The world of sport has recently been inundated by stories of doping. These reports are not limited to a select few individuals or sports, but seemingly are spread across sports. At first, it was mostly members of the sports community voicing their discontent, but soon actors outside of the sports community, such as government committees, became interested. Anti-doping policies were created to reduce doping; however, these policies were created independently of government and vary in effectiveness. The most visible variances are between professional and amateur sports. Accordingly, this paper investigates why there is variation between professional and amateur anti-doping policies. This investigation is done in a qualitative fashion and employs the Most Similar System of Design (a comparative method) to identify that factors result in the differences. The paper also contributes to the field by creating and organizing the ethics of doping. Furthermore, it compares the various existing approaches to anti-doping policy by analysing the anti-doping policies of the PGA, IOC, WADA, and the MLB. Subsequently, the paper identifies seven obstacles facing anti-doping regulators and identifies new policy tools that could aid anti-doping policies. Finally, it closes with policy recommendations for the future. This paper is comprehensive: it introduces the topic of anti-doping, the subsequent definitions, explains the ethical considerations, answers why there is variation between professional and amateur anti-doping policies, and provides policy recommendations.

Zugl.: Innsbruck, Universiẗat, Dipl.-Arb., 2005.

Title: Russian Sport Management Anti-doping Practice Objectives: I would like to point up how is practical antidoping working in Russia in sport. Sanction which were imposition to Russia in sports world and approach Russia sports mentality. I the end found out public opinions about this problem. Methods: Document analysis, internet questionair, interview. Results: I am combinating results from my work with explanation how is antidoping politics working in Russia and on the world. The results containing Russia sanctions and opinions of respondents to doping problemations. Keywords: Sport, Doping, Anti-doping Convention, Sports legislation, IOC.

Exercise Induced Bronchoconstriction (EIB) is common amongst elite athletes. Short-acting β2-agonists represent the first-line treatment of EIB, however; limited data currently exists examining the ergogenic and pharmacokinetic impact of chronic short-acting β2-agonist administration. Furthermore, the ergogenic impact of acute and chronic administration of short-acting β2-agonists in asthmatic individuals is unknown. Whilst the short-acting β2-agonist salbutamol is permitted in and out of competition due to a known pharmacokinetic response, no urinary threshold has been established for the use of the alternative short-acting β2-agonist terbutaline. The purpose of study 1 was to investigate the ergogenic potential of the WADA upper daily limit of 1600 μg·day-1 salbutamol every day for 6 weeks versus placebo, alongside combined resistance and endurance training. Findings highlighted improvements in; 1 repetition maximum (1RM) bench press (Baseline: 65.6 ± 5.4 kg vs. 64.3 ± 4.9 kg – 6 weeks: 70.3 ± 4.9 vs. 72.5 ± 5.4 kg) and leg press (Baseline: 250 ± 26.9 vs. 217.9 ± 19 kg – 6 weeks: 282.5 ± 22.5 vs. 282.8 ± 18.3 kg); vertical jump test (Baseline: 53.5 ± 4.1 vs. 50.4 ± 2.1 cm – 6 weeks: 55 ± 3.5 vs. 52.4 ± 1.7 cm); 3 km running time-trial performance (Baseline: 988.7 ± 68.7 vs. 1040.5 ± 66.3 s – 6 weeks: 947.5 ± 54.9 vs. 1004.3 ± 70.5 s); isokinetic dynamometry (Baseline: 196.1 ± 47.3 vs. 184.6 ± 35.0 n.m. – 6 weeks: 179.5 ± 48.9 vs. 195.2 ± 28.9 n.m.); and body composition (Baseline: 32.1 ± 13.9 vs. 34.9 ± 10.4 mm – 6 weeks: 32.4 ± 14.5 vs. 34.5 ± 10 mm) for both the salbutamol group and the placebo group, respectively, over the 6 week period, with no difference observed between groups, indicating long-term therapeutic use of salbutamol at the WADA upper daily limit has no ergogenic effect. Of note, one participant exceeded the urinary threshold, presenting with an adverse 3 | P a g e analytical finding (AAF) showing that the upper daily limit can lead to AAF’s in susceptible individuals. Athletes who respond poorly to salbutamol treatment are able to apply for the use of the short-acting β2-agonist terbutaline via a therapeutic use exemption (TUE) certificate. Urinary upper limits are unknown for terbutaline and as such it is prohibited at all times without the presentation of a TUE. The purpose of study 2 was to investigate the urinary excretion of terbutaline following single and repeated use of inhaled or oral terbutaline. The aim of the study was to establish a differential distinction between routes of administration which could assist the WADA with regard to anti-doping policy and procedure. Results demonstrated a significant difference in urine concentration of terbutaline between inhaled and oral administration for female Caucasian (670.1 ± 128.3 vs. 361.8 ± 43.8 ng·ml-1; P=0.019; 680.8 ± 91 vs. 369.9 ± 41.9 ng·ml-1; P=0.006), male Afro-Caribbean (343.18 ± 45 vs. 231.3 ± 32.95 ng·ml-1; P=0.044; 389.73 ± 67.4 vs. 212.4 ± 50.3 ng·ml-1; P=0.008) and male Asian (266.4 ± 23.7 vs. 143.3 ± 22 ng·ml-1; P=0.004; 379.5 ± 50.4 vs. 197.5 ± 38.6 ng·ml-1; P=0.000) groups for single (5 mg oral vs. 2 mg inhaled) and repeated (4 x 5 mg oral vs. 8 x 1 mg inhaled) administration trials, respectively. No difference was observed in male Caucasians. High intra- and inter-individual variability between samples meant that a clear distinction between routes of administration could not be established. The study was able to identify an upper urinary threshold following inhaled administration of 1284.3 ng·ml-1 and an upper urinary threshold following oral use of 2376.3 ng·ml-1 which may inform the process of distinguishing between inhaled and oral use. Athletes are permitted to use inhaled terbutaline therapeutically through the TUE process. The purpose of study 3 was to investigate the ergogenic effect of terbutaline at high (2 mg and 4 mg) therapeutic inhaled doses on 3 km running time-trial performance in males and females. The 4 | P a g e study found that inhaled terbutaline, when used at the highest therapeutic dose, has no impact upon 3 km time-trial performance in males (956.3 s vs. 982 s) and females (1249 s vs. 1214.7 s) for placebo vs. 4 mg inhaled terbutaline, respectively. The majority of studies investigating the ergogenic potential of salbutamol have been in healthy individuals. It is not yet understood whether the exercise response differs in asthmatic individuals. The purpose of study 4 was to investigate the use of inhaled salbutamol (400 μg) during a 3 km running time-trial in eucapnic voluntary hyperpnoea positive (EVH+ve) and negative (EVH-ve) individuals, in a low humidity environment. Results demonstrated increased FEV1 in both groups following salbutamol inhalation, which did not translate to improved performance. No performance differences were found between salbutamol and placebo (Sal: 1012.7 ± 50 vs. 962.1 ± 37.5 s – Pla: 1002.4 ± 46.5 vs. 962 ± 28.8 s) in the EVH+ve group vs. the EVH-ve group, respectively. This thesis is the first to investigate the effects of long-term use of salbutamol at the WADA upper daily limit on exercise performance. It is also the first study to establish upper urinary thresholds for terbutaline use, and the effects of therapeutic inhaled terbutaline on exercise performance. The effect of salbutamol on exercise performance at low humidity in asthmatic individuals has also never previously been investigated. Overall, the findings from this thesis support previous research that inhaled β2-agonist use does not provide any ergogenic potential. With β2-agonists being an essential therapy for the treatment of EIB their current position on the WADA List of Prohibited Substances and Methods is appropriate. Further research is warranted to fully elucidate the upper urinary threshold for terbutaline to inform WADA and support the re-introduction of terbutaline as a therapeutic tool in the treatment of EIB in athletes.

As doping has tremendous negative consequences for athletes and the integrity of sports, the need for effective prevention programs is obvious. Primary prevention through education at an early age is key; however, educating young athletes about doping-related knowledge is deemed to be not sufficiently effective to minimize doping. An alternative educational approach which focuses on values, emotions and morality seems promising and is encouraged by the World Anti-Doping Agency. Hence, this PhD project aimed to promote the field of values-based doping prevention within the German speaking countries. To this end, empirical evidence on psychosocial variables related to doping was used a) to establish a number of validated German instruments to appropriately measure these variables, b) to provide further support for the nomological network of these variables, and c) to inform the development of a values-based doping prevention program which was then implemented in German and Austrian elite youth sport and evaluated regarding its effectiveness. In conclusion, this work contributes valid and reliable measurement instruments, gives further insights concerning the role of moral variables in regard to doping, and delivers comprehensive and evaluated material for values-based education that can be practically applied and complement traditional information-based approaches.

Mass spectrometry is a commonly used technique in the modern sports anti-doping laboratory. Characteristic product ions observed in tandem mass spectrometry (MS/MS) can be used to identify prohibited substances. However, with continuous introduction of novel uncharacterized drugs, there is a need to increase the selectivity and coverage identification of mass spectrometry and non-mass spectrometry-based methods. The use of separations methods, (e.g., chromatography) is another means to identify substances using retention times, providing an additional dimension of analysis. Broadly, this work examines mass spectrometry of small molecules, with a focus on pharmaceuticals of sports anti-doping relevance. To gain a deeper understanding of characteristic product ions and their dissociation pathways, multi-stage mass spectrometry (MSn) and energy-resolved collision induced dissociation (E-resolved CID) were used. Using these methods, two classes of pharmaceuticals were studied: beta-2 agonists and beta blockers. Sequential versus competitive pathways were elucidated for four beta-2 agonists: isoetharine, salbutamol, formoterol, and salmeterol. Water loss is a common dissociation mechanism, with multiple water losses observed where structurally possible. A similar methodology was used for further investigation of the dissociation chemistry of five beta blockers (labetalol, bisoprolol, carteolol, acebutolol, and atenolol). Insights into the nature of the neutral losses and structures of product ions characteristic to the class are highlighted. Isomers that share product ions pose a special challenge, where differentiation is not possible using single collision energy CID-MS. Three sets of isomers with similar MS/MS patterns (leucine and tert¬-leucine, quinoline and isoquinoline, and para-, ortho-, and meta-aminobenzoic acid) were analyzed by E-resolved CID to investigate the analytical utility of this approach for isomer differentiation. Unique “fingerprints” were found among each set of isomers and additional analytical considerations were also investigated. Finally, separation of enantiomers is another special challenge, as MS techniques are “chirality blind”. Ion mobility spectrometry (IMS), a gas-phase separation technique, has been reported to show separation of enantiomers with the aid of drift gas modifiers (DGMs). Chiral butanol was used as a DGM to aid the IMS analysis of salbutamol enantiomers. These efforts were ultimately unsuccessful, which is in line with current literature.

Title: Development of doping and its prohibition in modern Olympism. Objectives: The main goal of the thesis is to present issues of doping. Partial goal is to outline the development of the modern Olympic Movement and to identify the principal points in the development of doping ban, which resulted in the current form of the anti-doping movement. Methods: This is a theoretical thesis. The scientific methods of historical research and document analysis were used to achieve the targets. Results: New substances and methods, that can improve athletic performance, are constantly discovered. However in case of excessive use, these substances can harm human body. Therefore it is necessary to guard their abuse. Unfortunately the biggest breakthroughs in doping prohibition came after athlete's deaths (caused by doping). International Olympic Committee played a fundamental role in the process of doping ban. IOC initiated establish of the World Anti-Doping Agency in 1999. WADA currently provides a really efficient fight against doping in sport. Keywords: Doping, prohibited substances, anti-doping policy, Olympic Movement, IOC, WADA.

This diploma thesis aims to describe and examine the legal framework of the anti-doping system, which is a phenomenon of top-level sport, i.e. the rules controlling institutions, legal rules, arbitration procedure etc. At the beginning of the thesis, the author would like to describe to its readers the history and the origin of the term "doping" as itself and how it developed both in the modern sport history and also as a term important for arbitral proceedings. Next chapter is related to the system of the testing, starting with a preventive control ad testing related to it. Numerous chapters present together an extensive overview of the anti- doping program, the legal system related to it and its debated issues with connections to several legal branches. After the testing proves a positive finding, the sportsmen face a serious risk of being punished (if some of the exception do not apply) because of the strict liability. Since this kind of liability might seem harsh for many, the author presents to readers both the opinions in favor of this system and against its use. The anti-doping system and its rules, the World Anti- Doping Code, changes continuously, therefore author decided to also stress out the most important changes which were brought with the last amendment of the Code, which is effective...

Made available in DSpace on 2014-08-20T13:32:48Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 tese_thais_farias_collares.pdf: 1094762 bytes, checksum: 647dd933472bf9127c0164ee875617ea (MD5) Previous issue date: 2013-10-17 / The history of sports competition has been related to the use of methods for physical training associated with physiological methods to increase athlete performance. Ethical issues involving the high performance sport and doping are confused with the history of competitive sports. The World Anti - Doping Agency (WADA) prohibits the use of substances or methods to artificially increase sports performance. Currently, 258 substances are listed by WADA and athletes around the world are subjected to tests proving the non-use of doping. EPO is a glycoprotein hormone that has as its main physiological effect induction of erythropoiesis and thereby improving the capacity to transport oxygen in the blood. For these reason EPO has been included in WADA list. The analytical differentiation of endogenous erythropoietin from its recombinant counterpart, using isoelectric focusing and double blotting is a milestone in the detection of doping with recombinant erythropoietin. However, several analogs of the original recombinant EPO are not easily detectable by standard IEF method, requiring the development of alternatives for the detection of doping. In order to improve the current methods of EPO detection, monoclonal and polyclonal antibodies against EPO were obtained and used in various techniques for detection of EPO in biological samples. However, the specificity of these antibodies has been quite controversial and discussed. Therefore, it is necessary to obtain antibodies capable of reacting specifically with the EPO. In this study, rHuEPO was inoculated in New Zealand rabbits to generate a polyclonal antibody (pAb anti-rHuEPO). The pAb was characterized for its potential in detecting rHuEPO using different approaches. The pAb anti- rHuEPO identified the expression of recombinant protein in eukaryotic cells and was able to detect rHuEPO in a suspension at 0.1 μg/mL, showing its potential as a tool for detection of doping by rHuEPO. / A história da competição esportiva sempre esteve relacionada à utilização de metodologias de treinamento físico associadas a métodos de incremento fisiológico do atleta, visando sua máxima performance. Questões éticas envolvendo o esporte de alto rendimento e o doping se confundem com a própria história do esporte competitivo. A Agência Mundial Anti-Doping (WADA) proíbe o uso de substâncias ou métodos capazes de aumentar artificialmente o desempenho esportivo. Atualmente, 258 substâncias estão na lista da WADA e atletas do mundo inteiro são submetidos a testes comprobatórios da não utilização do doping. Entre essas substâncias ilícitas para uso por atletas destaca-se a eritropoetina (EPO). A EPO é um hormônio glicoproteico que possui como principal efeito fisiológico a indução da eritropoiese e consequente melhoria da capacidade de transporte de oxigênio no sangue. A diferenciação analítica da eritropoetina endógena produzida a partir de sua contraparte recombinante usando focalização isoelétrica e duplo blotting é um marco na detecção do doping com eritropoetina recombinante. Anticorpos monoclonais e policlonais específicos anti-EPO foram obtidos e utilizados em várias técnicas para a detecção da EPO em amostras biológicas a fim de melhorar os métodos atuais de detecção. Contudo, a especificidade destes anticorpos tem sido bastante controversa e discutida. Portanto, a obtenção de anticorpos específicos capazes de reagir especificamente com a EPO faz-se necessária. Neste estudo, a rHuEPO foi utilizada para imunizar coelhos New Zealand para gerar um anticorpo policlonal (pAb anti-rHuEPO). O pAb foi caracterizado quanto ao seu potencial na detecção da rHuEPO usando diferentes metodologias. O pAb anti-rHuEPO identificou a expressão da proteína recombinante em células eucarióticas e foi capaz de detectar rHuEPO em suspensão até 0,1 μg/mL, comprovando seu potencial como ferramenta para detecção do doping por rHuEPO.

Peer reviewed literature currently provides little knowledge of how to recruit and train Doping Control Officers (DCOs) for Mega Sport Events. This study adds to the existing body of literature on creating knowledge transfer and legacy for future Mega Event Organizing Committees. A phenomenological designed study was conducted through the use of a qualitative on-line survey during the 2015 Toronto Pan American Games. A survey response rate of 58% was achieved. Survey responses by DCOs were analyzed using inductive coding to identify four main themes; i) DCO motivations, ii) training program design, iii) engagement and support, and iv) barriers to participation in the results. Recommendations include using mixed methods for future studies, provide DCOs with training and evaluation opportunities prior to the Mega Sport Event, and developing mentorship opportunities during games operations. Additional research is needed to create greater understanding of DCO motivations and perceptions beyond this study.