Yes / Purpose: To determine whether human ocular lens position is influenced by gravity. Methods: Anterior chamber depth and lens thickness were determined with a Haag-Streit Lenstar LS900 for right eyes of participants in two age groups, with a young group of 13 participants aged 18 to 21 years (mean 21 years, SD 1 year) and an older group of 10 participants aged 50 to 63 years (58 years, 4 years). There were two sessions for each participant separated by at least 48 hours, with one session for the usual upright head position and one session for a downwards head position. In a session, testing was done for minimum accommodation followed by testing at maximum accommodation. A drop of 2% pilocarpine nitrate was instilled, and testing was repeated after 30 minutes under minimum and maximum accommodation conditions. Results: Gravity, manipulated through head posture, affected anterior chamber depth for both young adult and older adult groups but mean effects were only small, ranging from 0.04 to 0.12mm, and for the older group required the instillation of an accommodation-stimulating drug. Gravity had a weakly significant effect on lens thickness for the young group without accommodation or a drug, but the effect was small at 0.04±0.06mm (mean±SD, p = 0.04). Conclusion: There is a small but real effect of gravity on crystalline lens position, manifested as reduction in anterior chamber depth at high levels of accommodative effort with the head in a downwards position. This provides evidence of the ability of zonules to slacken during strong accommodation.

OBJECTIVE: Ocular function is fundamental for environmental adaptation and survival capacity. Growth factors are necessary for a mature eyeball, needed for adequate vision. However, the consequences of the deficiency of circulating growth hormone (GH) and its effector insulin-like growth factor I (IGF-I) on the physical aspects of the human eye are still debated. A model of untreated isolated GH deficiency (IGHD), with low but measurable serum GH, may clarify this issue. The aim of this study was to assess the ocular aspects of adult IGHD individuals who have never received GH therapy. DESIGN: Cross sectional study. METHODS: Setting University Hospital, Federal University of Sergipe, Brazil. Patients: Twenty-five adult (13 males, mean age 50.1 years, range 26 to 70 years old) IGHD subjects homozygous for a null mutation (c.57+1G>A) in the GHRH receptor gene, and 28 (15 males, mean age 51.1 years, range 26 to 67 years old) controls were submitted to an endocrine and ophthalmological assessment. Forty-six IGHD and 50 control eyes were studied. Main outcome measures: Visual acuity, intraocular pressure (IOP), refraction (spherical equivalent), ocular axial length (AL), anterior chamber depth (ACD),lens thickness (LT), vitreous depth (VD), mean corneal curvature (CC) and central corneal thickness (CCT). RESULTS: IGHD subjects exhibited unmeasurable serum IGF-I levels, similar visual acuity, intraocular pressure and LT, higher values of spherical equivalent and CC, and lower measures of AL, ACD, VD and CCT in comparison to controls, but within their respective normal ranges. While mean stature in IGHD group was 78 % of the control group, mean head circumference was 92 % and axial AL was 96 %. CONCLUSIONS: These observations suggest mild ocular effects in adult subjects with severe IGF-I deficiency due to non-treated IGHD. / OBJETIVO: A função ocular é fundamental para a adaptação ambiental e a capacidade de sobrevivência. Fatores de crescimento são julgados necessáriospara alcançar um globo ocular maduro, e conseqüente visão adequada. No entanto, as consequências da deficiência isoladadohormônio de crescimento circulante (GH) edo seu efetor, o fator de crescimento semelhante à insulina I (IGF-I) nos aspectos físicos do olho humano ainda são debatidas. Um modelo de deficiência isolada de GH não tratada (DIGH) pode esclarecer esta questão. O objetivo deste estudo foi avaliar os aspectos físicos do globo ocular de indivíduos adultos com DIGH que nunca receberam terapia com GH. DESENHO: Estudo transversal. MÉTODOS: Ambiente: Hospital Universitário, Universidade Federal de Sergipe, Brasil. Pacientes: 25 indivíduosadultos (13 homens,com média de idade de 50,1 anos, entre 26 e 70 anos), com DIGH homozigotos para uma mutação nula (c.57 + 1G> A) no gene do receptorGHRH do grupo DIGH e 28 controles (15 homens, com média de idade de 51,1 anos, entre 26 e 67 anos), pareados, foram submetidos à avaliação endócrina e oftalmológica. Principais medidas: acuidade visual(AV), pressão intraocular(PIO),refração (equivalente esférico, EE), comprimento axial ocular (CA), profundidade da câmara anterior(PCA), medida da espessura do cristalino(EC), profundidade do vítreo(PV), curvatura corneana média(CCM) e espessura central corneana(ECC). RESULTADOS:Indivíduos com DIGH apresentaram IGF-I sérico não mensurável, similarAV, PIO e EC, valores mais altos doEEe CCM, e menores valores do CA, PCA, PV e ECC em comparação com os controles, mas dentro das respectivas faixas normais. Enquanto a estaturamédia no grupo DIGH foi de 78% do grupo de controle, a média da circunferência da cabeça foi de 92% e a média docomprimento axial foi de 96%. CONCLUSÃO: Essas observações sugerem efeitos oculares discretosem indivíduos adultos com grave deficiência de IGF-I devido à DIGH não tratada.

OBJECTIVE: Ocular function is fundamental for environmental adaptation and survival capacity. Growth factors are necessary for a mature eyeball, needed for adequate vision. However, the consequences of the deficiency of circulating growth hormone (GH) and its effector insulin-like growth factor I (IGF-I) on the physical aspects of the human eye are still debated. A model of untreated isolated GH deficiency (IGHD), with low but measurable serum GH, may clarify this issue. The aim of this study was to assess the ocular aspects of adult IGHD individuals who have never received GH therapy. DESIGN: Cross sectional study. METHODS: Setting University Hospital, Federal University of Sergipe, Brazil. Patients: Twenty-five adult (13 males, mean age 50.1 years, range 26 to 70 years old) IGHD subjects homozygous for a null mutation (c.57+1G>A) in the GHRH receptor gene, and 28 (15 males, mean age 51.1 years, range 26 to 67 years old) controls were submitted to an endocrine and ophthalmological assessment. Forty-six IGHD and 50 control eyes were studied. Main outcome measures: Visual acuity, intraocular pressure (IOP), refraction (spherical equivalent), ocular axial length (AL), anterior chamber depth (ACD),lens thickness (LT), vitreous depth (VD), mean corneal curvature (CC) and central corneal thickness (CCT). RESULTS: IGHD subjects exhibited unmeasurable serum IGF-I levels, similar visual acuity, intraocular pressure and LT, higher values of spherical equivalent and CC, and lower measures of AL, ACD, VD and CCT in comparison to controls, but within their respective normal ranges. While mean stature in IGHD group was 78 % of the control group, mean head circumference was 92 % and axial AL was 96 %. CONCLUSIONS: These observations suggest mild ocular effects in adult subjects with severe IGF-I deficiency due to non-treated IGHD. / OBJETIVO: A função ocular é fundamental para a adaptação ambiental e a capacidade de sobrevivência. Fatores de crescimento são julgados necessáriospara alcançar um globo ocular maduro, e conseqüente visão adequada. No entanto, as consequências da deficiência isoladadohormônio de crescimento circulante (GH) edo seu efetor, o fator de crescimento semelhante à insulina I (IGF-I) nos aspectos físicos do olho humano ainda são debatidas. Um modelo de deficiência isolada de GH não tratada (DIGH) pode esclarecer esta questão. O objetivo deste estudo foi avaliar os aspectos físicos do globo ocular de indivíduos adultos com DIGH que nunca receberam terapia com GH. DESENHO: Estudo transversal. MÉTODOS: Ambiente: Hospital Universitário, Universidade Federal de Sergipe, Brasil. Pacientes: 25 indivíduosadultos (13 homens,com média de idade de 50,1 anos, entre 26 e 70 anos), com DIGH homozigotos para uma mutação nula (c.57 + 1G> A) no gene do receptorGHRH do grupo DIGH e 28 controles (15 homens, com média de idade de 51,1 anos, entre 26 e 67 anos), pareados, foram submetidos à avaliação endócrina e oftalmológica. Principais medidas: acuidade visual(AV), pressão intraocular(PIO),refração (equivalente esférico, EE), comprimento axial ocular (CA), profundidade da câmara anterior(PCA), medida da espessura do cristalino(EC), profundidade do vítreo(PV), curvatura corneana média(CCM) e espessura central corneana(ECC). RESULTADOS:Indivíduos com DIGH apresentaram IGF-I sérico não mensurável, similarAV, PIO e EC, valores mais altos doEEe CCM, e menores valores do CA, PCA, PV e ECC em comparação com os controles, mas dentro das respectivas faixas normais. Enquanto a estaturamédia no grupo DIGH foi de 78% do grupo de controle, a média da circunferência da cabeça foi de 92% e a média docomprimento axial foi de 96%. CONCLUSÃO: Essas observações sugerem efeitos oculares discretosem indivíduos adultos com grave deficiência de IGF-I devido à DIGH não tratada.