After World War II, automobile use expanded rapidly in the developed countries. As a result, travel pattern changed entirely and automobile has become the dominant form of transport in cities. As a result, the city has been shaped and sized in response to automobile needs. Such increase caused traffic problems in the Central Business Districts and surrounding areas. The problems of traffic congestion and pedestrian circulation have become an important issue in the whole city. As traffic problems have grown in developed cities, they had to be engaged in managing travel demand of people in order to provide mobility and access with reference to the advancing principles of sustainability. In this scope, this study shows the need of travel demand management to create a sustainable transport system. As a case, this study will evaluate the transport problems of Ankara and the place of the city in the urban transport policy process. At this point, transport problems and the transformation of road network and their impacts on the city will be examined in four periods. As a conclusion, urban transportation strategies needed for creating a sustainable transport system are overviewed for the city of Ankara.

Research Doctorate - Doctor of Philosophy (PhD) / Membrane fusion events are a fundamental aspect of cellular biology and underpin important processes such as organ formation and fertilisation. Within the latter, proteins that are expressed on the egg surface which are responsible for mediating sperm recognition, binding and fusion to the egg, are yet to be fully determined. Evidence does however suggest that egg surface glycophosphatidylinositol (GPI)-anchored proteins play a role in sperm binding, whilst another class of proteins, known as tetraspanins, appear to be important in downstream events of membrane fusion. Of the tetraspanins, CD9 and CD81 have been identified as fulfilling roles in membrane fusion; identifications are however yet to obtained for the important GPI-anchored protein(s). This research aimed to identify and characterise egg surface proteins implicated in sperm-egg interaction, and embodied attempts to both identify the important GPI-anchored protein(s) as well as expand upon tetraspanin studies through investigations into mice lacking the tetraspanin CD151. Throughout this research, it was hypothesised that membrane fusion events of fertilisation parallelled those of enveloped virus – host cell fusion, for which rearrangement of surface protein thiols is essential. In vitro binding and fusion experiments were utilised as functional bioassays in the investigation of factors affecting sperm-egg interaction, such as tetraspanin deletion and the xenobiotic modification of cell surface thiols, while mass spectrometry (MS)-based proteomics and bioinformatics-based analyses were employed to compile oocyte protein databases and to identify candidate proteins responsible for mediating sperm-egg interaction, such as GPI-anchored proteins. It was determined that exposing oocytes to compounds with a capacity to alkylate cell surface thiols strongly inhibited sperm-egg binding. Additionally, while CD151 deletion had no effect on sperm-egg binding, the downstream events of membrane fusion were significantly impaired. Ovaries from CD151 null mice also exhibited abnormal phenotypes. In addition, a total of 11 identifications were obtained in the search for the GPI-anchored proteins expressed within eggs, however only 6 of these were deemed to be potential mediators of sperm-egg interaction. In conclusion, the experiments outlined herein demonstrate a novel inhibitory effect for specific xenobiotics on sperm-egg interaction, and correlate the inhibitory action of these compounds with their capacity to reduce cell surface thiol labelling. A novel role for CD151 in the mediation of sperm-egg fusion was also discovered, while at the same time the important GPI-anchored protein(s) implicated in sperm-egg binding may be among 6 identified potential candidates. Together the findings reiterate the consensus that oocytes possess a cell surface protein complex responsible for mediating sperm binding and fusion as separate events, and in light of the demonstrated importance of surface thiols, that events of sperm-egg membrane fusion parallel those of enveloped virus – host cell fusion.

Research Doctorate - Doctor of Philosophy (PhD) / Membrane fusion events are a fundamental aspect of cellular biology and underpin important processes such as organ formation and fertilisation. Within the latter, proteins that are expressed on the egg surface which are responsible for mediating sperm recognition, binding and fusion to the egg, are yet to be fully determined. Evidence does however suggest that egg surface glycophosphatidylinositol (GPI)-anchored proteins play a role in sperm binding, whilst another class of proteins, known as tetraspanins, appear to be important in downstream events of membrane fusion. Of the tetraspanins, CD9 and CD81 have been identified as fulfilling roles in membrane fusion; identifications are however yet to obtained for the important GPI-anchored protein(s). This research aimed to identify and characterise egg surface proteins implicated in sperm-egg interaction, and embodied attempts to both identify the important GPI-anchored protein(s) as well as expand upon tetraspanin studies through investigations into mice lacking the tetraspanin CD151. Throughout this research, it was hypothesised that membrane fusion events of fertilisation parallelled those of enveloped virus – host cell fusion, for which rearrangement of surface protein thiols is essential. In vitro binding and fusion experiments were utilised as functional bioassays in the investigation of factors affecting sperm-egg interaction, such as tetraspanin deletion and the xenobiotic modification of cell surface thiols, while mass spectrometry (MS)-based proteomics and bioinformatics-based analyses were employed to compile oocyte protein databases and to identify candidate proteins responsible for mediating sperm-egg interaction, such as GPI-anchored proteins. It was determined that exposing oocytes to compounds with a capacity to alkylate cell surface thiols strongly inhibited sperm-egg binding. Additionally, while CD151 deletion had no effect on sperm-egg binding, the downstream events of membrane fusion were significantly impaired. Ovaries from CD151 null mice also exhibited abnormal phenotypes. In addition, a total of 11 identifications were obtained in the search for the GPI-anchored proteins expressed within eggs, however only 6 of these were deemed to be potential mediators of sperm-egg interaction. In conclusion, the experiments outlined herein demonstrate a novel inhibitory effect for specific xenobiotics on sperm-egg interaction, and correlate the inhibitory action of these compounds with their capacity to reduce cell surface thiol labelling. A novel role for CD151 in the mediation of sperm-egg fusion was also discovered, while at the same time the important GPI-anchored protein(s) implicated in sperm-egg binding may be among 6 identified potential candidates. Together the findings reiterate the consensus that oocytes possess a cell surface protein complex responsible for mediating sperm binding and fusion as separate events, and in light of the demonstrated importance of surface thiols, that events of sperm-egg membrane fusion parallel those of enveloped virus – host cell fusion.

Diss. (sammanfattning) Uppsala : Univ., 2004. / Härtill 5 uppsatser.

Thesis (Ph.D. in Molecular Biology) -- University of Colorado Denver, 2007. / Typescript. Includes bibliographical references (leaves 225-248). Free to UCD affiliates. Online version available via ProQuest Digital Dissertations;

Thesis (Ph. D.)--University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center at Dallas, 2008. / Vita. Includes bibliographical references (p. 163-183).

Thesis (Ph. D.)--Washington State University, May 2009. / Title from PDF title page (viewed on Apr. 21, 2010). "Department of Psychology." Includes bibliographical references (p. 39-43).

Thèse (Ph. D.)--Université Laval, 2007. / Bibliogr.: f. [131]-153. Publié aussi en version électronique dans la Collection Mémoires et thèses électroniques.

CORDEIRO, Maria da Conceição da Silva. Doença de feitiço, ações terapêuticas e os percursos de cura em terreiros de umbanda e candomblé em Macapá-AP. 2016. 228f. - Tese (Doutorado) – Universidade Federal do Ceará, Programa de Pós-Graduação em Sociologia, Fortaleza (CE), 2016. / Submitted by Gustavo Daher (gdaherufc@hotmail.com) on 2017-01-18T10:57:12Z No. of bitstreams: 1 2016_tese_mcscordeiro.pdf.pdf: 2171260 bytes, checksum: 5349faf0036f5763b3521a30f03c768c (MD5) / Approved for entry into archive by Márcia Araújo (marcia_m_bezerra@yahoo.com.br) on 2017-01-25T14:13:36Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 1 2016_tese_mcscordeiro.pdf.pdf: 2171260 bytes, checksum: 5349faf0036f5763b3521a30f03c768c (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2017-01-25T14:13:36Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 2016_tese_mcscordeiro.pdf.pdf: 2171260 bytes, checksum: 5349faf0036f5763b3521a30f03c768c (MD5) Previous issue date: 2016 / This ethnography deals with a form of physical-psychic illness known as spell disease. Its purpose is to understand the dynamics of this way of getting sick from the narratives of people who are said to be affected by this evil and how the healers conceive and treat the disease from their spiritual experiences according to their own logic centered in the terreiros of Umbanda and candomblé in the city of Macapá-AP. I propose an analysis of the various forms of manifestation of this phenomenon taking as a key analytical reading the cosmological conception of the Amazonian universe its therapeutic itineraries and the types of healing rituals triggered during the treatment. The ethnographic material described and analyzed here was obtained during field research (in-depth interviews and participant observation) in the period between 2013 and 2015 in the city of Macapá-AP. It turns out that belief in the spell is at the core of a cosmological system that admits the performance of hidden forces in their different ways of acting in daily life individual or collective. My ethnographic data indicate that the spell is a regulating belief in Amazonian life and that even in the face of the demands of modern life impelled by medical-scientific rationality, its power of interference in daily life is governed by the belief in the existence of unnatural diseases not explained by medical science . Despite the intense flow of preventive information and the implementation of curative and health care models capable of responding to the various diseases present in modern life they were not enough to suppress the ideas and cultural values ​​of these individuals adopting the traditional. / Esta etnografia trata de uma modalidade de adoecimento físico-psíquico conhecido como doença de feitiço. Tem por objetivo compreender a dinâmica desse modo de adoecer a partir das narrativas de pessoas que se dizem afetadas por esse mal e de que modo os curandeiros concebem e tratam a doença a partir de suas experiências espirituais de acordo com uma lógica própria centrada nos terreiros de umbanda e candomblé na cidade de Macapá-AP. Proponho uma análise das diversas formas de manifestação desse fenômeno tomando como chave de leitura analítica a concepção cosmológica do universo amazônico seus itinerários terapêuticos e os tipos de rituais de cura acionados no decorrer do tratamento. O material etnográfico aqui descrito e analisado foi obtido durante a pesquisa de campo (entrevistas em profundidade e observação participante) no período entre 2013 e 2015 na cidade de Macapá- AP. Verifica-se que a crença no feitiço está no cerne de um sistema cosmológico que admite a atuação de forças ocultas em suas diferentes formas de agir na vida cotidiana individual ou coletiva. Meus dados etnográficos indicam que o feitiço é uma crença reguladora da vida amazônica e que mesmo diante das demandas da vida moderna impelida pela racionalidade médico-cientifica seu poder de interferência no cotidiano é gerido pela crença na existência de doenças não naturais não explicadas pela ciência médica. Não obstante o intenso fluxo de informações preventivas e a implementação de modelos curativos e de cuidados em saúde capazes de responder às diversas doenças presente da vida moderna não foram suficientes para suprimir as ideias e os valores culturais desses indivíduos que adotam as concepções e práticas tradicionais de cura associadas ou não aos novos métodos mesmo no contexto urbano.

O Brasil é um grande produtor de alimentos. O cenário atual da agricultura brasileira aponta para uma produção de alimentos eficiente com o menor impacto ambiental, tendo a modernização e a inovação tecnológica dos processos produtivos papéis importantes neste processo. Dentre as modernizações e inovações tecnológicas, destaca-se a agricultura de precisão a taxa variável de fertilizantes (ATV). O objetivo deste estudo foi analisar os impactos da adoção da ATV, no ponto de vista da eficiência técnica e econômica, na cultura da soja no estado do Rio Grande do Sul-RS. Com esta finalidade, foram coletados dados por meio do envio de questionário para produtores rurais e atores-chave da agricultura de precisão (AP). A análise descritiva dos dados permitiu caracterizar a adoção da ATV na cultura da soja, bem como, descrever a perspectiva da adoção da ATV pelos produtores rurais e atores chave. A partir dos dados adquiridos pelos entrevistados, verificou-se um aumento no uso da ATV e na área destinada para soja no RS. O tempo médio de adoção é de 3,54 safras. Aproximadamente 45% dos adotantes apresentam o ensino médio completo, tendo em média 40 anos de idade. Além da ATV, as ferramentas mais adotadas são a amostragem de solo (92,60%) e a barra de luz (66,70%). Tanto os produtores rurais, quanto os atores-chave, destacam a falta de mão de obra qualificada e a falta de informação/conhecimento sobre a ferramenta de AP, como limitantes para o crescimento da tecnologia no Brasil. Já em relação aos benefícios, as informações compartilhadas foram: o uso racional de insumos, o aumento produtivo e a facilidade na tomada de decisão pelo uso da informação. Aproximadamente 82% dos produtores obtiveram redução no uso de fertilizantes com a adoção da ATV. Com o aumento no número de safras adotando a tecnologia, reduziu-se o uso de fertilizantes, o custo ha-1 e aumentou a produtividade nas lavouras de soja. A produção de soja estimulada com a adoção da ATV é 13,88% superior ao sistema de AC. / Brazil is a major producer of food. The current scenario of Brazilian agriculture points to a production of efficient food with less environmental impact, and the modernization and technological innovation of production proceeding have important role in this process. Among the upgrades and technological innovations, precision agriculture supported in variable rate fertilizer (ATV) deserves mention. The objective of this study was to analyze the impacts of the ATV, in view of the technical and economic efficiency in soybeans in Rio Grande do Sul - Rio Grande do Sul State (RS), Brazil. To this end, data were collected through questionnaires sent to farmers and key actors of precision agriculture (PA). The descriptive analysis of the data allowed to characterize the adoption of ATV in soybeans as well, describing the prospect of the adoption of ATV by farmers and key stakeholders. From the data acquired by the interviewees, there was an increase in the use of ATV and the area intended for soybeans in RS. The average time of adoption is 3.54 crops. Approximately 45% of adopters have completed high school, averaging 40 years of age. In addition to the ATV, the most adopted tools are the soil sampling (92.60%) and light bar (66.70%). Both farmers, as key actors, highlight the lack of skilled labor and the lack of information/knowledge about the PA tool such as limiting to the growth of technology in Brazil. In relation to the benefits, the shared information were: the rational use of inputs, the production increased and the ease in decision making through the use of information. Around 82% of producers have obtained reduction in the use of fertilizers with the adoption of the ATV. With the increase in harvests adopting the technology, the use of fertilizers and the cost per hectare were reduced, and increased productivity in soybean crops. Soybean production stimulated by adopting the ATV is 13.88% higher than in conventional farming system (AC).