Over nine million children 6-17 years old are overweight in the United States. They may face the highest risk ever for overweight, obesity, and associated health problems as adults. This study’s purpose was to evaluate adiposity measurement methods in children by comparing accuracy, cost effectiveness, ease of use, and practicality. IRB approval, parental consent and student assent were obtained. Data were collected by trained employees at six elementary schools on 789 subjects for boys (n= 391) and girls (n=398) 5-11 years old African American children. Hip and waist circumferences, height, and weight were collected. BMI, Waist to Hip Ratio (WHR), and Waist to Height Ratio (WHTR) were calculated. Upon analysis, weight and hip circumference were correlated (r = .94135) and waist circumference was correlated to BMI (r = .92396). The measures of adiposity were highly correlated indicating that a variety of anthropometric measurements can be used for measuring children.

The overall objective of this thesis is to compare and contrast alternative measures of wellbeing in New Zealand during the 19th -early 20th centuries from a spatial perspective by collecting, collating and analyzing new economic, social and anthropometric data. Provincial data was collected from the Statistics New Zealand Annual Reports and New Zealand Census. Anthropometric data was derived from the personnel records of New Zealanders serving in WWI, which only became available to the public in 2005. Time-series tests for convergence and causality have been applied to analyze New Zealand’s economic history, where appropriate. The last quarter of the 19th century in New Zealand was a period of rapid change both in terms of economic and demographic indicators. Prior to the universal convergence of the existing monetary-based measures of wellbeing across Provinces, there were some apparent disparities in the commodity price and real wage series, as well as urban-rural differences in occupation-specific real wages and infant mortality trends. There was also no single pattern of stature decline across provinces during 1871-1898, or between urban and rural areas, where disparities were particularly apparent. The traditional view of the healthy and wealthy New Zealand could only be established at an aggregate level, during a certain time period and for a certain ethnic group (New Zealand European only). Using Provincial data for the period 1874-1919 I have been able to show that improvements in real wages and a decrease in education inequality (between females and males) corresponded to lower infant deaths and thus better health outcomes, while increased dwelling density created unfavorable conditions for infants’ chances of survival. Anthropometric data was used in conjunction with socio-economic provincial data to establish the relationship between stature, urbanization, real wages and infant mortality. The results showed that dwelling density (overcrowding) and general economic conditions were both important in determining stature outcomes during 1870-1900, while the effect of infant mortality on stature was negligible. Most importantly, it has been demonstrated that in New Zealand stature represents a much more robust measure of living standards than real wages or health indicators on their own, at least during the 1870-1900 period.

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Pasauliniu mastu suaugusių bei vaikų nutukimas jau įvardintas kaip epidemija. Todėl reikia ieškoti priežastinių ryšių tarp atskirų rodiklių ir veiksnių įtakojančių šiuos rodiklius. Darbo tikslas. Palyginti Vilniaus ir Kauno apskričių pirmokų antropometrinius rodiklius bei nustatyti jų sąsajas su tėvų antropometriniais rodikliais. Tyrimo metodika. Tyrimo objektas – Kauno ir Vilniaus apskrities pirmų klasių mokiniai. Tyrimo metodika – pirmokų antropometrinių rodiklių (ūgio, svorio, juosmens ir klubų apimčių) tyrimas, naudojant PSO patvirtintus, standartizuotus metodus. Anketinė tėvų apklausa. Statistinė duomenų analizė naudojant SPSS 14.0 bei MS Excel. Rezultatai. Nustatytas vidutinis 7 ir 8 metų berniukų ir mergaičių ūgis, svoris. Vertinant abiejų lyčių ūgio vidurkius, bei juos lyginant su 20 metų amžiaus tarpsnio vidurkiais matoma pirmokų ūgio didėjimo tendencija. Vertinant pagal IOTF standartus 17,8 proc., pirmokų turėjo antsvorį arba nutukimą. Skirtumai tarp Vilniaus ir Kauno apskričių pirmokų antropometrinių rodiklių buvo nereikšmingi. Nustatyti koreliaciniai ryšiai tarp tėvų ir vaikų antropometrinių rodiklių svyravo nuo 0,35 iki 0,15. Buvo nustatyta, kad didelis naujagimio svoris 1,8 karto didina nutukimo riziką lyginant su normalaus ir mažo gimimo svorio vaikais. Sąsajos tarp natūralaus maitinimo ir padidėjusios KMI buvo nereikšmingos. Išvados. Pirmokų antropometriniai rodikliai skiriasi priklausomai nuo amžiaus grupės ir lyties. Kauno ir Vilniaus apskrityse skirtumai... [toliau žr. visą tekstą] / Obesity of children and adults takes epidemic status. There are need to find causative factors between anthropometric measures and negative outcomes of health (gained BMI). Aim of the study. To compare anthropometric measures of the first grade students in Vilnius and Kaunas counties and to asses links with anthropometric measures of parents. Methods. The object of the study – first grade students of Kaunas and Vilnius counties. Children were weighed and measured and circumferences of waist and hip were measured, too by trained stuff using standardised equipment. Parents completed questionnaire. The main statistical criteria used in the data analysis were: Chi Square (2), Mann-Whitney U, One way ANOVA, post hoc (Bonferoni criteria) tests, and Spearman’s correlation coefficient. Results. There were estimated averages of height and weight of 7 and 8 years old boys and girls. The height averages between boys and girls were significantly different. Obesity and overweight (defined using IOTF cut-off's) prevalence was 17.8 %. The differences of anthropometric measures between Vilnius and Kaunas were not found. Parent–child correlations for height were stronger between fathers than mothers. Odds ratio of obesity/overweight risk was two fold higher in “big” (>4132 g) birth weight in comparison with normal and small birth weight. Conclusions. Anthropometric measures of first grade students varied subject to group of age and sex. There were no statistically significant differences... [to full text]

The purpose of the investigation was to determine the interrelationships of strength, speed, power and anthropometric measures in women. Sixty females ranging in ages from 18 to 25 volunteered as subjects. Subjects were measured for strength on the bench press, leg extension and leg curl, power vertical jump, speed--a 40 yard dash, body weight (BW) and fat weight (FW) using a scale and skinfold tests. The correlations for strength and power (.35 to .53), strength and speed (-.37 to -.56) and speed and power (-.45) were significant (p < .01). Partial correlations with (BW) and (FW) held constant were also significant, but were not significantly greater than their zero-order correlations.

O presente trabalho traz uma abordagem de Educação Estatística a partir de uma prática de ensino com alunos do segundo ano do Ensino Médio, realizada em 2014. A pesquisa foi realizada em uma escola da cidade de Taquara, no Rio Grande do Sul. O propósito do desenvolvimento e aplicação da sequência didática foi elucidar respostas sobre quais contribuições uma abordagem de Educação Estatística, de forma interdisciplinar, pode trazer a este nível de ensino. Para isto, os alunos participaram de todas as fases do trabalho estatístico (coleta, organização, tratamento, representação e análise). A interdisciplinaridade aconteceu com a disciplina de Educação Física, no aspecto referente às medidas antropométricas visando à manutenção da saúde. Como referenciais teóricos foram utilizadas as teorias das situações didáticas de Brousseau e a Transposição Didática de Chevallard. A metodologia usada para análise foi o estudo de caso. Os resultados obtidos mostraram que uma abordagem de Educação Estatística traz aos alunos mais significado no estudo da Estatística. Estes ganhos aconteceram nos aspectos ligados à literacia estatística, raciocínio e pensar estatístico, contribuindo para a construção de cidadãos críticos e atuantes na sociedade. Também foi percebido o desenvolvimento de autonomia, prazer ao aprender e cooperação no desenvolvimento das atividades. / The present work brings a Statistical Education approach based on a teaching practice with second year high school students, held in 2014. The research was carried out at a school in the city of Taquara, Rio Grande do Sul. The purpose of development and application of the didactic sequence, was to elucidate answers on which contributions a Statistical Education approach, in an interdisciplinary way, can bring to this level of education. For this, students participated in all phases of statistical work (collection, organization, treatment, representation and analysis). The interdisciplinarity happened with the discipline of Physical Education, in the aspect referring to the anthropometric measures aiming at the maintenance of health. As theoretical references were used the theories of Brousseau's didactic situation and Chevallard's Didactic Transposition. The methodology used for analysis was the case study. The results showed that a Statistical Education approach brings to students more meaning in the study of Statistics. These gains occurred in the aspects related to statistical literacy, reasoning and statistical thinking, contributing to the construction of critical and active citizens in society. It was also noticed the development of autonomy, pleasure in learning and cooperation in the development of activities.

O presente trabalho traz uma abordagem de Educação Estatística a partir de uma prática de ensino com alunos do segundo ano do Ensino Médio, realizada em 2014. A pesquisa foi realizada em uma escola da cidade de Taquara, no Rio Grande do Sul. O propósito do desenvolvimento e aplicação da sequência didática foi elucidar respostas sobre quais contribuições uma abordagem de Educação Estatística, de forma interdisciplinar, pode trazer a este nível de ensino. Para isto, os alunos participaram de todas as fases do trabalho estatístico (coleta, organização, tratamento, representação e análise). A interdisciplinaridade aconteceu com a disciplina de Educação Física, no aspecto referente às medidas antropométricas visando à manutenção da saúde. Como referenciais teóricos foram utilizadas as teorias das situações didáticas de Brousseau e a Transposição Didática de Chevallard. A metodologia usada para análise foi o estudo de caso. Os resultados obtidos mostraram que uma abordagem de Educação Estatística traz aos alunos mais significado no estudo da Estatística. Estes ganhos aconteceram nos aspectos ligados à literacia estatística, raciocínio e pensar estatístico, contribuindo para a construção de cidadãos críticos e atuantes na sociedade. Também foi percebido o desenvolvimento de autonomia, prazer ao aprender e cooperação no desenvolvimento das atividades. / The present work brings a Statistical Education approach based on a teaching practice with second year high school students, held in 2014. The research was carried out at a school in the city of Taquara, Rio Grande do Sul. The purpose of development and application of the didactic sequence, was to elucidate answers on which contributions a Statistical Education approach, in an interdisciplinary way, can bring to this level of education. For this, students participated in all phases of statistical work (collection, organization, treatment, representation and analysis). The interdisciplinarity happened with the discipline of Physical Education, in the aspect referring to the anthropometric measures aiming at the maintenance of health. As theoretical references were used the theories of Brousseau's didactic situation and Chevallard's Didactic Transposition. The methodology used for analysis was the case study. The results showed that a Statistical Education approach brings to students more meaning in the study of Statistics. These gains occurred in the aspects related to statistical literacy, reasoning and statistical thinking, contributing to the construction of critical and active citizens in society. It was also noticed the development of autonomy, pleasure in learning and cooperation in the development of activities.

O presente trabalho traz uma abordagem de Educação Estatística a partir de uma prática de ensino com alunos do segundo ano do Ensino Médio, realizada em 2014. A pesquisa foi realizada em uma escola da cidade de Taquara, no Rio Grande do Sul. O propósito do desenvolvimento e aplicação da sequência didática foi elucidar respostas sobre quais contribuições uma abordagem de Educação Estatística, de forma interdisciplinar, pode trazer a este nível de ensino. Para isto, os alunos participaram de todas as fases do trabalho estatístico (coleta, organização, tratamento, representação e análise). A interdisciplinaridade aconteceu com a disciplina de Educação Física, no aspecto referente às medidas antropométricas visando à manutenção da saúde. Como referenciais teóricos foram utilizadas as teorias das situações didáticas de Brousseau e a Transposição Didática de Chevallard. A metodologia usada para análise foi o estudo de caso. Os resultados obtidos mostraram que uma abordagem de Educação Estatística traz aos alunos mais significado no estudo da Estatística. Estes ganhos aconteceram nos aspectos ligados à literacia estatística, raciocínio e pensar estatístico, contribuindo para a construção de cidadãos críticos e atuantes na sociedade. Também foi percebido o desenvolvimento de autonomia, prazer ao aprender e cooperação no desenvolvimento das atividades. / The present work brings a Statistical Education approach based on a teaching practice with second year high school students, held in 2014. The research was carried out at a school in the city of Taquara, Rio Grande do Sul. The purpose of development and application of the didactic sequence, was to elucidate answers on which contributions a Statistical Education approach, in an interdisciplinary way, can bring to this level of education. For this, students participated in all phases of statistical work (collection, organization, treatment, representation and analysis). The interdisciplinarity happened with the discipline of Physical Education, in the aspect referring to the anthropometric measures aiming at the maintenance of health. As theoretical references were used the theories of Brousseau's didactic situation and Chevallard's Didactic Transposition. The methodology used for analysis was the case study. The results showed that a Statistical Education approach brings to students more meaning in the study of Statistics. These gains occurred in the aspects related to statistical literacy, reasoning and statistical thinking, contributing to the construction of critical and active citizens in society. It was also noticed the development of autonomy, pleasure in learning and cooperation in the development of activities.

<p>U cilju utvrđivanja efekata procene specifičnog programa vežbanjana motoričke sposobnosti i antropometrijske karakteristike dece pred&scaron;kolskog uzrasta, primenjene subaterija od 7 motoričkih testova i osam antropometrijskih mera. Istraživanje je sprovedeno na uzorku od 191pred&scaron;kolca (90 u eksperimentalnim i 101 u kontrolnim grupama), uzrasta od 4 do 5 godina. Oni su bili ispitanici u tri projekta koje je realizovao Fakultet sporta i fizičkog vaspitanja Novi Sad, u periodu od deset godina. Dobijeni podaci su analizirani multivarijacionom analizom kovarijanse (MANCOVA). Moglo se zaključiti da je primena eksperimentalnog programa vežbanja dovela do značajnog pobolj&scaron;anja pojedinih motoričkih sposobnosti eksperimentalnih grupa u odnosu na kontrolne grupe. U prostoru antropometrije nije pokazana statistički značajna razlika između grupa u posmatrane tri vremenske tačke u periodu od deset godina. Ova doktorska disertacija je pokazala na pozitivne efekte na transformaciju pojedinih dimenzija antropolo&scaron;kog statusa u različitim vremenskim tačkama i sa različitim generacijama dece, bez obzira na socio-ekonomskog statusa nivo fizičke aktivnosti dece. U osnovi, praktična vrednost ovog rada je analizirani model kineziolo&scaron;kih aktivnosti, koji se može primeniti u svim klubovima i &scaron;kolama koje rade sa decom pred&scaron;kolskog i ranog &scaron;kolskog uzrasta.</p> / <p>In order to determine the evaluation effects of specific exercise program on motor abilities and anthropometric characteristicsof preschool children, a battery of 7 motor tests and eightanthropometric measures were applied.The current study was conducted on a sample of 191preschoolers (90 in the experimental and 101 in the control groups), aged 4 to 5 five. They were the respondents in three projects implemented by the Faculty of Sport and Physical Education Novi Sad, in the tenyear period. The obtained data were analyzed by multivariate analysis of covariance (MANCOVA). It can be concluded that the application of experimental and control models of exercise resulted in substantial improvement of certain motor skills in the experimental group compared to the control group. In the space of anthropometry it was not statistically significant difference between groups in the observed three time points in the ten-year period.This doctoral thesis revealed that positive effects of the transformation of certain dimensions&nbsp; anthropological statusat different time points and with different generations of children, regardless of socioeconomic status, level of physical activity of children. In fact, the practical value of this work is to analyze the model of kinetic activities, which as such can be applied to all clubs and schools that work with children of preschool and early school age.</p>

The problem of this study is that of comparing certain physical fitness and anthropometric measures for early adolescent Mexican-American and Anglo-American males. The purposes of the study are to determine if Mexican-American and Anglo-American males differ in physical fitness or anthropometric measures; to determine if the relationships between age and physical fitness, age and arthropometric measures, and anthropometric measures and physical fitness items are significantly different for Mexican-American and Anglo-American males; to compare the rate of maturation for pre-adolescent Mexican-American and Anglo-American males in physical fitness items and anthropometric measures.