material which is used to measure air velocity in an experimental tunnel or indoor ventilation. The work focuses on designing and verifying the sensor model through finite element analysis (FEA) simulation using COMSOL Multiphysics software. This thesis is devoted to developing a sensor model with a focus on a low-velocity range up to 2 m/s and high sensitivity. The design of the sensor should be robust and reliable for different flow patterns, temperature, and atmospheric pressure variation. The sensor model consists of a fixed cylinder which connects with a bilayer cantilever made of PZT and PDMS material. The laminar flow from the sensor inlet is transformed into the turbulent flow when passing by the fixed cylinder. This structure of bilayer cantilever is designed to generate self-induced oscillation on PZT to overcome the charge leakage over the sensor impedance. Resonance optimization of the sensor structure is investigated to obtain better SNR and performance by adjusting the dimension of the cantilever. From the conducted simulation results, the relationship between the dominant frequency of output voltage generated by PZT and air velocity can be described linearly. In conclusion, it is shown that proposed sensor has a sensitivity of 0.1 m/s and a range of 0.2 to 2 m/s.

This thesis is focused on the development of games as a treatment for people who suffer from acrophobia, the fear of being in high-heighted situations. The purpose is to look over the immediate reactions of the players and study what effect first person gaming has on them in a short term. To achieve this, a series of three mini games is employed. Each game corresponds to a level. The first level is a tutorial which makes the player familiar with the game. In the second level, players are required to do a simple task. Finally, in the third level, the task is more pressuring and players need to be quicker to achieve the necessary goals. What is expected from this study is that the full control of the playable character makes the players feel immersed. Additionally, as the game progresses, the players will be more comfortable with heights. Last but not least, it is assumed that fast pace enhances immersion, a major factor of this study. As a result of our experiment, it is demonstrated that the control of the character from the player is a great tactic for immersion. Furthermore, it shows that the players start feeling better with heights even after one session. Finally, the study indicates that the fast pace enhances immersion, but over the time the increase of the pace has lower impact. These statements come as a result from the answers of the experiment‟s participants and will be shown in detail in this paper.

This study aims to examine and quantify the impact from increasing penetration of electric car chargers and solar cells in Mälarenergi's distribution grids. Four different types of low voltage grids are examined: a small rural grid, an older suburban grid, a modern suburban grid and a modern urban grid with multi-dwelling houses. The networks are modeled in Matpower, a MATLAB Power System Simulation Package with grid and metering data from Mälarenergi's NIS (Network Information System), insolation data from Swedish Meteorological and Hydrological Institute (SMHI) and simulated data from an electrical vehicle Home-charing model based on residential activity patterns. The idea has been to use as few assumptions as possible and as much real measurements as possible. The results show that problems such as unwanted voltage levels at the customer's connection points and increasing power flux in the low voltage substation's is to be expected based on aforementioned increasing penetration. The various low voltage networks are affected to varying degrees due to its different structure and type of customers. Measures to increase acceptance for the above mentioned changes have also been reviewed. Line gain shows best properties to reduce both losses and voltage variations. Reactive power compensation in the solar cell's inverters can reduce voltage increases, but with the disadvantage that network losses increase. The use of smart chargers that can control when the charging of electrical vehicles begin charging can both reduce network losses but also the risk of unwanted voltage drops.

This master thesis investigates different approaches to data compression on common types of signals in the context of localization by estimating time difference of arrival (TDOA). The thesis includes evaluation of the compression schemes using recorded data, collected as part of the thesis work. This evaluation shows that compression is possible while preserving localization accuracy. The recorded data is backed up with more extensive simulations using a free space propagation model without attenuation. The signals investigated are flat spectrum signals, signals using phase-shift keying and single side band speech signals. Signals with low bandwidth are given precedence over high bandwidth signals, since they require more data in order to get an accurate localization estimate. The compression methods used are transform based schemes. The transforms utilized are the Karhunen-Loéve transform and the discrete Fourier transform. Different approaches for quantization of the transform components are examined, one of them being zonal sampling. Localization is performed in the Fourier domain by calculating the steered response power from the cross-spectral density matrix. The simulations are performed in Matlab using three recording nodes in a symmetrical geometry. The performance of localization accuracy is compared with the Cramér-Rao bound for flat spectrum signals using the standard deviation of the localization error from the compressed signals.

The thesis covers a new navigation algorithm for UAV to fly through several given GPS coordinates without any human interference. The UAV first gets its current position from GPS receiver via Bluetooth connection with the navigator computer. With this GPS point, it draws an optimal trajectory to next destination. During the flight, the navigator computer issues the information about which direction to turn and how much to turn. This information will be used to steer the airplane servos. The algorithm is programmed in Java LeJOS. It uses built-in Java classes about GPS and Bluetooth. The main computer, where the navigation program runs, is a LEGO Mindstorms NXT and it is used a GPSlim240 from HOLUX as a GPS receiver.

Dagens flygfarkoster innehåller avancerad elektronik som ställer högre krav på elförsörjningen när de står parkerad på mark. För att kunna testa elförsörjningen(GPU) behövs AC-laster som är mer varierbara än en enkel resistiv last. I denna rapport undersöks möjligheten att köpa eller konstruera sådana AC-laster. En marknadsundersökning genomfördes för att undersöka om det finns lösningar på marknaden idag. Det visade sig att det finns flera företag som erbjuder olika lösningar för detta, men att specifikationerna för dem är svåra att tolka och dessa lösningar är också väldigt dyra. En egen konstruktion togs även fram för att kunna använda en befintlig enkel resistiv last på ett smartare sätt. Genom att kontrollera lasten med halvledarreläer kan snabba återkommande förlopp simuleras. Kontrol-len av reläerna kontrollerades med hjälp av en mikrokontroller, som på ett enkelt sätt kan uppdateras med nya program för att erhålla olika testcykler. / Today's aircraft contain advanced electronics that place higher demands on power supply when parked on land. In order to test the power supply (GPU), AC loads are more varied than a single resistive load. This report examines the possibility of purchasing or constructing such AC loads. A market investigation was conducted to investigate whether there are solutions on the market today. It turned out that there are several companies offering different solutions for this, but the specifications for them are difficult to interpret and these solutions are also very expensive. An own design was also constructed to use an existing single resistive load in a smarter manner. By controlling the load with semiconductor relays, rapid progress can be simulated. The relays are controlled by a microcontroller, which can easily be updated with new programs to obtain different test cycles.