A remoção de nitrogênio via processos biológicos de nitrificação e desnitrificação foi estudada utilizando-se um reator operado em bateladas seqüenciais submetido a períodos aeróbios e anóxicos. Metano foi adicionado como doador de elétrons na etapa desnitrificante nos períodos anóxicos. Foram testadas diferentes condições operacionais e nutricionais com o objetivo de se alcançar a melhor eficiência de remoção de nitrogênio. Quando o reator operou com elevadas concentrações de biomassa em suspensão (6 g/L), a oxidação completa do nitrogênio amoniacal foi alcançada sob períodos aeróbios de 6 e 3 horas e anóxicos de 16,5 e 4 horas adotados nas etapas 1 e 2, respectivamente. Porém, a desnitrificação foi principalmente associada com o uso de subprodutos metabólicos no lugar do metano. De forma a diminuir o consumo de material endógeno, a biomassa foi imobilizada em material suporte (espuma de poliuretano) e os períodos aeróbios e anóxicos foram diminuídos para 3 horas cada (etapa 3) e posteriormente, 0,5 h e 1,5 h (etapa 4). Nesta última etapa, as maiores eficiências de remoção de nitrogênio, (~35%) foram verificadas somente nos primeiros dias de operação. O processo de desnitrificação utilizando metano como doador de elétrons também foi estudado sob condições anóxicas tendo nitrato e, posteriormente, nitrito como fontes de nitrogênio oxidadas. Nesses experimentos, as eficiências de remoção de nitrogênio foram de 75% e 90%, porém foram obtidos baixos valores de constantes cinéticas aparentes de primeira ordem, \'K IND.NO3\' = 0,007/h e \'K IND.NO2\' = 0,0278/h, respectivamente, para ambos os aceptores de elétrons. Os resultados obtidos a partir de ensaios de número mais provável (NMP) para a quantificação dos organismos metanotróficos resultaram em 5,1 x \'10 POT.3\' (etapa 3, biomassa em suspensão) e 3,5 x \'10 POT.7\' NMP/g sólidos totais voláteis (etapa 4, biomassa aderida). Portanto, a presença de meio suporte para a adesão de biomassa aliado aos ciclos de aeração mais freqüentes favoreceram o crescimento dessas bactérias. Sulfato e cloreto, nas concentrações de, aproximadamente, 100 mg/L, afetaram a eficiência de remoção de nitrogênio quando associado ao processo metanotrófico. Os resultados das análises de biologia molecular revelaram a presença de organismos metanotróficos semelhantes a Methylomonas sp. tanto em amostras de biomassa retiradas do reator quando este operou sob condições desnitrificantes na presença de oxigênio, como também, naquelas retiradas quando o reator operou em condições anóxicas. / Nitrogen removal via biological nitrification and denitrification was studied in a sequencing batch reactor submitted to aerate and anoxic periods. Methane was added as electron donor for denitrification in the anoxic periods. Different operational and nutritional conditions referred to as stages in this text were tested aiming to achieve the best nitrogen removal efficiency. When the reactor operated with high suspended biomass concentration (6 g/L), complete ammonia nitrogen oxidation was obtained in 6 to 3 hours aerobic periods and 16.5 to 4 hours anoxic periods defined for stage 1 and stage 2, respectively. However, denitrification was mainly associated with the use of endogenous metabolic byproducts instead of methane. In order to diminish endogenous material uptake, the biomass was immobilized in support material (polyurethane foam) and aerobic and anaerobic periods were reduced to 3 hours each (stage 3), followed by another reduction to 0.5 and 1.5 hours, respectively (stage 4). The highest nitrogen removal efficiencies (~35 %) were identified in this last stage, but only during the initial days of operation. The denitrification process using methane as electron donor was also studied under anoxic conditions, separately from nitrification by adding nitrate and nitrite as the oxidized nitrogen sources. In these experiments, nitrogen removal efficiencies were of 75% and 90%, but very low first order kinetic constants \'K IND.NO3\' = 0,007/h e \'K IND.NO2\' = 0,0278/h, respectively, were obtained with both the electron acceptors. The most provable number (MPN) tests carried out for methanotrophic bacteria quantification resulted in 5,1 x \'10 POT.3\' MPN/gVSS (stage 3 - suspended biomass) and 3,5 x \'10 POT.7\' MPN/gVSS (stage 4 - attached biomass). Therefore, the presence of a support media for biomass adhesion as well as more frequent aeration cycles enhanced the growth of such bacteria. Sulfate and chloride at concentrations of 100 mg/L, approximately, affected the nitrogen removal efficiency associated to methanotrofic process. The presence of methanotrops identified by molecular biology tests as Methylomonas sp was observed in samples taken from reactor in presence of oxygen and under anoxic operational conditions.

Multi-proxy approach for the reconstruction of paleo-redox conditions is attempted on a radiocarbon (C-14) dated sediment core near the equatorial Indian Ocean. Based on the behavior and distribution of redox sensitive and productivity proxies, study demonstrates prevalence of anoxic bottom water conditions during LGM due to poorly ventilated bottom waters augmented by high surface productivity resulting in better preservation of organic carbon (OC). During early Holocene, the equatorial Indian Ocean witnessed high sedimentation rates resulting in high organic carbon (OC) with depleted redox sensitive elements thereby causing better preservation of OC. The study underscores poor bottom water ventilation during LGM and preservation of OC as a result of high sedimentation rate in early Holocene.

La compréhension des mécanismes de corrosion du fer à très long terme en milieu anoxique intéresse le domaine du stockage des déchets radioactifs à haute activité. En France, il est prévu de mettre en place un dispositif de stockage comprenant une matrice vitreuse enveloppée dans un conteneur en acier inoxydable, lui-même dans un surconteneur en acier doux en formation géologique profonde. Le dispositif devrait être imperméable dans cet environnement anoxique pendant plusieurs millénaires. Afin de prévoir les mécanismes d’altération des matériaux ferreux à très long terme, un axe de recherche s’est développé autour de l’étude d’analogues archéologiques de corrosion. Dans cette étude, les mécanismes de corrosion sont appréhendés à partir d’un corpus de clous âgés de 400 ans provenant du site de Glinet, choisi comme site de référence. Le premier axe de ce travail a consisté à caractériser finement le système de corrosion métal / produits de corrosion / milieu, en combinant des techniques multiéchelles. Les premiers résultats montrent que les échantillons ont été corrodés en milieu anoxique dans de l’eau riche en carbonate. De plus, le couplage de la microdiffraction des rayons X, de la microspectroscopie Raman et de la spectroscopie dispersive en énergie a mis en évidence trois types de faciès composés de carbonate de fer, sidérite et chukanovite, et de magnétite. Selon l’agencement de ces phases, la résistance électronique des produits de corrosion varie d’un pôle isolant à un pôle très conducteur. Dans le second axe de cette étude, des expériences de remise en corrosion en milieu synthétique représentatif du milieu d’enfouissement ont été menées. Dans un premier temps, des mesures de chronoampérométrie ont montré que la réaction de réduction de l’eau à la surface du métal est négligeable. Par ailleurs, un marquage de la réaction au cuivre et au deutérium a permis d’identifier respectivement les sites de consommation des électrons localisées en zone externe de la couche et les sites de précipitation des phases néoformées en zone interne proche de l’interface méta l/ produits de corrosion. L’ensemble de ces résultats a conduit à proposer des mécanismes de corrosion du fer à très long terme en milieu anoxique. L’un s’appuie sur la présence d’une couche non poreuse nanométrique formée à l’interface méta l/ produits de corrosion. L’autre suppose la formation d’un gel sur quelques micromètres de la zone interne de la couche de produits de corrosion. Cette étude sur les analogues archéologiques a permis de proposer des données concernant les mécanismes de corrosion des alliages ferreux à très long terme. Celles-ci devront être intégrées dans les modélisations du comportement des matériaux ferreux enfouis / Understanding the long term corrosion mechanisms of iron in an anoxic environment is essential in the field of the radioactive waste storage. In France, it is planned to store high level nuclear wastes in a multibarrier system containing a glassy matrix surrounded by a stainless steel container, embedded in a low-carbon steel overcontainer. This system would be placed in a deep geological repository, which would impose anoxic conditions. As it must be efficient for a period of several thousands of years, one should understand the alteration mechanisms that are expected to occur in such a long time. To this purpose, a specific approach is developed on ferrous archaeological analogues with thick corrosion layer formed in natural conditions. In this study, the corrosion mechanisms have been assessed by examining nails aged of 400 years coming from the archaeological site of Glinet, selected as a reference site. The first point was a fine characterisation of the entire corrosion system metal / corrosion products / medium, through the use of coupled multiscale analytical tools. The first results showed that the samples were corroded in an anoxic calco-carbonated environment. Moreover, the coupling of X-ray microdiffraction, Raman microspectroscopy and dispersive energy spectroscopy has enabled to identify three corrosion systems composed of iron carbonates, siderite and chukanovite, and magnetite. Depending on the phase’s layout in the system, the electronic resistance of the corrosion layers has been established, from resistive to conductive. In a second stage, recorroding experiments in laboratory were performed. Firstly, the electrochemical behaviour of the corrosion system has shown that water reduction at the metallic interface is negligible. Furthermore, reaction tracing with copper and deuterium has allowed identifying the electron consumptions sites mainly localised on the external part, and the precipitation sites on the internal part of the corrosion layer. From the obtained results, long term corrosion mechanisms in anoxic media have been proposed. One is based on the occurrence of a nanometric non porous layer located at the metallic interface. The other one is based on a gel-like phase’s formation. This study has enabled to propose new data on the corrosion processes occurring in anoxic media; these last must be integrated in the behaviour models of buried ferrous materials

An important episode of carbon sequestration, Oceanic Anoxic Event 1a (OAE-1a), characterizes the Lower Aptian worldwide, and is mostly known from deeper-water settings. The present work of two Lower Aptian deposits, Madotz (N Spain) and Curití Quarry (Colombia), is a multiproxy study that includes fossil assemblages, microfacies, X-ray diffraction bulk and clay mineralogy, elemental analyses (major, minor, trace elements), Rock-Eval pyrolysis, biomarkers, inorganic and organic carbon content, and stable carbon isotopes. The results provide baseline evidence of the local and global controlling environmental factors influencing OAE-1a in shallow-water settings. The data also improve our general understanding of the conditions under which organic-carbon-rich deposits accumulate. The sequence at Madotz includes four intervals (Unit 1; Subunits 2a, 2b and 2c) that overlap the times prior to, during and after the occurrence of OAE-1a. The Lower Unit 1(3m thick) is essentially siliciclastic, and Subunit 2a (20m) contains Urgonian carbonate facies that document abruptly changing platform conditions prior to OAE-1a. Subunit 2b (24.4 m) is a mixed carbonate-siliciclastic facies with orbitolinid-rich levels that coincides with OAE-1a δ13C stages C4-C6, and is coeval with the upper part of the Deshayesites forbesi ammonite zone. Levels with pyrite and the highest TOC values (0.4-0.97%), interpreted as accumulating under suboxic conditions, and are restricted to δ13C stages C4 and C5. The best development of the suboxic facies is at the level representing the peak of the transgression. Subunit 2c, within δ13C stage C7, shows a return of the Urgonian facies. The 23.35-m section at Curití includes a 6.3-m interval at the base of the Paja Formation dominated by organic-rich marlstones and shales lacking benthic fossils and bioturbation, with TOC values as high as 8.84%. The interval overlies a level containing reworked and phosphatized assemblages of middle Barremian to lowest Aptian ammonites. The range of values and the overall pattern of the δ13Corg (-22.05‰ to -20.47‰) in the 6.3m-interval is comparable with Lower Aptian δ13C stage C7. Thus, conditions of oxygen depletion at this site also occurred after Oceanic Anoxic Event-1a, which developed between carbon isotope stages C3 and C6. Both sites, Madotz and Curití, attest to the importance of terrigenous and nutrient fluxes in increasing OM productivity that led to episodic oxygen deficiency.

The Mesozoic is punctuated by several rapid global warming events that are marked by the worldwide deposition of organic-rich marine sediments. These events, known as oceanic anoxic events (OAEs), are characterised by intervals where the worldwide carbon cycle suffers a disruption due to major palaeoceanographic and climatic shifts, leading to anoxic marine environments and the creation of black shales. For this study, the Oceanic Anoxic Event 1a (OAE 1a), which occurred during the Early Cretaceous Aptian age (~120 Ma) was analysed. It was likely triggered by the Greater Ontong Java underwater volcanic event and is associated with major changes in marine environments and ecosystems, including nekton and plankton turnover, and sea water composition changes. The impact of this event on terrestrial land-based ecosystems is, however, less well understood. Here I document well preserved and diverse spore-pollen assemblages spanning OAE 1a from southern Sweden by examining the Höllviken I core. Before the OAE, palynofloras are dominated by conifers, suggestive of a relatively mild and dry coastal environment. At the onset of the OAE a fern spike occurs, where there is a shift to early successional stage vegetation. Gymnosperm diversity and abundance sharply decrease, and the palynofloral assemblages become dominated by ferns, indicating a shift to warm and wet conditions. Gymnosperms gradually recover thereafter, but the formerly abundant conifer pollen Classopollis does not recover and remains rare. Dinoflagellate cysts and microforaminiferal test linings increase in abundance after OAE 1a, suggesting a higher degree of marine influence. These findings show that OAE 1a had a substantial impact on the composition and diversity of high latitude terrestrial vegetation and marine plankton communities. / <p>The work for this thesis was financially supported by the Erasmus Mundus Joint Master Degree PANGEA programme.</p>

This study describes the variation of an important greenhouse gas, nitrous oxide (N2O) at site-specific from the bio-lines unit at Wastewater Treatment Plant (WWTP) in Halmstad. The sampling campaign at the WWTP was carried out for three consecutive days during the weekdays in March 2021 with total of 144 samples were taken in GHG sample vials (exetainers) and analysed for N2O measurements using gas chromatography. Other nitrogen parameters data (NO2-N, NO3-N, and total nitrogen) were also collected. Using statistical analysis, comparisons were focused on a year period (March 2020 and 2021). This study found that N2O concentration generated in March 2021 was significantly lower than March 2020. Results also showed significant differences of N2O concentration between the three different zones (anaerobic, anoxic, and aerobic) among the bio-lines, where the highest N2O concentration was only found in aerobic zones. Correlation analysis showed only total nitrogen is negatively correlated with N2O-N in the aerobic zones. These findings will enable better understanding of processes along the bio-lines as a step for WWTP operators to improve N2O monitoring.

Environmental gradients exist at global and local scales and the variable conditions they encompass allow the coexistence of different microbial assemblages. Studying gradients and the selection forces they enclose can reveal the spatial succession and interactions of microorganisms and, therefore, how they are assembled in functionally stable communities. By combining high-throughput sequencing technology and laboratory experimental approaches, I investigated the factors that influence the microbial community assemblages in two types of environmental gradients in the Red Sea. I have studied the communities in the chemoclines occurring at the transition zones along the interfaces between seawater and the Deep Hypersaline Anoxic Brines (DHABs) at the bottom of the Red Sea. Across these chemoclines salinity increases of 5-10 times respect to the overlying seawater. I compared the microbial community diversity and metabolisms in the chemoclines of five different DHABs, finding different microbial community compositions due to the different DHABs characteristics, but the same succession of metabolisms along the five interfaces. From the Suakin Deep brine, I assembled the genome of a novel bacterial phylum and revealed the metabolic features that allow this organism to cope with the challenging variable conditions along the chemocline. In an alternative environmental system, I studied the effect of different thermal regimes on the microbiome of coastal sediment exposed to different yearly ranges of temperature variation. Sediment bacterial communities living under larger temperature variations are more flexible and can grow under a larger range of thermal conditions than communities experiencing narrower temperature ranges. My results highlight the large metabolic flexibility of microorganisms and their capacity to efficiently self-organize in complex functional assemblages under extreme ranges of environmental conditions.

京都大学 / 0048 / 新制・課程博士 / 博士(医学) / 甲第21680号 / 医博第4486号 / 新制||医||1036(附属図書館) / 京都大学大学院医学研究科医学専攻 / (主査)教授 伊佐 正, 教授 村井 俊哉, 教授 松原 和夫 / 学位規則第4条第1項該当 / Doctor of Medical Science / Kyoto University / DFAM

Immunofluorescence and quantitative flow cytometry was used to determine if alterations in cytoskeletal proteins (vinculin and tubulin) occur during metabolic inhibition and ischemic incubation of isolated adult rat cardiomyocytes. Effects of cell shape changes on fluorescence, were controlled for by the contractile inhibitor, butanedione monoxime (BDM) and gated analysis. Flow cytometry differentiated rod- and round-shaped myocytes on the basis of forward and side scattering. Severe contracture of metabolically inhibited (iodoacetic acid and amytal) myocytes caused an artefactual increase in fluorescence intensity and a redistribution of tubulin into microblebs on the cell surface, which tended to mask specific losses of fluorescence. Fluorescence microscopy showed that round cells stained intensely for vinculin, but not for tubulin and that vinculin redistributed into coarse patches between 60 and 90 min, times which corresponded to small rebounds of fluorescence. With gated analysis, to exclude severely contracted round and squared cells, and with BDM inhibition of contracture, both metabolically inhibited and ischemic pelleted myocytes showed an early decrease in specific immunofluorescence staining for tubulin and vinculin, which preceded loss of cell viability, as determined by trypan blue staining. In both ischemic and metabolically inhibited cells, decreases of vinculin fluorescence preceded or coincided with increasing osmotic fragility. It is concluded that early cytoskeletal alterations of vinculin in ischemic and anoxic injury correlate with the development of osmotic fragility and irreversible myocyte injury.

No description available.