Pendant près d’un siècle, la France construit une politique de la vieillesse résultant de la progressive mise sur l’agenda politique de la question du vieillissement de la population dont la prise en charge se tournera récemment vers la problématique de sa prévention dans l'objectif d’un « vieillissement actif », en santé et/ou d’un « bien-vieillir ». Dans cette perspective, nourrie des avancées scientifiques et des transformations sociales, la prévention du vieillissement va intégrer dans les différents textes et dispositifs les activités physiques et sportives (APS) comme outil fondamental. On observe ainsi au détour des années 2000 en France, l’inscription des APS au sein des politiques publiques de prévention. Notre travail se propose de tracer la place des APS dans les différents textes de politique de la vieillesse au niveau international et national pour comprendre quand, comment et pourquoi celles-ci apparaissent incontournables. Nous plaçons aussi la focale sur les différents dispositifs de prévention du vieillissement mobilisant les APS aux différentes échelles des politiques publiques en France. Nous mettons alors au jour la présence d’une multitude d’acteurs publics et privés issus de secteurs d’activités différents et une forte fragmentation des dispositifs ainsi qu’une pluralité de modèles d’interventions dont les formes de coordination restent partielles. / For nearly a century, France has been gradually building its policy on ageing, as the topic took a larger and larger part in the political agenda. It has recently concentrated on prevention, to aim for active ageing, healthy ageing or ageing well. As a result, in a backdrop of scientific progress and social transformations, sports and physical activities have become the main tool of ageing prevention strategies.It was in the 2000’s that sports and physical activities became fully part of the French public policy for prevention. Our research is especially concerned with the international and national ageing policies, which use sports and physical activities as a privileged tool to keep seniors healthy. The aim is to understand when, how and why sports and physical activities became the cornerstone of these policies.We will also focus on the various schemes which rely on sports and physical activities and which are currently implemented across the country at each level of public policy making.We will show that there are a huge number of private and public actors, with all kinds of expertise, who take part in these schemes. The programmes of action are numerous and varied, but appear fragmented and sometimes lacking in coordination.

Submitted by Edisangela Bastos (edisangela@ufpa.br) on 2013-12-02T21:40:20Z No. of bitstreams: 2 license_rdf: 23898 bytes, checksum: e363e809996cf46ada20da1accfcd9c7 (MD5) Tese_ParametrosAcusticoVoz.pdf: 1421085 bytes, checksum: f8aa292e58c994f14b1f7c501c695a15 (MD5) / Approved for entry into archive by Ana Rosa Silva(arosa@ufpa.br) on 2013-12-10T17:20:23Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 2 license_rdf: 23898 bytes, checksum: e363e809996cf46ada20da1accfcd9c7 (MD5) Tese_ParametrosAcusticoVoz.pdf: 1421085 bytes, checksum: f8aa292e58c994f14b1f7c501c695a15 (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2013-12-10T17:20:23Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 2 license_rdf: 23898 bytes, checksum: e363e809996cf46ada20da1accfcd9c7 (MD5) Tese_ParametrosAcusticoVoz.pdf: 1421085 bytes, checksum: f8aa292e58c994f14b1f7c501c695a15 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2013 / CAPES - Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior / A voz e a habilidade vocal são diferentes em cada indivíduo e em cada fase da vida. Devido aos escassos estudos sobre a qualidade vocal de meninos e adolescentes durante a puberdade, o presente estudo teve como objetivo quantificar os seguintes parâmetros da análise acústica da voz: frequência fundamental, jitter, shimmer, relação harmônico-ruído e intensidade. Para entender como se dá a variação da voz com o desenvolvimento de meninos e adolescentes, esses parâmetros foram correlacionados entre si e também com o grau do desenvolvimento puberal de sujeitos do sexo masculino. Métodos: Foram sujeitos desse estudo 110 indivíduos do sexo masculino, com idade entre 11 e 20 anos, estudantes de três escolas estaduais de Macapá, onde foi feita a coleta dos dados. Os sujeitos foram divididos em 4 grupos, 32 sujeitos com idade entre 11 e 12 anos compuseram o Grupo I, 29 sujeitos com idade entre 13 e 15 anos o Grupo II, o Grupo III foi composto por 30 sujeitos com idade entre 16 e 18 anos, e o Grupo IV por sujeitos com idade entre 19 e 20 anos. Todos os sujeitos foram submetidos à gravação da voz diretamente no computador com auxilio de microfone unidirecional. Solicitou-se emissão sustentada da vogal /é/ e fala encadeada: contagem de 1 a 10 e leitura de um parágrafo pré-estabelecido. Em seguida os sujeitos foram avaliados por um médico clínico geral para caracterização do desenvolvimento puberal de acordo com os estágios descritos por Tanner. A análise vocal foi realizada com o programa acústico Voz Metria®. Resultados: Os sujeitos apresentaram F0 média durante a vogal sustentada de 223,28 Hz, 249,86 Hz, 122,63 Hz e 127,61 Hz para os Grupos I, II, III e IV respectivamente. A F0 durante a fala encadeada foi de 217,09 Hz, 246,18 Hz, 117,27 Hz e 123,42 para os Grupos I, II, III e IV respectivamente. Shimmer apresentou valores aumentados nos quatro grupos. Jitter, intensidade e a relação harmônico-ruído mantiveram-se dentro dos padrões de normalidade estabelecidos pelo programa acústico utilizado. Quanto ao desenvolvimento puberal, a maioria dos sujeitos está em G3 (n=38; 34,5%) e G4 (n=42; 38,2%) e P3 (n=34; 31%) e P4 (n=36; 32,7%). O grau de desenvolvimento puberal está correlacionado com aF0 durante a fala encadeada (p<0,001) e com a F0 durante a emissão da vogal sustentada (p<0,001) e essa correlação foi estatisticamente significante entre G2 e G5, e G3 e G5. Conclusão: Até os 15 anos os parâmetros vocais acústicos são típicos da voz infantil. Dos 16 aos 20 anos há decréscimo significativo da F0, porém a voz ainda está em processo de estabilização, com valores aumentados de shimmer. F0 é o único parâmetro correlacionado com o grau de desenvolvimento puberal. A finalização do processo de muda vocal se apresentou, na população estudada, como um evento tardio em relação ao desenvolvimento puberal. / The voice and the vocal ability are different in every individual and in every stage of life. There is a limited number of studies on the vocal quality of children and adolescents during puberty. The aim of this study was to quantify the following parameters of acoustic analysis of voice: fundamental frequency, jitter, shimmer, harmonic-to-noise ratio and intensity. To understand the relationship between the voice and the development of children and adolescents, these parameters were correlated with each other and with the degree of pubertal development in male subjects. Methods: The subjects of the study were 110 males, aged between 11 and 20 years, students from three Macapá schools, where the data collection was carried out. The subjects were divided into 4 groups, 32 subjects aged between 11 and 12 years composed the Group I, 29 subjects aged between 13 and 15 the Group II, the Group III consisted of 30 subjects aged between 16 and 18 years and Group IV by subjects aged between 19 and 20 years. All subjects underwent computer-based voice recording using a unidirectional microphone. The following phonation tasks were requested: saying sustained vowel /é/, counting from 1 to 10 and reading a pre-established paragraph. Then, the subjects were assessed by a physician for characterization of pubertal development according to the stages described by Tanner. The voice analysis was performed using the voice acoustic program Vox Metria ®. Results: The subjects showed the following F0 average during sustained vowel: 223.28 Hz, 249.86 Hz, 122.63 Hz and 127.61 Hz for Groups I, II, III and IV respectively. The mean of F0 during the sequential speech was 217.09 Hz, 246.18 Hz, 117.27 Hz and 123.42 for Groups I, II, III and IV respectively. Shimmer showed increased values for the four groups. Jitter, intensity and harmonic noise ratio remained within normal limits established by the acoustic voice program used. Most subjects were in G3 (n = 38, 34.5%) and G4 (n = 42, 38.2%) and P3 (n = 34, 31%) and P4 (n = 36 , 32.7%) stages of pubertal development. The degree of pubertal development was correlated with F0 during speech (p <0.001) and with F0 during sustained vowel (p <0.001) and this correlation was statistically significant between G2 and G5, and G3 and G5. Conclusion: Subjects aging up to 15 years showed acoustic vocal parameters typical of the childish voice. The decrease of F0 occurs between 16 and 20 years old, but the voice is still in process of stabilization, with increased values of shimmer. F0 is the only parameter correlated with the degree of pubertal development. The last stage of voice change, in the studied population, is a late event in relation to pubertal development.

Submitted by Albirene Sousa (albirene@ufpa.br) on 2011-03-28T13:53:59Z No. of bitstreams: 1 BLANDTT, Lucinaldo da Silva PPGAgricultura Amazônicas.pdf: 2546263 bytes, checksum: 5dc0b3ef15986352d046f0e5ed25fb4f (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2011-03-28T13:53:59Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 BLANDTT, Lucinaldo da Silva PPGAgricultura Amazônicas.pdf: 2546263 bytes, checksum: 5dc0b3ef15986352d046f0e5ed25fb4f (MD5) Previous issue date: 2010-04-06 / CNPq - Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico / This work, entitled "Public policies, tourism and municipal conservation units: an experience in Cancao, Serra do Navio, Amapa" deals with the issue of public policy for tourism and environment, focusing on discussion of new categories of study which are the units of conservation municipal (UCM), dealing with the Municipal Natural Park of the song, and highlights a brief analysis of the social-cultural city, which was the first city-company mineral exploration in the Amazon. The objective of this research is to analyze the dynamics of tourism and environmental management, focused on the UCM in the municipality of Serra do Navio, emphasizing well as being the issue is socio-cultural city, from a context that was once a company. The methodology of the work consisted of literature and documents in Belem /PA and Macapa / AP; field research in the city of Serra do Navio, using interviews and questionnaires with the municipal and state governments, private sector, and the community at large, doing well, visual record of the residents of the locality and finally the data analysis, quantitative and qualitative, from the collection field. Preliminary results indicate that tourism is gradually inserting itself in the city, and encouraged by the state government and also municipal, and environmental issues is a significant issue for the town as it is has one of the first places to feature UCM northern Brazil, and finally, that the company still has a mountain great memory about the experiences of the former mining. / Versa sobre a problemática das políticas públicas de turismo e meio ambiente, enfocando a discussão acerca das categorias novas de estudo que são as Unidades de Conservação municipais – UCM, tratando sobre o Parque Natural Municipal do Cancão, além de destacar uma breve análise sobre a questão sociocultural da cidade, que foi uma das primeiras cidades-empresa de exploração mineral na Amazônia. O objetivo desta pesquisa é o de analisar a dinâmica do turismo e da gestão ambiental, centrada nas UCM, no município de Serra do Navio, enfatizando também como está sendo trata a questão sociocultural na cidade, a partir de um contexto de que esta antes era uma empresa. A metodologia do trabalho compôs-se de pesquisa bibliográfica e documental em Belém/PA e Macapá/AP; pesquisa de campo na cidade de Serra do Navio, utilizando-se de entrevistas e questionários, com o poder público municipal e estadual, setor privado, e a comunidade em geral, fazendo também, registro visual dos residentes e da localidade, por fim a análise dos dados, quantitativos e qualitativos, a partir da coleta de campo. Os resultados preliminares apontam que o turismo, está aos poucos, se inserindo no município, sendo fomentado pelo governo estadual e também municipal, e que a questão ambiental é um tema significativo para a cidade, já que está possui um dos primeiros espaços com característica de UCM do norte do Brasil, e por fim, que a sociedade serrana ainda guarda uma memória grande acerca da vivencia da antiga empresa mineradora Indústria e Comercio de Mineração – ICOMI.

Submitted by Irvana Coutinho (irvana@ufpa.br) on 2017-02-03T12:01:01Z No. of bitstreams: 2 license_rdf: 0 bytes, checksum: d41d8cd98f00b204e9800998ecf8427e (MD5) Dissertacao_CulturaMargensEducacao.pdf: 1834141 bytes, checksum: 9c06376ae5b0402eda7d5c7ace57ef84 (MD5) / Approved for entry into archive by Irvana Coutinho (irvana@ufpa.br) on 2017-02-03T12:02:29Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 2 license_rdf: 0 bytes, checksum: d41d8cd98f00b204e9800998ecf8427e (MD5) Dissertacao_CulturaMargensEducacao.pdf: 1834141 bytes, checksum: 9c06376ae5b0402eda7d5c7ace57ef84 (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2017-02-03T12:02:29Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 2 license_rdf: 0 bytes, checksum: d41d8cd98f00b204e9800998ecf8427e (MD5) Dissertacao_CulturaMargensEducacao.pdf: 1834141 bytes, checksum: 9c06376ae5b0402eda7d5c7ace57ef84 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2014-06-10 / Nesta dissertação apresento discussões acerca do Ensino de Arte, Saberes e Fazeres Afroamapaenses, em Macapá-AP. O trabalho tem como tema a “Cultura nas margens da Educação” e como objeto de pesquisa “os saberes e fazeres afroamapaenses ressignificados no cotidiano de vida dos professores de Arte e nos saberes e fazeres de suas práticas profissionais. As questões norteadoras que motivaram a pesquisa foram: a que grupos sociais e culturais esses professores pertencem e/ou se autoidentificam; como se relacionam com a cultura afroamapaense ali recriada; que práticas culturais e artísticas afro-brasileiras compartilham em seu território social e que aproximações existem entre a cultura afroamapaense e o currículo de Arte trabalhado por esses professores. Para melhor compreender o objeto de estudo, a investigação buscou o diálogo com estudiosos da história, cultura e arte africana e afro-brasileira, educação, currículo e identidade, especialmente aqueles que se baseiam teoricamente nos Estudos Culturais e no Pensamento Pós-Colonial. Destarte, pensando nas histórias e saberes africanos que chegaram e se recriaram no Brasil e na Amazônia e no modo como foram ou não trabalhados no ensino de Arte, decidi investigar essas relações e seus desdobramentos por meio dos saberes e fazeres afroamapaenses praticados por esses professores de Arte da rede pública de ensino da cidade de Macapá/AP. Para alcançar o objetivo inicial proposto, utilizei o campo da História Oral como metodologia, analisando e interpretando narrativas coletadas de professores de Arte, também fiz uso de outros recursos para captar informações que considerei pertinentes, como: pesquisa de documentos escolares e históricos (Planos de Ensino, PPP) e questionário direcionado à alguns dos professores. A intenção era que a partir das narrativas orais dos professores e dos questionários direcionados pudesse identificar que aproximações possuem a cultura afro-brasileira e/ou afroamapaense no currículo “praticado” no ensino de Arte e qual o lugar das histórias e saberes africanos na vida desses professores de Arte. Minha aposta é que patrimônios e heranças de culturas negras em diásporas na Amazônia, estão latentes, vivo(a)s e presentes em diferentes expressões dos modos de viver dos professores de Arte da região, em especial de Macapá-AP / In this research I present discussions about Art Education, Knowledge and Doings Afroamapaenses in Macapá - AP. The work has the theme "Culture on the banks of Education" and as a research subject " knowledge and doings afroamapaenses reinterpreted in the daily lives of teachers of Art and the knowledge and practices of their professional practices . The guiding questions that motivated the research were: a social and cultural groups that these teachers belong and/or self-identify; how they relate to the culture afroamapaense recreated there; that african -Brazilian cultural and artistic practices sharing on your social territory and approaches that exist between culture and curriculum afroamapaense Art worked for these teachers . To better understand the object of study, the research sought dialogue with scholars of history, art and culture and African african - Brazilian, education, curriculum and identity, especially those in the theory of Cultural Studies and Postcolonial Thought based. Thus, thinking about the stories and knowledge that Africans arrived and recreated in Brazil and in the Amazon and how they have been or not worked in teaching Art, decided to investigate these relationships and their consequences through knowledge and practice afroamapaenses practiced by those teachers art of the public schools of the city of Macapa / AP. To achieve the proposed initial goal, used the field of oral history as a methodology, analyzing and interpreting narratives collected from teachers of art, also made use of other resources to capture that information considered relevant, such as: research and educational historical documents ( Plans Education, PPP ) and a questionnaire directed to some of the teachers . The intention was that from the oral narratives of teachers and targeted questionnaires could identify approaches that have the african - Brazilian culture and / or the curriculum afroamapaense "practiced" in the teaching of art and what is the place of stories and knowledge in the lives of African Art teachers. My bet is that heritage and legacies of black diasporic cultures in the Amazon, are latent, live (a) is present in different expressions of the modes of living of teachers of art in the region, especially from Macapá - AP.

Submitted by Irvana Coutinho (irvana@ufpa.br) on 2017-05-10T11:30:39Z No. of bitstreams: 2 license_rdf: 0 bytes, checksum: d41d8cd98f00b204e9800998ecf8427e (MD5) Dissertacao_GeneseMaterialidadeNocao.pdf: 1081802 bytes, checksum: 249d73886b4335ba71d87c8a83b63ec2 (MD5) / Approved for entry into archive by Irvana Coutinho (irvana@ufpa.br) on 2017-05-10T11:33:51Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 2 license_rdf: 0 bytes, checksum: d41d8cd98f00b204e9800998ecf8427e (MD5) Dissertacao_GeneseMaterialidadeNocao.pdf: 1081802 bytes, checksum: 249d73886b4335ba71d87c8a83b63ec2 (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2017-05-10T11:33:51Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 2 license_rdf: 0 bytes, checksum: d41d8cd98f00b204e9800998ecf8427e (MD5) Dissertacao_GeneseMaterialidadeNocao.pdf: 1081802 bytes, checksum: 249d73886b4335ba71d87c8a83b63ec2 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2015-05-28 / Trata das influências que a Pedagogia das Competências ainda exerce sobre a prática pedagógica de docentes de uma escola de ensino médio do Estado do Amapá. Fizemos um Estudo de Caso, em que os sujeitos participantes da pesquisa foram 08 (oito) professores do ensino médio, o instrumento de coleta de dados foi a entrevista semi estruturada e a análise de conteúdo foi a técnica utilizada para a análise dos dados. A hipótese que trazíamos era que a noção das competências mantêm-se como uma ideologia que influencia na prática pedagógica dos professores da escola. Caracterizamos as práticas pedagógicas dos docentes da escola a partir de quatro categorias do processo didático: planejamento de ensino, objetivos de ensino, conteúdos de ensino e métodos de ensino. A partir das mesmas identificamos que o planejamento toma a flexibilidade como ideia de referência e assume os conteúdos de ensino como elemento central, que na definição de suas finalidades os docentes experimentam o dilema entre formar para o mercado ou formar para o ingresso na universidade, que tomam o ENEM como grande referência para os processos formativos, que os docentes assumem os conteúdos formativos, ainda que sob a perspectiva da disciplinarização e que os procedimentos de ensino revelam uma desarticulação entre conteúdo e forma, apesar de os docentes comprometerem-se com a ideia de inovação pedagógica. Concluímos que não há uma relação direta entre as práticas pedagógicas e a Pedagogia das Competências, mas que a partir deste caso prevalece um ideário pragmático como lógica a orientar as práticas docentes. / It treats of the influences which the Pedagogy of Competences still carries on the pedagogical practices of teachers from a senior high school in Amapá state. We did a case study in which the participants were 08 (eight) senior high school teachers, the data collection instrument was a semi-structured interview and the content analysis was the technique used for data analysis. The hypothesis that we brought was that the notion of the competences remain as an ideology that influences the pedagogic practice of the school teachers. We characterized the pedagogical practices of the school teachers from four categories of the didactic process: the educational planning, teaching objectives, teaching content and the teaching methods. From the same we identified that the planning considers the flexibility as reference and idea considers the teaching contents as a central element, in the definition of its purposes the teachers experience the dilemma to form to the market or to form to study in a university, it considers ENEM (national exam of high school) as a great reference for the formative processes that teachers assume the training contents, even from the perspective of subjecting and teaching procedures reveal a disconnect between content and form, although the teachers compromise to the idea of pedagogical innovation. We concluded that there is no direct relationship between teaching practices and pedagogy of competences, but from this case prevails a pragmatic ideas as a logical guide for teaching practices. / Aborde l'influences que la pédagogie des compétences jusqu‘au ce temps instruire sur la pratique pédagogique des enseignants dans une écoled‘enseignement moyen de l'Amapá. Nous avons fait une étude particulier, dans lesquels les participants de la recherche étaient 08(huit) professeurs d‘enseignement moyen. L'instrument de collecte des données est allé un‘enquête semi-structurée et l'analyse de contenu est allé la technique utilisée pour faire l'analyse des données. L'hypothèse que nous avons présenté était que la notion des compétences restent comme une idéologie que influe les professseurs sur ses pratiques pédagogiques dans l‘école. Nous avons caractérisé les pratiques pédagogiques d‘enseignants d‘école à partir de quatre catégories du processus didactique: planning d‘ enseignement, l‘objectifs d'enseignement, contenu de l'enseignement et méthodes d'enseignement. À partir de ça, nous avons identifié que le planning englobe la flexibilité comme l'idée de référence et ainsi adopte les contenus d'enseignement comme un élément central, que à travers de la définition de but, les professeurs ont d‘expériences sur le dilemme, entre former pour le marché ou former pour d‘entrée dans l'université, en prenant l'ENEM comme grande référence pour les processus de la formation, que les enseignants prennent le contenu de la formation, bien que sur la perspective de la disciplinarisation et que les procédures d‘enseignement révèlent une dislocation entre le contenu et la forme, bien que les enseignants s'engagent avec l'idée de l'innovation pédagogique. Nous avons conclu qu'il n'y a pas de relation directe entre les pratiques pédagogique et la pédagogie des compétences, cependant à travers cette recherche particulière prévaut une idéologie pragmatique comme une logique a guider les pratiques d‘ enseignants.

Muitas são as formas para se promover o desenvolvimento, mas poucas são as que podem privilegiar a maioria das classes sociais. O desenvolvimento sustentável é um conceito aprimorado do desenvolvimento hoje conhecido, que busca além da sustentabilidade dos recursos naturais, necessários aos seus processos, também a divisão dos lucros com a totalidade do bolo social. Hoje, com este modelo de desenvolvimento predominante, o único resultado dividido com toda a sociedade são os problemas sócio-ambientais criados. A finalidade deste trabalho foi procurar conhecer um pouco mais as comunidades do Estado do Amapá, para assim tentar embasar as políticas públicas de desenvolvimento do atual governo estadual, sendo esta a demanda apresentada pelo próprio governo, quando em 1998 solicitou ao Instituto do Homem e Meio Ambiente da Amazônia - Imazon - o levantamento do setor madeireiro do Amapá. Foram utilizados 2 métodos para a construção da metodologia deste trabalho, o macro-zoneamento utilizando um Sistema de Informação Geográfica (SIG) e o levantamento sócio-econômico, sendo entrevistados os lideres das comunidades que se encontravam dentro da área considerada economicamente viável para a exploração florestal no estado do Amapá. Os principais resultados deste levantamento estão concentrados na questão do apoio das instituições, governamentais e não-governamentais, para tentarem resolver, junto com as comunidades, os desafios encontrados na busca da sustentabilidade de suas famílias, para que possam assim, manter suas tradições e culturas no mesmo lugar onde viveram seus pais e avós. E no caso das comunidades formadas pela reforma agrária, os desafios são os mesmos, o apoio ainda se faz mais necessário pois na maioria dos casos as famílias podem nem possuir alguma tradição agrícola, e quanto mais florestal, para que possam transformar seus lotes em empreendimentos economicamente viáveis na Amazônia. Foram caracterizadas 56 comunidades em 8 municípios que integram a área economicamente viável para a exploração florestal, área de aproximadamente 29.838 Km 2 , correspondendo a 20,8% do território estadual. Todas as comunidades caracterizadas estão na área de viabilidade econômica e possuem potencial para desenvolverem o manejo florestal, mas dentre elas 8, localizadas em somente 2 municípios, possuem serrarias já em funcionamento e poderiam ser as eleitas para o desenvolvimento de um projeto piloto de manejo florestal comunitário. As áreas identificadas como as mais viáveis para o Manejo Florestal, devem ser incorporadas pelo governo em seus zoneamentos ecológico e econômico, para que futuramente possa subsidiar com informações estratégicas o desenvolvimento do estado através de sua grande aptidão natural, a produção madeireira em regime de sustentabilidade. / There are several ways to promote the development, but rare are those that would privilege most social classes. The sustainable development is an improved concept of the development known today, that strives to accomplish not only the natural resources sustainability, but also to share the profits within all segments in the society. Today, with the predominance of this development model, the only results shared with the society are the social-environmental problems that were once created. This work's main purpose was an attempt to know better the communities from the Amapa State, and the understanding of the public politics development that this State has adopted, when it requested a survey of its own wooden sector in 1998 to "Instituto do Homem e Meio Ambiente da Amazonia" - Imazon. Two methods were used to create this work's methodology, the macro zoning that used the Geographic Information System - GIS and the social-economic survey, where some community leaders were interviewed. This survey main results are focused in helping the institutions, public or private, in trying to solve, in colaboration with these communities, the challenges found in the attempt to support their families and, also in order to keep their traditions and culture in its natural place. In the case of those communities created with the agrarian reform, the challenges are the same, the support is still needed because in most cases these families don't even have agricultural tradition, specially forest management, to transform their lands in economic feasible business in the Amazon region. There were characterized 56 communities in 8 cities that compound the economically feasible area for forest management, an area of approximately 29.838 Km 2 corresponding to 20.8% of the state territory. All characterized communities are in the economically feasible area and have the potential to develop the forest management, but among them 8, located in only 2 cities, have sawmills already working and could be elected to the development of a pilot project for a communitary forest management. The areas identified as the most feasible for the forest management should be incorporated by the government in its ecological and economic zonings, in order to provide strategic information for the State development in the future through its huge natural aptness to the wood production in sustainability regime.

Advanced Placement (AP) courses engage high school students with college curriculum taught by trained high school teachers, with an opportunity for students to earn college credit by passing the end-of-course AP exam. AP has evolved into an indicator of school quality, instructional rigor, and a consideration in the college admissions process. AP enrollment and exam performance outcomes for White students disproportionately surpass those for Black students. This study attempts to inform practice, policy, and programming toward more equitable enrollment outcomes for Black students through a single case study. The selected case school was the only high school among 38 in central Virginia serving a significant proportion of both Black and White students demonstrating proportional AP enrollment between the Black and White student populations. Evidence gathered in the single case study through interviews and document review was analyzed to answer the research question: how do school-level practices and policies influence proportional AP enrollment for Black and White students at a central Virginia high school? Coding and narrative analysis were used to assess the case school’s practices, policies, and characteristics in the context of the four categories of school-based factors associated with equitable AP enrollment established by prior literature: curriculum characteristics, teacher training and awareness, family engagement and outreach, and student identification and recommendation processes. Equity was defined using overlapping social, racial, and educational equity frameworks within education and public administration. Findings showed that course recommendation processes, teacher training, unique school-based programming, course scheduling, instructional techniques toward increased rigor, and parent outreach are among the most significant school-level factors distinguishing the case school in its achievement of equitable AP enrollment between Black and White students, but that those school-level factors must be administered, executed, and nurtured in a school characterized by positive and encouraging relationships among students, staff, and leadership. It is recommended that equitable outcomes become a clear feature and requirement of local, state, and federal policy to prompt school personnel to work toward equity between Black and White students in AP enrollment and in the various processes and outcomes within public education. It is further recommended that policies and practices place an explicit premium on the power of relationships among stakeholders in each school in achieving equitable outcomes.

La polarité épithéliale est un processus essentiel au cours du développement d'un organisme. Ici, nous nous focalisons sur le tissu épithélial intestinal et épidermal de C. elegans pour comprendre comment la cellule maintient sa polarité en définissant un pôle apical et un pôle basolatéral. Afin d'assurer la mise en place et le maintien de cette polarité, des protéines appelées déterminants de polarité interviennent. Parmi ces déterminants, le module PAR-3/PAR-6/aPKC et CDC-42 sont des acteurs majeurs pour spécifier la polarité apicale. Nous avons montré que le complexe adaptateur pour la clathrine AP-1, un régulateur clé du trafic intracellulaire remplit une fonction inattendue dans ce processus. En effet, nous avons confirmé le rôle d'AP-1 dans le tri basolatéral observé chez les mammifères, mais de façon intéressante nous avons démontré qu'AP-1 contrôle également le tri apical d'une protéine transmembranaire ainsi que la localisation asymétrique apicale de CDC-42 et PAR-6. En effet, l'inhibition d'AP-1 cause une délocalisation basolatérale de CDC-42 et PAR-6. La perte de fonction d'AP-1 induit une conversion de la membrane latérale en membrane apicale et la formation de lumières intestinales ectopiques. La perte de fonction du complexe AP-1 induit également une létalité embryonnaire qui peut s'expliquer par le phénotype identifié dans l'épiderme. Dans cet épithélium, AP-1 contrôle l'intégrité des jonctions cellulaire et notamment le tri apical de la E-cadhérine. Nos résultats démontrent une fonction essentielle d'AP-1 dans le tri apical, directement responsable du maintien de la polarité épithéliale.

<p>Eukaryotic gene transcription plays a regulatory role in mammalian developmental processes. It has been shown that transcriptional control is an important mechanism for specification of neurotransmitter phenotypes. In the mammalian central nervous system, the transcription factor AP-2 family is one of the critical regulatory factors for neural gene expression and neuronal development. It has been shown that several genes in the monoaminergic systems have AP-2 binding sites in regulatory regions, suggesting a regulatory role of AP-2 also in the adult brain. Brainstem monoamines are implicated in the expression of personality traits and imbalances in these systems may give rise to psychiatric disorders. </p><p>The gene encoding AP-2β includes a polymorphic region consisting of a tetranucleotide repeat of [CAAA]_4-5 in intron 2. Studies on AP-2β genotype in relation to personality and platelet MAO activity, a trait-dependant marker for personality, are presented in this thesis. Furthermore, correlations between brainstem levels of AP-2α and AP-2β and monoamine turnover in projection areas in rat forebrain are reported. These results strengthen the notion that the AP-2 family is important regulators of the monoaminergic systems in the adult brain. Furthermore, two studies are presented in this thesis with analyses indicating a role for AP-2 in the molecular mechanism of antidepressant drugs.</p><p>Altogether, this thesis presents data supporting our notion that the transcription factor AP-2 family is involved in the regulation of the monoaminergic systems both pre- and postnatally, and, therefore, might be involved in the pathophysiology of neuropsychiatric disorders.</p>

<p>The CNS monoaminergic systems are considered as the head engine regulating neuropsychiatric functions and personality. Transcription factor AP-2 is known to be essential for the development of the brainstem including the monoaminergic nuclei, and has the ability to regulate many genes in the monoaminergic systems. The ability of transcription factors to regulate specific gene expression, has lately made them hot candidates as drug targets. In this thesis, results indicating a role of AP-2 in the molecular effects of the antidepressant drugs citalopram and phenelzine, are presented. </p><p>A polymorphism in the second intron of the gene encoding AP-2ß has previously been associated with anxiety-related personality traits as estimated by the Karolinska Scales of Personality (KSP). In this thesis, results confirming this association, gained by using a larger material and several different personality scales, are presented. Furthermore, data is presented showing an association between the activity of platelet monoamine oxidase, a trait-dependent marker for personality, and the genotype of the AP-2ß intron 2 polymorphism. </p><p>The functional importance of the AP-2ß intron 2 polymorphism has not yet been elucidated. Included in this thesis are results showing that the AP-2ß intron 2 polymorphism is not in linkage disequilibrium with the only other described polymorphism in the AP-2ß gene, i.e. in the AP-2ß promoter (-67 G/A). Introns have in several studies been shown to include binding sites for regulatory proteins, and thus, to be important in transcriptional regulation. Results are presented demonstrating that one human brain nuclear protein binds only to the long variant of the AP-2ß intron 2 polymorphism. If this protein is involved in the regulation of the AP-2ß gene, it would affect the expression levels of the AP-2ß protein. </p><p>In general, this thesis further establishes the role of transcription factor AP-2 as a regulatory factor of importance for personality and monoaminergic functions.</p>