Factual evidence concerning the ancestry of the clarinet has been a perpetual topic of debate among musicologists and organologists. Scholars have widely agreed that the clarinet, first documented in 1710, emerged from the baroque invention of the chalumeau (invented circa 1690), which in itself was an improvement upon the recorder. Considering the chalumeau's short lifespan as the predominant single reed instrument in the early eighteenth century, the chalumeau inspired a monumental amount of literature that includes vocal and instrumental genres written by distinguished composers. Vivaldi is considered to be the most significant composer that wrote for both clarinet and chalumeau; he wrote for both instruments simultaneously throughout his life whereas his contemporaries seemingly replaced the chalumeau with the clarinet. This project will discuss Vivaldi's proximity to the chalumeau and the clarinet and will provide an in-depth analysis of relevant works by the composer to determine how he, unlike his contemporaries, treated the chalumeau and the clarinet as separate and equally viable instruments. Following a brief history of the chalumeau and clarinet in Italy and a relevant biography of Vivaldi (Ch. 2), this document will discuss the integral Vivaldi compositions that include clarinet and chalumeau and the role of the clarinet or chalumeau in each work (Ch. 3). Chapter 4 solves the mystery of why Vivaldi continued to compose for the chalumeau while his contemporaries replaced the chalumeau with the clarinet.

Depuis une vingtaine d’années, les historiens de l’art s’intéressent de près à la microarchitecture, c’est-à-dire la miniaturisation d’édifices dans les oeuvres d’art, en particulier dans l’orfèvrerie. Les études sur le sujet se concentrent toutefois essentiellement sur la période médiévale et s’attachent à définir dans quelle mesure ces oeuvres imitent des édifices existants. Elles sont rarement étendues à d’autres périodes. Or, la Renaissance florentine, marquée par une mutation profonde de l’art d’édifier et de concevoir l’architecture, constitue une fenêtre d’observation privilégiée, que nous mettons à profit pour explorer les liens que les édifices miniaturisés en orfèvrerie entretiennent avec leurs homologues monumentaux architecturés. Pour ce faire, nous identifions trois fonctions de la microarchitecture : celle d’objet ou de partie d’un objet (Objectum), celle d’assemblage d’éléments architecturaux (Ædiculum), celle d’image offerte au regard du spectateur (Imago). Dans Objectum, la microarchitecture est envisagée à travers la pièce d’orfèvrerie qu’elle contribue à orner, son contexte de fabrication et sa matérialité. Cet examen est aussi l’occasion de présenter les matériaux et les techniques utilisées en orfèvrerie. Ædiculum est consacré à l’étude des éléments architecturaux qui composent les petits édifices. Ces éléments mettent au jour des correspondances entre l’orfèvrerie et d’autres arts, tels que la sculpture ou la peinture. Dans Imago, nous montrons que les petites dimensions de la microarchitecture, qui la rendent propre à être embrassée du regard, en font une image qui engage un dialogue privilégié avec le spectateur grâce à un ensemble de dispositifs, qui vont de ses qualités esthétiques à sa capacité évocatrice en passant par les significations religieuses et politiques dont elle est chargée. Au total, cette étude montre que la microarchitecture ne se définit pas nécessairement dans son rapport avec la grande architecture mais consiste plutôt en un phénomène artistique indépendant et universel. / For the last twenty years art historians have developed an interest in microarchitecture: the miniaturization of architecture in works of art, especially in goldsmithery. Studies dedicated to the topic mostly focus on medieval period, trying to define which large-scale buildings these works might imitate. However, these studies are rarely extended to other periods of time. Renaissance Florence, characterized by a deep transformation of the art of architecture, is a significant period we chose in order to observe the connections between miniaturized and monumental buildings. This requires the identification of three aspects of microarchitecture: being an object or part of an object (Objectum), combining different architectural motives (Ædiculum) and presenting itself as an image to be seen by a viewer (Imago). With Objectum, we examine the microarchitecture in relation to the work it contributes to ornate as well as within its context of production. This inspection is also a relevant opportunity to present the materials and the techniques used by the goldsmiths. With Ædicula, we study the architectural motives that compose the miniaturized buildings. The motives show the similarities between goldsmithery and other arts like sculpture and painting. With Imago, we consider the dialog that microarchitecture establishes with the viewer thanks to several dispositives such as the æsthetic qualities of the pieces, their ability to evocated something familiar (a building) and, sometimes, their religious and political meanings. In total, this study argues that micorarchitecture does not necessarily define itself within its relationship to large-scale architecture but should rather be understood as an independent, universal artistic phenomenon.

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This dissertation examines the representation of ethnic origins in Antonio Skármeta’s fiction. My hypothesis is that exile in Europe and return to Chile led the author to rethink his Dalmatian-Croatian roots and his sense of self in response to prevailing discourses of national identity. I assess Chile’s immigration history as well as the development of the idea of a homogeneous national identity. Blending concepts of ethnic narrative with theories of memory, identity, and literature, I trace Skármeta’s literary shift towards reclaiming his roots and initiating a critical dialogue with established notions of Chilean identity. I further argue that he grounds himself in literary tradition to inscribe immigrant stories into two major foundational genres, the historical novel and the family romance. I also show that, instead of accepting the truth-telling claims of historical fiction, Skármeta employs historiographic metafiction and intertextuality to emphasize the literary nature of fictional discourse and the role of literary figures in inventing the nation. Finally, I contend that these narratives constitute literary lieux de mémoire (Pierre Nora), which incorporate a subjective memory into the evolving discourses on Chilean identity, thereby recognizing pluralism and fostering mutual understanding.