Submitted by Renata Lopes (renatasil82@gmail.com) on 2016-05-20T15:18:24Z No. of bitstreams: 1 carlosalbertodossantossouza.pdf: 1765667 bytes, checksum: 50df1c267e4657d7cc09cb359cc8f9ab (MD5) / Approved for entry into archive by Adriana Oliveira (adriana.oliveira@ufjf.edu.br) on 2016-07-02T11:24:49Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 1 carlosalbertodossantossouza.pdf: 1765667 bytes, checksum: 50df1c267e4657d7cc09cb359cc8f9ab (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2016-07-02T11:24:49Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 carlosalbertodossantossouza.pdf: 1765667 bytes, checksum: 50df1c267e4657d7cc09cb359cc8f9ab (MD5) Previous issue date: 2012-02-08 / A vespa escavadora Sphex ingens apresenta distribuição conhecida na Bahia e no litoral Atlântico do Sudeste brasileiro representando uma espécie pouco compreendida em termos comportamentais, ecológicos e biológicos. O estudo visou descrever o comportamento sexual in natura da espécie e avaliar as estratégias comportamentais e padrões morfológicos sujeitos a seleção sexual, sendo conduzido nas praias dos Meros e do Aventureiro entre a 2ª quinzena de 2010 e a 1ª e 2ª quinzena de 2011 através da tabulação e filmagem dos comportamentos de acasalamento de indivíduos em ambas fisionomias. O etograma foi elaborado pelos métodos ad libitum e sequence samples. Diagramas de fluxos foram construídos a partir do estado atual e das probabilidades estocásticas dos comportamentos. O acasalamento foi constituído por 4 etapas seqüenciais através de um sistema promíscuo. Um total de 10 comportamentos foram exclusivos para as fêmeas e 9 para os machos. Sete comportamentos foram comuns entre os sexos não havendo diferença significativa (x2=16,622; Gl=n-1; p<0,01). Comportamentos de comunicação constituíram maior freqüência de estado entre os sexos no acasalamento, entretanto, as predições registradas pelo Diagrama de Cadeia de Markov indicaram que estes comportamentos pouco influenciam no acasalamento, sendo mais relevante a permanência da monta pelos machos e os comportamentos agonísticos e de insociabilidade das fêmeas. O número de tentativas de cópulas entre machos patrulheiros e residentes foram significativamente diferentes na 2ª quinzena de 2010 e na 1ª quinzena de 2011, respectivamente, t=3,767; Gl=n-1; p<0,01 e t=12,780; Gl=n-1; p<0,01. Embora, não tenha existido diferença significativa para o número de cópulas entre machos patrulheiros e residentes na 2ª quinzena de 2011 (t=0,285; Gl=n-1; p<0,01), os resultados sugerem que o sucesso copulatório entre estes padrões se mostra variável ao longo da estação reprodutiva. O número de toques de antenas e o tempo de investimento entre cópula bem sucedidas e mal sucedidas foram significativamente correlacionados (rs=0,838; t=14,127; p<0,001 e rs=0,847; t=14,083; p<0,001), porém, o número de toques de antenas entre cópulas bem sucedidas e mal-sucedidas não houve diferiram significativamente (t=0,607; Gl=n-1; p<0,01), ao contrário do tempo de investimento entre as respectivas cópulas (t=4,236; Gl=n-1; p<0,01). Análises de variância demonstraram diferenças significativas nos caracteres morfológicos mensurados, enquanto as análises multivariadas predisseram a existência de assimetria entre fêmeas, machos residentes e patrulheiros. A assimetria entre machos residente e patrulheiro indica maior adaptação ao territorialismo do que a seleção das fêmeas para este padrão, enquanto a promiscuidade e a agressividade das fêmeas interferem no esforço de corte dos machos e fomenta o aparecimento de coercividade copulatória. / Wasps of the genus Sphex ingens (commonly known as digger wasps) are widely distributed in Bahia and in Brazil’s southeast Atlantic coast, representing a poorly understood species in terms of behavior, ecology and biology. The present study aims to describe the sexual behaviour in natura of the species, as well as to evaluate behavioral strategies and morphological patterns subject to sexual selection. The study was conducted on Meros and Aventureiro beaches, between the 2nd fortnight of 2010 and the 1st and 2nd fortnights of 2011, using tabulation and footage of the mating behaviors of individuals in both faces. The ethogram was developed using ad libitum and sequence samples methods. Flow diagrams were drawn based on the current state and on the stochastic probabilities of the behaviors. The mating was composed of four sequential steps of a promiscuous mating system. There were 10 types of behavior which were exclusive to females and 9 other types which were exclusive of males. Seven behaviors were common between the sexes, with no significant difference (x2=16,622; Gl=n-1; p<0,01). Communication behaviors were more frequent between the sexes during the mating process, however, the recorded predictions in the Markov chain diagram indicated that these behaviors have little influence on mating, being the males’ permanency and the females’ agonistic & intractability behaviors much more relevant. The number of attempted copulations between patrol and resident males were significantly different in the 2nd fortnight of 2010 and 1st fortnight of 2011, respectively, t=3,767; n=Gl-1; p<0,01 and t=12,780; Gl=n-1, p<0,01. Although no significant differences existed for the quantities of mating between patrol x residents males in the 2nd fortnight of 2011 (t=0,285, Gl=n-1, p<0,01), the results suggest that the copulatory success between these patterns is variable along the reproductive season. The number of touches on each other antennas and the investment time between successful x unsuccessful mating were significantly correlated (rs=0,838; t=14,127, p<0,001 and rs=0,847; t=14,083; p<0,001), however, the number of antennas touches occurring between successful x unsuccessful copulations did not differ significantly (t=0,607; Gl=n-1; p<0,01), unlike the investment period between the matings (t=4,236; Gl=n-1; p<0,01). A variance analysis demonstrated significant differences in measured morphological traits, while a multivariate analysis predicted an asymmetry between females, patrol males and resident males. The asymmetry between resident and trooper males indicates a greater adaptation to the territorialism than the females selection for this pattern. Meanwhile, the females aggression and promiscuity may interfere on the males' courtship behaviour and fosters the development of copulatory coercivity.

No description available.

First distinguished from other sedimentary successions in 1928, the Entrada Sandstone has been the subject of numerous studies. The western extent of the formation was initially described as laterally continuous "earthy" red beds, and categorized as sub- to supratidal marine-influenced sediments. Recent workers have reexamined the sedimentary facies hosted by the Entrada Sandstone, and findings suggest purely terrestrial depositional environments. Several outcrops of the upper Entrada hosted peculiar sedimentary features, including undulatory and convex-upward, parallel-laminated bedforms, reminiscent of hummocky cross-stratification- unexpected features in a terrestrial environment. The purpose of this study was to collect detailed outcrop measurements of these and other facies present in the upper Entrada Sandstone and to place them in context within a regional sedimentary system. Measured section data was analyzed and divided into sixteen primary facies based on textures, features, bedforms, grain size, and other characteristics. Surfaces were also noted and described. Each facies and surface was recognized to have developed under specific depositional or flow conditions, including eolian, paleosol, and fluvial subcritical, critical, supercritical, and waning flow. Primary facies were grouped into observed and interpreted facies associations. A depositional environment was then assigned to each facies association. These environments included sabkha, overbank splay/paleosol, distal terminal splay, and hyper-distal terminal splay. Ancient analogs were found in the Blomidon, Skagerrak, and Ormskirk Formations, which have been described as dryland fluvial systems that terminated onto saline mudflats (sabkhas). Modern analogs were found in the central Australian continent, in the form of fluvial terminal splays in ephemeral Lakes Eyre and Frome. The sedimentary system of the upper Entrada Sandstone of the San Rafael Swell is interpreted as an interfingering fluvial terminal splay and inland sabkha system. These are marked by a wide array of sedimentary structures representing stark extremes, from hyperarid to flash flooding conditions. During arid conditions, the only source of water was evaporative pumping of a high water table. During the rare occasions when surface water flowed through the system, flash flooding events produced the highest stage of supercritical flow described in geological literature. The succession of these facies reveals allogenic and autogenic processes active at the time of deposition, including episodes of tectonic uplift and fluvial avulsions.