No description available.

The construct of psychopathy holds promise as a discriminating variable in the classification and explanation of childhood antisocial behavior. The new generation of psychopathy measures, designed to measure this construct in adolescent populations, must meet acceptable standards of reliability and validity prior to the clinical application of the construct with adolescent offenders. The purpose of this study is to examine the construct and predictive validity of adolescent psychopathy as measured by the PCL:YV, PSD, SALE, and SRP-II. Data from two samples of detained adolescent offenders (short-term and long-term detention) are utilized to investigate construct validity via MTMM. In addition, external validity indices including institutional violations (fighting, seclusions, and treatment refusals) and community supervision (probation contacts, drug testing, and re-arrests) are operationalized and measured in order to examine the predictive validity of adolescent psychopathy. Results of construct validity offer modest support for the two-factor model of psychopathy. For external validity, Factor 2 accounted for greater variance in the prediction of institutional infractions and subsequent placements in a secure facility; however, its overall predictive validity was low. The results suggest that the current measures assess psychopathic traits and behaviors which may be stable in adults but are likely to be normative and transient in many adolescents.

Les Autochtones sont surreprésentés dans le système judiciaire canadien. Il a été constaté que certains individus ayant survécu à la colonisation développent un stress acculturatif, dont les effets se manifestent aux niveaux physique, psychologique et social (Berry et Annis, 1974). L'augmentation des conduites dysfonctionnelles et violentes consiste une des conséquences spécifiques pouvant résulter de ce stress (Kirmayer, Corin, Corriveau, & Fletcher, 1993). Selon les auteurs ayant étudié le crime chez les Autochtones, les facteurs statiques semblent être similaires pour les criminels non Autochtones et les Autochtones, mais ils sont présents à un degré plus intense chez ces derniers. De plus, les mêmes facteurs étiologiques sont identifiés dans les deux groupes. Parmi ceux-ci, la présence de traits de personnalité antisociale paraît prédire le développement de futurs comportements criminels. À partir des données recueillies pour un projet annexe, le Childhood Adolescent Taxon Scale a été complété pour 95 hommes Inuit vivant dans différentes communautés du Nunavut. Cette échelle permet le dépistage du deuxième facteur psychopathique identifié par Harpur, Hare et Hakstian (1989), majoritairement induit par les circonstances environnementales de l’individu. En comparaison avec la population générale canadienne, il a été démontré dans cette étude que le taux de psychopathie secondaire est plus élevé dans la population autochtone. Ces résultats mettent en évidence les effets destructeurs du mode de vie de ce peuple (imposé lors de la colonisation) et nous informent sur les cibles d’interventions futures. / Aboriginal people are overrepresented in the Canadian judicial system. It has been noted that individuals having survived colonization sometimes develop acculturative stress, whose effects manifest themselves on the physical, psychological and social levels (Berry and Annis, 1974). An increase in dysfunctional and violent conduct is one of the specific consequences of acculturative stress (Kirmayer, Corin, Corriveau, & Fletcher, 1993). According to authors having studied crime in the Aboriginal population, static factors seem to be similar for non-Aboriginal and Aboriginal criminals, but are more intensely present in the latter group. Furthermore, the same etiological factors have been identified to explain crime in these two groups. Among these, the presence of antisocial personality traits seems to be the most predictive of future criminal behavior. In this study, the Childhood Adolescent Taxon Scale was completed for 95 Inuit men living in different communities in Nunavut. This scale allows for the detection of the second psychopathic taxon identified by Harpur, Hare and Hakstian (1989), which is mostly induced by environmental circumstances. The results of this study demonstrate that the prevalence rate of secondary psychopathy is higher in the Aboriginal population when compared to general Canadian statistics. These results highlight the destructive consequences of modern day life as it is in Aboriginal communities (as was imposed during colonization) and can help identify targets for future interventions.

Há um consenso na literatura de que indivíduos com transtorno de personalidade anti-social (psicopatia) apresentam deficiência na emissão de respostas emocionais como a ansiedade. Investigou-se o padrão de respostas fisiológicas (freqüência cardíaca e saturação de oxigênio), fatores do temperamento e caráter e impulsividade, ansiedade traço e estado em três grupos de 35 sujeitos: homicidas psicopatas, homicidas não psicopatas e grupo controle, constituído de indivíduos sem histórico criminal, psicopatia ou outro quadro psiquiátrico. Aplicou-se a Escala de Avaliação da Psicopatia (PCL-R) e a Entrevista Estruturada para Distúrbios da Personalidade (SIDP-R), para classificação dos três grupos quanto à psicopatia; o Inventário de Ansiedade Traço-Estado (IDATE); o Inventário de Temperamento e Caráter (ITC), Escala de Impulsividade de Barratt (BIS-11). Medidas fisiológicas, freqüência cardíaca e saturação de oxigênio foram obtidas durante a apresentação de figuras de conteúdos emocionais neutros, agradáveis e desagradáveis do International Affective Picture System. Um ruído desagradável de 85 db foi apresentado como estímulo sonoro aversivo intermitente durante a exibição das imagens. Os resultados demonstraram que os psicopatas não experimentam ansiedade (traço ou estado) comparados aos homicidas não psicopatas e ao grupo controle. Nos fatores do temperamento e caráter os psicopatas apresentam características específicas como Esquiva ao Dano, Dependência de Gratificação, Autodirecionamento e Cooperatividade, que os difere dos demais grupos. Já os homicidas não psicopatas apresentam algumas características significativamente diferentes do grupo controle, ocupando uma posição intermediária. A freqüência cardíaca e a saturação de oxigênio nos psicopatas não sofreram alteração em nenhum dos momentos de avaliação, independente do estímulo visual ou sonoro. Nos homicidas não psicopatas houve uma variação significativa na freqüência cardíaca para as figuras agradáveis e na saturação de oxigênio para as figuras desagradáveis de menor intensidade que as observadas no grupo controle. No grupo controle a freqüência cardíaca aumentou frente às figuras agradáveis e desagradáveis e a saturação de oxigênio aumentou frente as figuras desagradáveis. O maior tempo de reação dos parâmetros fisiológicos ocorreu no grupo dos psicopatas. Concluiu-se que as características de personalidade avaliadas pelo ITC, o traço de ansiedade e as variáveis fisiológicas - freqüência cardíaca, a saturação de oxigênio e o tempo de reação desses parâmetros frente a figuras com diferentes conteúdos emocionais - foram capazes de caracterizar as reações de homicidas psicopatas e distingui-los de homicidas não psicopatas e não homicidas / It has a consensus in the literature of that individuals with antisocial personality disorders (psyhopathy) present deficiency in the emission of emotional answers as the anxiety. One investigated the standard of physiological responses (cardiac frequency and saturation of oxygen), factors of the temperament and character and impulsiveneness, anxiety trait and state in citizens condemned for homicide. A total of 105 men (evaluated individually, age between 18 and 61 years), divided in 3 groups of 35 citizens: (group 1 psychopathic homicides, 2 nonpsychopathic homicides and 3, group has controlled, constituted of individuals without criminal description, psychopathy or another psychiatric disorder). It was applied Psychopathy Checklist (PCL-R) and the Interview Structuralized for Disorders of Personality (SIDP-R), for classification of the three groups how much the psychopathy; the State-Trait Anxiety Inventory (STAI; the Inventory of Temperament and Character (ITC), Barratt Impulsiveneness Scale (BIS-11). For the physiologicals measures a pulse oximeter and the presentation of figures of neutral, pleasant and unpleasant contents emotional of the International Affective Picture System (IAPS), during 6 seconds. A unpleasant noise of 85 db was presented as aversive sonorous stimulaton. The results had demonstrated that the psychopaths do not try anxiety (been trace or) compared with the nonpsychopathic homicides and to the group she has controlled. In the factors of the temperament and character the psychopaths present specific characteristics as reduction of fear response concern, impulsiveneness, greater affective insensibility, lack of planning, egocentrism pathological and raised sensitivity to the tedium that differs them from the too much groups. Already the not psychopathic homicides present some significantly different characteristics of the group have controlled, however they occupy an intermediate position (above of the group it has controlled and below of the psychopaths). The Cardiac frequency and the saturation of oxygen in the psychopaths had not suffered alteration in none from the moments of evaluation, independent of the visual or sonorous stimulation. In the not psychopathic homicides it had a significant variation in the cardiac frequency for the pleasant figures and in the saturation of oxygen for the unpleasant figures. The group has controlled if it characterized for being different of the too much groups, how much the cardiac frequency in all the different moments of evaluation and of the psychopathic homicides how much the saturation of oxygen for the unpleasant figures. The time of reaction of the cardiac frequency at the three moments of evaluation was measured still. Again, the psychopaths had presented the biggest time of reaction in relation to the too much groups. In a general way the results suggest that the psychopaths do not present anxiety, with not psychopathic homicides and not criminal citizens comparative. As much the group has controlled how much the not psychopathic homicides front to the interpreted situations as emotionally unpleasant they present a standard of physiological alteration of the psychopaths. It still concluded that the psychopaths present characteristics of the personality in moving to the temperament and the character that if present with factors capable to distinguish psychopaths from nonpsychopathic homicidals

Les Autochtones sont surreprésentés dans le système judiciaire canadien. Il a été constaté que certains individus ayant survécu à la colonisation développent un stress acculturatif, dont les effets se manifestent aux niveaux physique, psychologique et social (Berry et Annis, 1974). L'augmentation des conduites dysfonctionnelles et violentes consiste une des conséquences spécifiques pouvant résulter de ce stress (Kirmayer, Corin, Corriveau, & Fletcher, 1993). Selon les auteurs ayant étudié le crime chez les Autochtones, les facteurs statiques semblent être similaires pour les criminels non Autochtones et les Autochtones, mais ils sont présents à un degré plus intense chez ces derniers. De plus, les mêmes facteurs étiologiques sont identifiés dans les deux groupes. Parmi ceux-ci, la présence de traits de personnalité antisociale paraît prédire le développement de futurs comportements criminels. À partir des données recueillies pour un projet annexe, le Childhood Adolescent Taxon Scale a été complété pour 95 hommes Inuit vivant dans différentes communautés du Nunavut. Cette échelle permet le dépistage du deuxième facteur psychopathique identifié par Harpur, Hare et Hakstian (1989), majoritairement induit par les circonstances environnementales de l’individu. En comparaison avec la population générale canadienne, il a été démontré dans cette étude que le taux de psychopathie secondaire est plus élevé dans la population autochtone. Ces résultats mettent en évidence les effets destructeurs du mode de vie de ce peuple (imposé lors de la colonisation) et nous informent sur les cibles d’interventions futures. / Aboriginal people are overrepresented in the Canadian judicial system. It has been noted that individuals having survived colonization sometimes develop acculturative stress, whose effects manifest themselves on the physical, psychological and social levels (Berry and Annis, 1974). An increase in dysfunctional and violent conduct is one of the specific consequences of acculturative stress (Kirmayer, Corin, Corriveau, & Fletcher, 1993). According to authors having studied crime in the Aboriginal population, static factors seem to be similar for non-Aboriginal and Aboriginal criminals, but are more intensely present in the latter group. Furthermore, the same etiological factors have been identified to explain crime in these two groups. Among these, the presence of antisocial personality traits seems to be the most predictive of future criminal behavior. In this study, the Childhood Adolescent Taxon Scale was completed for 95 Inuit men living in different communities in Nunavut. This scale allows for the detection of the second psychopathic taxon identified by Harpur, Hare and Hakstian (1989), which is mostly induced by environmental circumstances. The results of this study demonstrate that the prevalence rate of secondary psychopathy is higher in the Aboriginal population when compared to general Canadian statistics. These results highlight the destructive consequences of modern day life as it is in Aboriginal communities (as was imposed during colonization) and can help identify targets for future interventions.

Le premier Chapitre utilise les acquis de la psychologie différentielle et de la psychométrie pour corréler le comportement d’évasion fiscale observé dans le laboratoire aux traits de personnalité individuels, mesuré grâce à des questionnaires psychométriques standardisés. Ces questionnaires de personnalité sont liés aux émotions morales, aux jugements moraux et à la soumission à la norme. Les résultats montrent d’abord que les questionnaires mesurant les émotions morales expliquent mieux les comportements d’évasion que les autres questionnaires. Ensuite, le pouvoir explicatif de ces traits de personnalité reste très modeste. Cette absence de relation forte met donc l’accent sur l’importance du contexte institutionnel dans lequel la soumission fiscale est mesurée. Les deuxième et troisième Chapitres tentent de mieux prendre en compte ce contexte institutionnel, en utilisant la psychologie sociale de l’engagement. Le second Chapitre montre que la modification de l’environnement du contribuable, à travers l’exposition à un serment à dire la vérité, accroît le niveau d’honnêteté des déclarations fiscales qui lui font suite. Le troisième Chapitre tente d’expliquer la cause du phénomène suivant : la démocratie directe, comme présente dans certains cantons en Suisse, serait la source d’une plus grande soumission fiscale. D’après la littérature existante, sa cause pourrait être soit une coordination sociale entre les agents, soit un effet d’engagement du vote en lui-même. Les résultats montrent que la coordination sociale entre les contribuables ne permet pas d’expliquer ce phénomène, qui reflate plutôt un effet d’engagement de la participation au processus électoral. / The first Chapter uses differential psychology and psychometrics to correlate tax evasion behaviour observed in the lab to individual personality traits, measured thanks to standardized psychometric questionnaires. These personality questionnaires are related to moral emotions, moral judgments and norm submission. The results are twofold. First, moral emotions better explain evasion behavior than any other personality questionnaire. However, secondly, the explanatory power of these personality traits remains very modest. This lack of a strong relationship suggests that individual characteristics are of little help to understand and predict tax evasion behavior. It highlights the importance of the institutional context in which compliance is elicited. The second and third Chapters try to better account for this institutional context, using the social psychology of commitment. The second Chapter shows that a modification of the taxpayer’s environment, thanks to the exposition to an oath to tell the truth, increases the level of honesty of subsequent tax reports. Building on these results, the third Chapter investigates the hypothesis that direct democracy, as present in some cantons in Switzerland, could be the source of higher tax compliance. According to the existing literature, its cause could be either social coordination between agents or a commitment effect due to the vote itself. The results show that social coordination between taxpayers does not explain this phenomenon, which rather reflects a commitment effect of participation in the electoral process.

Há um consenso na literatura de que indivíduos com transtorno de personalidade anti-social (psicopatia) apresentam deficiência na emissão de respostas emocionais como a ansiedade. Investigou-se o padrão de respostas fisiológicas (freqüência cardíaca e saturação de oxigênio), fatores do temperamento e caráter e impulsividade, ansiedade traço e estado em três grupos de 35 sujeitos: homicidas psicopatas, homicidas não psicopatas e grupo controle, constituído de indivíduos sem histórico criminal, psicopatia ou outro quadro psiquiátrico. Aplicou-se a Escala de Avaliação da Psicopatia (PCL-R) e a Entrevista Estruturada para Distúrbios da Personalidade (SIDP-R), para classificação dos três grupos quanto à psicopatia; o Inventário de Ansiedade Traço-Estado (IDATE); o Inventário de Temperamento e Caráter (ITC), Escala de Impulsividade de Barratt (BIS-11). Medidas fisiológicas, freqüência cardíaca e saturação de oxigênio foram obtidas durante a apresentação de figuras de conteúdos emocionais neutros, agradáveis e desagradáveis do International Affective Picture System. Um ruído desagradável de 85 db foi apresentado como estímulo sonoro aversivo intermitente durante a exibição das imagens. Os resultados demonstraram que os psicopatas não experimentam ansiedade (traço ou estado) comparados aos homicidas não psicopatas e ao grupo controle. Nos fatores do temperamento e caráter os psicopatas apresentam características específicas como Esquiva ao Dano, Dependência de Gratificação, Autodirecionamento e Cooperatividade, que os difere dos demais grupos. Já os homicidas não psicopatas apresentam algumas características significativamente diferentes do grupo controle, ocupando uma posição intermediária. A freqüência cardíaca e a saturação de oxigênio nos psicopatas não sofreram alteração em nenhum dos momentos de avaliação, independente do estímulo visual ou sonoro. Nos homicidas não psicopatas houve uma variação significativa na freqüência cardíaca para as figuras agradáveis e na saturação de oxigênio para as figuras desagradáveis de menor intensidade que as observadas no grupo controle. No grupo controle a freqüência cardíaca aumentou frente às figuras agradáveis e desagradáveis e a saturação de oxigênio aumentou frente as figuras desagradáveis. O maior tempo de reação dos parâmetros fisiológicos ocorreu no grupo dos psicopatas. Concluiu-se que as características de personalidade avaliadas pelo ITC, o traço de ansiedade e as variáveis fisiológicas - freqüência cardíaca, a saturação de oxigênio e o tempo de reação desses parâmetros frente a figuras com diferentes conteúdos emocionais - foram capazes de caracterizar as reações de homicidas psicopatas e distingui-los de homicidas não psicopatas e não homicidas / It has a consensus in the literature of that individuals with antisocial personality disorders (psyhopathy) present deficiency in the emission of emotional answers as the anxiety. One investigated the standard of physiological responses (cardiac frequency and saturation of oxygen), factors of the temperament and character and impulsiveneness, anxiety trait and state in citizens condemned for homicide. A total of 105 men (evaluated individually, age between 18 and 61 years), divided in 3 groups of 35 citizens: (group 1 psychopathic homicides, 2 nonpsychopathic homicides and 3, group has controlled, constituted of individuals without criminal description, psychopathy or another psychiatric disorder). It was applied Psychopathy Checklist (PCL-R) and the Interview Structuralized for Disorders of Personality (SIDP-R), for classification of the three groups how much the psychopathy; the State-Trait Anxiety Inventory (STAI; the Inventory of Temperament and Character (ITC), Barratt Impulsiveneness Scale (BIS-11). For the physiologicals measures a pulse oximeter and the presentation of figures of neutral, pleasant and unpleasant contents emotional of the International Affective Picture System (IAPS), during 6 seconds. A unpleasant noise of 85 db was presented as aversive sonorous stimulaton. The results had demonstrated that the psychopaths do not try anxiety (been trace or) compared with the nonpsychopathic homicides and to the group she has controlled. In the factors of the temperament and character the psychopaths present specific characteristics as reduction of fear response concern, impulsiveneness, greater affective insensibility, lack of planning, egocentrism pathological and raised sensitivity to the tedium that differs them from the too much groups. Already the not psychopathic homicides present some significantly different characteristics of the group have controlled, however they occupy an intermediate position (above of the group it has controlled and below of the psychopaths). The Cardiac frequency and the saturation of oxygen in the psychopaths had not suffered alteration in none from the moments of evaluation, independent of the visual or sonorous stimulation. In the not psychopathic homicides it had a significant variation in the cardiac frequency for the pleasant figures and in the saturation of oxygen for the unpleasant figures. The group has controlled if it characterized for being different of the too much groups, how much the cardiac frequency in all the different moments of evaluation and of the psychopathic homicides how much the saturation of oxygen for the unpleasant figures. The time of reaction of the cardiac frequency at the three moments of evaluation was measured still. Again, the psychopaths had presented the biggest time of reaction in relation to the too much groups. In a general way the results suggest that the psychopaths do not present anxiety, with not psychopathic homicides and not criminal citizens comparative. As much the group has controlled how much the not psychopathic homicides front to the interpreted situations as emotionally unpleasant they present a standard of physiological alteration of the psychopaths. It still concluded that the psychopaths present characteristics of the personality in moving to the temperament and the character that if present with factors capable to distinguish psychopaths from nonpsychopathic homicidals

Mémoire numérisé par la Division de la gestion de documents et des archives de l'Université de Montréal.

Mémoire numérisé par la Division de la gestion de documents et des archives de l'Université de Montréal

Thèse diffusée initialement dans le cadre d'un projet pilote des Presses de l'Université de Montréal/Centre d'édition numérique UdeM (1997-2008) avec l'autorisation de l'auteur.