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Epidemic Human Immunodeficiency Virus (HIV) due to its rapid spread and deep influence has been a unique phenomenon in the near history. The virus has been existing all over the world, the spread of infection is both dynamic and complex. Epidemics are a geographical phenomenon with a certain extent. Most of the factors that can be linked to the epidemic are also geographically dependent. Considering that, the Geographic Information System (GIS) can be an important tool in studying the phenomenon.The pilot study spatially predicted HIV level and investigated to what extent this is possible and how the process may look like. The focus of the study was on the technical part, to evaluate the method. The pilot study mainly used the GIS-tool Geographically Weighted Regression (GWR), which is based on regression analysis. The regression type that was used was multiple linear regression that uses a dependent variable and several explanatory variables. The method assumes that the dependent variable can be explained by several variables that have a linear relationship to the dependent variable.The study area of the pilot study is Tanzania, a country located in eastern Africa. Tanzania has large socio-economic gaps and varying levels of HIV between regions. HIV data used in the pilot study comes from the Tanzania HIV Impact Survey (THIS) and the data for other variables comes from The Demographic and Health Surveys (DHS) Program. The HIV model is explained on the basis of four factors: undernourished children, circumcised men, and people with only primary education and households that own agricultural land.The first step in the implementation was data preparation, the next step was to conduct a global analysis using the Ordinary Least Squares (OLS) method. Followed by a geographic analysis with the GWR tool. The last step was to implement predictions using the created model. Four control regions in Tanzania were predicted, the model was also tested in five other African countries. The OLS analysis generates an Adjust R-Squared value of 0,436 which is a measure of the model's explanatory value of HIV. The same value for the GWR analysis was 0,502. The transition to GWR provided an improvement. Two out of four control regions in Tanzania provide accurate results. The same model also predicts relatively well in other African countries. The pilot study's results are limited by low data resolution and limited identification of HIV factors. With higher data resolution and better assurance of HIV factors, more accurate and detailed HIV predictions can be achieved. The pilot study's conclusion is that HIV predictions that obtain credible results are possible with the help of GIS-based analysis tools. As a suggestion for improvement, more high-resolution data is recommended, preferably as points. This would give the analysis better conditions for more accurate and detailed predictions. / Epidemin Human Immunodeficiency Virus (HIV) är ett unikt fenomen i historisk närtid. Med avseende på dess snabba spridning och djupa påverkan. Den finns representerad i världens samtliga länder, smittspridningen är både dynamisk och komplex. Epidemier är ett geografiskt fenomen med en viss utbredning. Flertalet av de faktorer som kan kopplas till epidemin är även de geografiskt beroende. Därför kan Geografiskt Informations System (GIS) vara ett viktigt verktyg i studier av fenomenet.Förstudien ska spatialt prediktera HIV-nivå samt utreda i hur stor utsträckning detta är möjligt och hur processen kan se ut. Tyngdpunkten i studien kommer att ligga på den tekniska delen, att utvärdera metod. Förstudien använder främst GIS-verktyget Geographically Weighted Regression (GWR) som är baserade på regressionsanalys. Regressionstypen är multipel linjär regression som använder sig av en beroende variabel och flera förklarande variabler. Metoden antar att den beroende variabeln behöver förklaras med flera variabler som har en linjär relation till den beroende variabeln.Förstudiens studieområde är Tanzania, ett land beläget i östra Afrika. Tanzania har stora socioekonomiska klyftor och varierande HIV-nivåer mellan regionerna. HIV-data som används i förstudien kommer från Tanzania HIV Impact Survey (THIS) och data för övriga variabler kommer från The Demographic and Health Surveys (DHS) Program. HIV-modellen förklaras utifrån fyra faktorer: undernärda barn, omskurna män, personer med enbart grundskoleutbildning samt hushåll som äger jordbruksmark.Första steget i genomförandet var dataförberedelser, nästa steg var att utföra en global analys med metoden Ordinary Least Squares (OLS). Därefter genomfördes en geografisk analys med verktyget GWR. Sista steget var att genomföra prediktioner med den skapade modellen. Fyra kontroll-regioner i Tanzania predikterades, modellen testades även på fem andra afrikanska länder. OLS-analysen genererar ett Adjust R-Squared-värdet på 0,436 som är ett mått på modellens förklarings-värde av HIV. Samma värde för GWR-analysen landade på 0,502, övergången till GWR gav en förbättring. Två av fyra kontrollregioner i Tanzania ger träffsäkra resultat. Samma modell predikterar även relativt bra i andra afrikanska länder. Förstudiens resultat begränsas av låg dataupplösning samt begränsad identifiering av HIV-faktorer. Med högre dataupplösning och bättre säkerhetsställande av HIV-faktorer kan mer träffsäkra och detaljerade HIV-prediktioner uppnås.Förstudiens slutsats är att det är möjligt i viss utsträckning att erhålla trovärdiga HIV-prediktioner med GIS-baserade analyseringsverktyg. Som förbättringsförslag rekommenderas mer högupplöst data, helts i punktform. Det skulle ge analysen bättre förutsättningar för mer träffsäkra och detaljerade prediktioner.

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Innovators lacking a well-developed business model will fail to either deliver, or capture, value from their innovations (Teece, 2010). Today’s virtual world is rapidly expanding and the Internet has enabled new ways of conducting business by facilitating electronic commerce (e-commerce) between business and consumer. Actors in the grocery industry have therefore changed their business models by developing new Internet grocery solutions Contributions to business model literature have increased significantly in recent years, but the majority have had a rather static view of the business model innovation process, disregarding that business model innovation is subject to change and should therefore be treated as a dynamic concept. Little efforts have been invested in describing the actual process by which business model innovations have been achieved. This study contributes to business model literature by exploring the process of business model innovation in three descriptive cases in two different organizational contexts in the Internet grocery industry in Sweden. With the 4I-framework by Frankenberger et al. (2013) as a foundation and the four dimensions of a business model (Who, What, How and Why) as a lens to perceive the business model the main findings of study is that as the dynamics of business model innovation in these two organizational context differs from each other, they are also different from how the 4Iframework describes the business model innovation process.

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Industrial buying behavior can be described as the process that occurs when an organization discovers a need until the product or service is ordered. Understanding of the customers buying behavior is a crucial factor in the increasingly competitive business environment and can provide many benefits in a marketing perspective. Understanding the customers buying behavior brings answer to questions about what the customer really wants, how they want it, and why. Understanding the customer buying behavior can also contribute with identification of the most appropriate approach that should be used in marketing towards organizations. Much of the research that has been conducted in industrial buying behavior have focused on establishing a general understanding, but with absence of clear evidence whether it is applicable in all line of businesses. One such business area is the Swedish forest industry. Therefore, this study has aimed to research the industrial buying behavior in the forest industry where differences and similarities are investigated, but also to characterize the specific buying behavior in this area of research. Collection of data have been conducted by case studies in which five small and middle size organizations were interviewed regarding their procurement of crane scales (a link assembled on the crane which weights each timber while loading the lorry). Areas that have been investigated are the process between what triggers the need of a product and the following phases towards the buying decision, the buying situation, and, the people who are involved in the buying decision and how they interact and influence each other. The findings suggest that previous research is applicable in the Swedish forest industry even though some models are better suited for larger enterprises. Research regarding influence among members of the buying unit were more complicated than it was expected to be. Finally, this study contributes with practical implications and clear guidelines where marketing activities are best executed for organizations in the Swedish forest industry that are in either new task-, or rebuy situations. / Industriellt köpbeteende kan beskrivas som studerandet av den processen som sker när ett företag upptäcker ett behov fram till dess att produkten eller tjänsten beställs. Förståelsen för kundens köpbeteende är en viktig faktor i de allt mer konkurrensutsatta företagsmiljöerna och skänker många fördelar ur ett marknadsföringsperspektiv. Genom att studera kundens köpbeteende kan frågor som vad kunden verkligen vill ha, hur den vill ha det och varför besvaras. Studerandet av industriellt köpbeteende kan även bidra med förståelse för vilka infallsvinklar som är mest effektfulla vid anpassning och riktning av marknadsföring, för att som företag påverka ett köpbeslut. Mycket av forskningen som bedrivits inom industriellt köpbeteende har syftat till att etablera en generell förståelse, som utan direkta bevis antagits applicerbar inom många branscher. En sådan bransch är svensk skogsindustri. Studien har därför syftat till att undersöka industriellt köpbeteende i skogsindustrin med avseende på skillnader och likheter med tidigare teorier men även för att karaktärisera det branschspecifika köpbeteendet. Datainsamlingen har utförts i form av fallstudier där fem små- och medelstora företag intervjuades kring deras inköp av våglänkar (våg som monteras i skogskranen och väger respektive timmer). Områden som undersöks är företagens process från det som triggar igång inköpsbehovet fram till anskaffandet av våglänken, rådande köpsituation samt de personer som är delaktiga i köpbeslutet och hur de påverkar varandra. I helhet visade studien att tidigare forskning är applicerbar i skogsindustrin trots att vissa modeller lämpade sig för större företag än de som undersöktes. Undersökning av hur individer påverkar varandra inför ett köpbeslut hos de intervjuade företagen visade sig mer komplicerat att utröna än förväntat. Slutligen har studien bidragit till praktiska implikationer för vart marknadsföringen bör riktas när företag köper produkter första gången respektive vid kommande återköp.

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The domestication of horses took place at least 2000 BCE. Since then, horses have been used for transportation, agricultural work and even for warfare. Today, horses have been bred into world athletes, used worldwide in equestrian sports. However, these explosive performance horses present characteristics that make them prone to injuries leading to lameness. According to the insurance company Agria, more than 50 % of all reported injuries on horses in Sweden each year, are related to lameness. Using more objective analysing methods can lead to earlier detection and decrease the occurrence of this kind of injuries. In this Master’s degree project, a horse sensor system was proposed, designed and manufactured as a first prototype. The system consists of a force measuring device and an external reader. The force measuring sensor itself is a piezoelectric printed sensor. The force measuring device senses, acquires and transmits the raw data to the external reader. The focus of this project was on the hardware- and software development of the force measuring device and the software development for the external reader. To develop and verify the algorithms, as well as the entire system concept, the CC1352R1 Launchpad from Texas Instruments was used. The first results have indicated that the developed hardware and software of the force measuring device performs as expected. Also, important conclusions were drawn for both the force measuring device and the external reader. E.g., the force measuring device should fit the required physical dimension of the hoof sole, and the algorithms of the external reader should be improved in terms of data flow and memory usage. To conclude, the project is a challenging application making use of modern wireless sensor technology and printed electronics.

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