Diese Diplomarbeit beschäftigt sich mit der Entwicklung von Teststrukturen zur Charakterisierung von Mikrosystemen auf Waferebene. Sie dienen zur Bestimmung von Prozesstoleranzen. Ziel dieser Arbeit ist es, einen Algorithmus zu entwickeln, mit dem Teststrukturen optimiert werden können. Dazu wird ein Ansatz zur Optimierung von Teststrukturen mittels eines Genetischen Algorithmus untersucht. Grundlage für diesen ist eine Bewertung der Strukturen hinsichtlich der Sensitivität gegenüber den Fertigungsparametern und der Messbarkeit der Eigenmoden. Dem Leser wird zuerst ein Einblick in das Themengebiet und in die Verwendung von Teststrukturen gegeben. Es folgen Grundlagen zur Fertigung und Messung von Mikrosystemen, zur Parameteridentifikation, sowie zu Optimierungsalgorithmen. Anschließend wird ein Bewertungs- und Optimierungskonzept, sowie eine Softwareimplementation für die sich aus der Optmierung ergebenden Aufgaben, vorgestellt. Unter anderem eine Eigenmodenerkennung mittels Neuronalem Netz und einer auf der Vandermond’schen Matrix basierende Datenregression. Die Ergebnisse aus der Umsetzung durch ein Testframework werden abschließend erläutert. Es wird gezeigt, dass die Optimierung von Teststrukturen mittels Genetischem Algorithmus möglich ist. Die dargestellte Bewertung liefert für die untersuchten Teststrukturen nachvollziehbare Resultate. Sie ist in der vorliegenden Form allerdings auf Grund zu grober Differenzierung nicht für den Genetischen Algorithmus geeignet. Entsprechende Verbesserungsmöglichkeiten werden gegeben. / This diploma thesis deals with the development of test-structures for the characterization of microsystems on wafer level. Test-structures are used for the determination of geometrical parameters and material properties deviations which are influenced by microsystem fabrication prozesses. The aim of this work is to establish principles for the optimization of the test-structures. A genetic algorithm as an approach for optimization is investigated in detail. The reader will get an insight in the topic and the application of test-structures. Fundamentals of fabrication and measurement methods of microsystems, the parameter identification procedure and algorithms for optimization follow. The procedures and a corresponding software implementation of some applied issues, which are needed for the optimization of test structures, are presented. Among them are neural network algorithms for mode identification and a data regression algorithm, based on Vandermonde Matrix. Results of implemented software algorithms and an outlook conclude this work. It is shown, that the optimization of test-structure using a genetic algorithm is possible. An automated parameter variation procedure and the extraction of important test-structures parameters like sensitivity and mode order are working properly. However, the presented evaluation is not suitable for the genetic algorithm in the presented form. Hence, improvements of evaluation procedure are suggested.

In this Master Job solving problem of don‘t use distributed, realized parallel computing, system for mechatronics tasks in Mechatronic Institute of Klaipeda university. Stated purpose and hypothesis that’s let to embed using of this system, with reference of raised tasks. In job detail analyzing distributed systems action and practical principles. The performing theoretical and experiential research let to accelerate using of these methods.

This study describes the process of performing structural optimization using ANSYS. In the first part, the general concepts in optimization and optimization algorithms for different type of optimization problems are covered. Also finite element method is introduced briefly in this part. In the second part, important definitions in structural optimization are mentioned. Then the optimization methods available in ANSYS are explained with their theories. Necessary steps to perform optimization with ANSYS are described at the end of this part. In the next part, sample problems found from scientific papers are solved using ANSYS and the results are compared. At the end of the study, the results obtained from the example problems are discussed whether they came out as expected or not. Also conclusions are made about solving optimization problems and performing structural optimization with ANSYS.

Thesis (M.S.)--West Virginia University, 2005. / Title from document title page. Document formatted into pages; contains ix, 138 p. : ill. (some col.). Includes abstract. Includes bibliographical references (p. 90-94).

Universiẗat, Diss., 2002--Würzburg.

The transition from inner to outer ballistics is a crucial part for the stability of the projectile. A projectile is mainly stabilized in two ways, with fins or by rotation. This work is limited to analyze a fin stabilized projectile. The launch of the projectile and the deployment of the fins are a quick process, therefore high forces and high temperatures will act the stability of the projectile. Due to these factors, it is hard to quantify experiments to analyze the stability of the projectile. To gain knowledge about how the forces will affect the path of the projectile during the launch and the deployment of its fins Computational Fluid Dynamics (CFD) can be a useful technique. In this work, a 2D methodology have been developed in Ansys Fluent to analyze the launch of a projectile and the deployment of the fins. A RANS model have been used in combination of dynamic mesh in order to handle the movement of the projectile. The projectile accelerates due to a pressure rise which have been initialized by a mass flow and energy curve as a source term. This work indicates that it is possible to predict the flow behavior and the forces influencing the projectile and the deploying fins. This work used a 2D model throughout the simulations and a 3D model is therefore needed to further compare and validate the simulation methodology.

O alumínio primário é obtido através da redução eletroquímica da alumina em cubas Hall-Héroult. Em uma planta, muitas cubas são conectadas em série para formar uma ou mais linhas de redução. As cubas são alimentadas com corrente DC e a energia é transferida de uma a outra através de barramentos de alumínio. Correntes elétricas geram campos magnéticos. O produto vetorial entre os campos elétrico e magnético geram forças de corpo nas fases líquidas, conhecidas como Forças de Lorentz. Estas agem como a fonte de momentum do banho e do metal e também são responsáveis pela deformação da interface entre estas duas fases. O objetivo deste trabalho é desenvolver uma metodologia para a análise eletromagnética de cubas eletrolíticas de redução utilizando os pacotes comerciais ANSYS 9.0 e ALGOR 12.28. Aspectos relevantes do modelo são discutidos, tais como, a modelagem da resistência de contato catódica, do casco de aço e do volume de ar que o envolve. Demonstra-se que o bias da componente vertical do campo magnético sempre aumenta a energia associada a esta componente. A metodologia é validada experimentalmente em fornos reais. / Primary aluminum is obtained by a complex process of electrochemical reduction of alumina in Hall-Héroult cells. In a smelter there are many cells, connected in series to form one or more pot lines. DC current flows from cell to cell in aluminum busbars. Electric currents generate magnetic fields. The combination of the electric current and the magnetic field gives volumetric forces, known as Lorentz or electromagnetic forces. These set the metal and the bath in motion and deform the metal-bath interface. The aim of this work is to develop a methodology for electromagnetic field analysis of aluminum reduction cells using the commercial packages ANSYS 9.0 e ALGOR 12.28. Model’s relevant aspects, such as cathode contact resistance, pot shell and its surrounding air volume are discussed. It is demonstrated that the magnetic field bias always increase the energy associated to the magnetic flux density’s vertical component BZ. The methodology is validated with experiments in real cells.

abstract: Development of renewable energy solutions has become a major interest among environmental organizations and governments around the world due to an increase in energy consumption and global warming. One fast growing renewable energy solution is the application of wind energy in cities. To qualitative and quantitative predict wind turbine performance in urban areas, CFD simulation is performed on real-life urban geometry and wind velocity profiles are evaluated. Two geometries in Arizona is selected in this thesis to demonstrate the influence of building heights; one of the simulation models, ASU campus, is relatively low rise and without significant tall buildings; the other model, the downtown phoenix model, are high-rise and with greater building height difference. The content of this thesis focuses on using RANS computational fluid dynamics approach to simulate wind acceleration phenomenon in two complex geometries, ASU campus and Phoenix downtown model. Additionally, acceleration ratio and locations are predicted, the results are then used to calculate the best location for small wind turbine installments. / Dissertation/Thesis / Masters Thesis Mechanical Engineering 2015

O alumínio primário é obtido através da redução eletroquímica da alumina em cubas Hall-Héroult. Em uma planta, muitas cubas são conectadas em série para formar uma ou mais linhas de redução. As cubas são alimentadas com corrente DC e a energia é transferida de uma a outra através de barramentos de alumínio. Correntes elétricas geram campos magnéticos. O produto vetorial entre os campos elétrico e magnético geram forças de corpo nas fases líquidas, conhecidas como Forças de Lorentz. Estas agem como a fonte de momentum do banho e do metal e também são responsáveis pela deformação da interface entre estas duas fases. O objetivo deste trabalho é desenvolver uma metodologia para a análise eletromagnética de cubas eletrolíticas de redução utilizando os pacotes comerciais ANSYS 9.0 e ALGOR 12.28. Aspectos relevantes do modelo são discutidos, tais como, a modelagem da resistência de contato catódica, do casco de aço e do volume de ar que o envolve. Demonstra-se que o bias da componente vertical do campo magnético sempre aumenta a energia associada a esta componente. A metodologia é validada experimentalmente em fornos reais. / Primary aluminum is obtained by a complex process of electrochemical reduction of alumina in Hall-Héroult cells. In a smelter there are many cells, connected in series to form one or more pot lines. DC current flows from cell to cell in aluminum busbars. Electric currents generate magnetic fields. The combination of the electric current and the magnetic field gives volumetric forces, known as Lorentz or electromagnetic forces. These set the metal and the bath in motion and deform the metal-bath interface. The aim of this work is to develop a methodology for electromagnetic field analysis of aluminum reduction cells using the commercial packages ANSYS 9.0 e ALGOR 12.28. Model’s relevant aspects, such as cathode contact resistance, pot shell and its surrounding air volume are discussed. It is demonstrated that the magnetic field bias always increase the energy associated to the magnetic flux density’s vertical component BZ. The methodology is validated with experiments in real cells.

O alumínio primário é obtido através da redução eletroquímica da alumina em cubas Hall-Héroult. Em uma planta, muitas cubas são conectadas em série para formar uma ou mais linhas de redução. As cubas são alimentadas com corrente DC e a energia é transferida de uma a outra através de barramentos de alumínio. Correntes elétricas geram campos magnéticos. O produto vetorial entre os campos elétrico e magnético geram forças de corpo nas fases líquidas, conhecidas como Forças de Lorentz. Estas agem como a fonte de momentum do banho e do metal e também são responsáveis pela deformação da interface entre estas duas fases. O objetivo deste trabalho é desenvolver uma metodologia para a análise eletromagnética de cubas eletrolíticas de redução utilizando os pacotes comerciais ANSYS 9.0 e ALGOR 12.28. Aspectos relevantes do modelo são discutidos, tais como, a modelagem da resistência de contato catódica, do casco de aço e do volume de ar que o envolve. Demonstra-se que o bias da componente vertical do campo magnético sempre aumenta a energia associada a esta componente. A metodologia é validada experimentalmente em fornos reais. / Primary aluminum is obtained by a complex process of electrochemical reduction of alumina in Hall-Héroult cells. In a smelter there are many cells, connected in series to form one or more pot lines. DC current flows from cell to cell in aluminum busbars. Electric currents generate magnetic fields. The combination of the electric current and the magnetic field gives volumetric forces, known as Lorentz or electromagnetic forces. These set the metal and the bath in motion and deform the metal-bath interface. The aim of this work is to develop a methodology for electromagnetic field analysis of aluminum reduction cells using the commercial packages ANSYS 9.0 e ALGOR 12.28. Model’s relevant aspects, such as cathode contact resistance, pot shell and its surrounding air volume are discussed. It is demonstrated that the magnetic field bias always increase the energy associated to the magnetic flux density’s vertical component BZ. The methodology is validated with experiments in real cells.