Ao considerar que os distúrbios respiratórios relacionados ao sono, apneia obstrutiva do sono (AOS) e dessaturação noturna de oxigênio (DNO), podem estar presentes em pacientes com doença pulmonar obstrutiva crônica (DPOC), este estudo teve como objetivos: (1) estimar a frequência de AOS e DNO na amostra e nos graus e categorias GOLD (Global Initiative for Chronic Obstructive Lung Disease); (2) avaliar a relação da presença de AOS e DNO no agravamento clínico de pacientes com DPOC. Estudo transversal em 56 pacientes com DPOC estável e pressão parcial arterial de oxigênio (PaO2) diurna > 60 mmHg, submetidos à coleta dos seguintes dados: demográficos, antropométricos e de hábito tabágico; relato de ronco e sonolência diurna; número de exacerbações e hospitalizações; escala de dispneia do Medical Reserch Council modificada; teste de avaliação da DPOC; escala de sonolência de Epworth; espirometria; gasometria arterial; hemograma; monitorização ambulatorial da pressão arterial e polissonografia. Os pacientes foram classificados em graus e categorias GOLD e divididos em 3 grupos de estudo: grupo DPOC pura, grupo síndrome de sobreposição (SS) e grupo dessaturador (D). Os resultados mostraram: 30 pacientes do sexo masculino (54%); idade: 63,7 (DP=7,3) anos; índice de massa corpórea (IMC): 25,2 (DP=4,3) Kg/m2; circunferência do pescoço: 38,4 (DP=3,2) cm; 46% tabagistas; carga tabágica: 50,0 (DP=20,7) anosmaço; volume expiratório forçado no primeiro segundo (VEF1): 56,4 (DP=19,8) % do previsto; PaO2: 78,3 (DP=8,0) mmHg; saturação arterial de oxigênio (SaO2): 95,5 (DP=1,4) %; 29 pacientes (52%) eram do grupo DPOC pura, 14 (25%) do grupo SS e 13 (23%) do grupo D; frequência de AOS e DNO na amostra: 25% e 23%, respectivamente; frequência de AOS nos GOLD 1234: 14%, 24%, 25%, 50% (p=0,34) e GOLD ABCD: 44%, 15%, 25%, 26% (p=0,31), respectivamente; frequência da DNO nos GOLD 1234: 29%, 24%, 19%, 25% (p=0,88) e GOLD ABCD: 11%, 20%, 25%, 30% (p=0,35), respectivamente. Evidências de diferença estatística entre os 3 grupos: sexo (DPOC pura: 48% de homens versus SS: 86% versus D: 31%; p<0,01); IMC (DPOC pura: 23,9 (DP=3,8) versus SS: 24,7 (DP=4,6) versus D: 28,6 (DP=3,5) Kg/m2; p<0,01); circunferência do pescoço (DPOC pura: 37,4 (DP=2,7) versus SS: 40,0 (DP=2,9) versus D: 38,9 (DP=3,9) cm; p=0,03); relato de sonolência diurna (DPOC pura: 17% versus SS: 0 versus D: 38%; p=0,03); SaO2 diurna (DPOC pura: 95,8 (DP=1,5) % versus SS: 95,8 (DP=1,1) % versus D: 94,7 (DP=1,3) %; p=0,04); descenso noturno diastólico (DPOC pura: 6,5 (DP=7,0) % versus SS: 2,3 (DP=7,3) % versus D: 5,6 (DP=7,0) %; p=0,04). Conclui-se que, em pacientes com DPOC, a frequência de AOS e DNO foi elevada na amostra e não sofreu influência dos graus ou categorias GOLD; encontrou-se associação entre a presença de AOS e o sexo masculino, maior circunferência do pescoço e menor descenso noturno diastólico; e a presença de DNO associou-se com o sexo feminino, maior IMC, maior relato de sonolência diurna e menor SaO2 diurna. Estas características podem contribuir para diferenciar clinicamente os grupos SS e D do grupo DPOC pura / While considering that the sleep-related breathing disorders, obstructive sleep apnea (OSA) and nocturnal oxygen desaturation (NOD) may be present in patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD), this study aimed to: (1) to estimate the frequency of OSA and NOD in the sample and in the GOLD degrees and categories (Global Initiative for Chronic Obstructive Lung Disease); (2) to assess the relationship of the presence of OSA and NOD in the clinical aggravation of patients with COPD. Transversal study in 56 patients suffering from stable COPD and daytime partial arterial oxygen tension (PaO2) > 60 mmHg, subjected to the collection of the following data: demographic and anthropometric data, and smoking habit; report of snoring and daytime sleepiness; number of exacerbations and hospitalizations; modified Medical Research Council dyspnea scale; COPD assessment test; Epworth Sleepiness Scale; spirometry; arterial gasometry; hemogram; ambulatory blood pressure monitoring and polysomnography. The patients were classified in GOLD degrees and categories and divided into 3 study groups: pure COPD group, overlap syndrome (OS) and desaturator group (D). The results showed: 30 male patients (54%); age 63,7 years old (DP=7,3); body mass index (BMI) 25,2 Kg/m2 (DP=4,3); neck circumference 38,4 cm (DP=3,2); 46% smokers; smoking load 50,0 pack years (DP=20,7); forced expiratory volume in the first second (FEV1) 56,4% of the expected (DP=19,8); PaO2 78,3 mmHg (DP=8,0); arterial oxygen saturation (SaO2) 95,5% (DP=1,4); 29 patients (52%) belonged to the pure COPD group, 14 (25%) to the OS group and 13 (23%) to the D group; frequency of OSA and NOD in the sample: 25% and 23%, respectively; frequency of OSA in the GOLD 1234: 14%, 24%, 25%, 50% (p=0,34) and GOLD ABCD: 44%, 15%, 25%, 26% (p=0,31), respectively; NOD frequency in the GOLD 1234: 29%, 24%, 19%, 25% (p=0,88) and GOLD ABCD: 11%, 20%, 25%, 30% (p=0,35), respectively. Evidences of statistical difference among the three groups: sex (pure COPD: 48% men versus OS: 86% versus D: 31%; p<0,01); BMI (pure COPD: 23,9 (DP=3,8) versus OS: 24,7 (DP=4,6) versus D: 28,6 (DP=3,5) Kg/m2; p<0,01); neck circumference (pure COPD: 37,4 (DP=2,7) versus OS: 40,0 (DP=2,9) versus D: 38,9 (DP=3,9) cm; p=0,03); report of daytime sleepiness (pure COPD: 17% versus OS: 0 versus D: 38%; p=0,03); daytime SaO2 (pure COPD: 95,8% (DP=1,5) versus OS: 95,8% (DP=1,1) versus D: 94,7% (DP=1,3); p=0,04); diastolic sleep dip (pure COPD: 6,5% (DP=7,0) versus OS: 2,3% (DP=7,3) versus D: 5,6% (DP=7,0); p=0,04). It was concluded that, in patients with COPD, the OSA and NOD frequency was high in the sample and was not influenced by GOLD grades or categories. An association between the presence of OSA and the male sex, a larger neck circumference and a smaller diastolic sleep dip was found; and the presence of the NOD was associated with the female sex, a larger BMI, a more significant report of daytime sleepiness and a smaller daytime SaO2. These characteristics may contribute to differentiate clinically the OS and D groups from the pure COPD group

ABSTRACT ASSESSING BASELINE AND POST-DISCHARGE RISK FACTORS IN SUBJECTS WITH AND WITHOUT SLEEP APNEA UNDERGOING ENDOSCOPY WITH DEEP SEDATION Background: Outpatient procedures encompass over 60% of all surgeries in the United States, and the prevalence of obstructive sleep apnea (OSA) remains high among adult surgical ambulatory patients. Ambulatory surgery poses problems for patients with OSA because narcotics and anesthetics used during surgery can complicate the negative effects of OSA, leading to cardiac events, brain hypoxia, and even death. This study was designed to evaluate the prevalence of cardiopulmonary risk factors among post endoscopic patients with diagnosed and undiagnosed sleep apnea. Methods: The study involved a prospective, descriptive cross-sectional design and incorporated a pre-test or post-test data collection approach, using Actigraphy, pulse oximetry and 24-hour ECG monitoring via Bluetooth technology to monitor outpatients undergoing endoscopy with deep Propofol sedation. Patients were recruited pre-procedure to obtain a resting baseline ECG, and pre-procedure values were then monitored post procedure continuously for 24 hours. A p-value less than 0.05 was considered to be statistically significant. A target sample included 50 adult outpatients from a Florida suburban endoscopy center. Results: Pulse oximetry and Actigraph scores revealed no difference based on OSA. The ANOVA for oxygen desaturation events and sleep quality indices reflected no differences across groups. Sleep quality had no measurable influence on adverse events and was similar across groups; participants diagnosed with OSA slept longer than those in the untreated or no OSA group. Regressions for sleep quality indices reflected no differences among groups. Conclusions: There remains a lack of literature on cardiopulmonary and ECG indicators of cardiac risks in patients with OSA in the 24 hours following discharge from ambulatory surgery. This dissertation characterized the ECG at baseline and post-discharge among post-endoscopy outpatients with OSA and without OSA. Further research is recommended.

In the early 1990s claims were made that in all areas of health care, “30-40% of patients do not receive treatments of proven effectiveness”, and, “20-25% of patients have treatments that are unnecessary or potentially harmful”. Many such practices were diffused prior to the acceptance of modern evidence-based standards of clinical- and cost-effectiveness. I define disinvestment in the context of health care as the processes of withdrawing (partially or completely) resources from any existing health care practices, procedures, technologies or pharmaceuticals that are deemed to deliver little or no health gain relative to their cost, and thus are not efficient health resource allocations. Arguably disinvestment has been central to Evidence-Based Medicine(EBM) for well over a decade yet despite general advances in EBM, this topic remains relatively unexplored. This thesis examines the ongoing challenges that exist within the Australian context relating to effective disinvestment. Upper airway surgical procedures for the treatment of adult Obstructive Sleep Apnoea Syndrome (OSA) are used as a case study to contextualise these challenges. This thesis has six sections: 1. A review of the literature outlines developments in EBM broadly and provides a detailed background to OSA, including the numerous treatment options for the condition. This review examines evidence that highlights the importance of ‘highly effective treatment’ over ‘subtherapeutic treatment’ as a necessity to confer improved health outcomes in OSA. It is argued that claims of surgical success inherent in most published results of surgery effectiveness fail to assimilate contemporary evidence for clinically significant indicators of success. 2. Section two comprises the first reported meta-analysis in this area. It presents the pooled success rates of surgery according to various definitions. Specifically, when the traditional ‘surgical’ definition of success is applied the pooled success rate for Phase I (i.e. soft palate) surgical procedures is 55% (that is 45% fail). However, using a more stringent definition (endorsed by the peak international sleep medicine body), success is reduced to 13% (that is 87% fail). Similarly for Phase II (i.e. hard palate) procedures success rates decrease from 86% to 43% respectively when moving from a surgical to a medical definition of success. That various medical specialties differentially define treatment success, I argue, creates uncertainty for observers and non-clinical participants in this debate (eg policy stakeholders and patients). This represents a barrier to disinvestment decisions. 3. Results are presented from a clinical audit of surgical cases conducted as a component of this thesis. Both clinical effectiveness and procedural variability of surgery are reported. A unique methodology was utilised to capture data from multiple centres. It is the first time such a methodology has been reported to measure procedural variability alongside clinical effectiveness (inclusive of a comparative treatment arm). The observed cohort (n=94) received 41 varying combinations of surgery in an attempt to treat OSA. Results on effectiveness demonstrate an overall physiological success rate of 13% (according to the most stringent definition; phases I and II combined). This demonstration of procedural variability combined with limited effectiveness highlights clinical uncertainty in the application of surgical procedures. 4. Section four outlines how a qualitative phase of enquiry, directed at exploring the perspectives and experiences of surgery recipients, was approved by three independent research ethics review boards but was not supported by a small group of surgeons, resulting in the project being canceled. Potential consequences of this for impeding health services research (HSR) are discussed. 5. Two sets of results are reported from a qualitative phase of enquiry (semi-structured interviews) involving senior Australian health policy stakeholders. The first results are of policy stakeholders’ perspectives on the surgical meta-analysis and clinical audit studies in 2 and 3 above. The second results are from an extended series of questions relating to challenges and direction for effecting disinvestment mechanisms in Australia. Stakeholder responses highlight that Australia currently has limited formal systems in place to support disinvestment. Themes include how defining and proving inferiority of health care practices is not only conceptually difficult but also is limited by data availability and interpretation. Also, as with any policy endeavour there is the ever-present need to balance multiple interests. Stakeholders pointed to a need, and a role, for health services and policy research to build methodological capacity and decision support tools to underpin disinvestment. 6. A final discussion piece is presented that builds on all previous sections and summarises the specific challenges that exist for disinvestment, including those methodological in nature. The thesis concludes with potential solutions to address these challenges within the Australian and international context. Systematic policy approaches to disinvestment represent one measure to further improve equity, efficiency, quality of care, as well as sustainability of resource allocation. / http://proxy.library.adelaide.edu.au/login?url= http://library.adelaide.edu.au/cgi-bin/Pwebrecon.cgi?BBID=1297655 / Thesis (Ph.D.) -- University of Adelaide, School of Population Health and Clinical Practice, 2007

published_or_final_version / Medicine / Master / Master of Philosophy

Tracheal respiratory sounds analysis has been investigated as a non-invasive method to estimate respiratory flow and upper airway obstruction. However, the flow-sound relationship is highly variable among subjects which makes it challenging to estimate flow in general applications. Therefore, a robust model for acoustical flow estimation in a large group of individuals did not exist before. On the other hand, a major application of acoustical flow estimation is to detect flow limitations in patients with obstructive sleep apnea (OSA) during sleep. However, previously the flow--sound relationship was only investigated during wakefulness among healthy individuals. Therefore, it was necessary to examine the flow-sound relationship during sleep in OSA patients. This thesis takes the above challenges and offers innovative solutions. First, a modified linear flow-sound model was proposed to estimate respiratory flow from tracheal sounds. To remove the individual based calibration process, the statistical correlation between the model parameters and anthropometric features of 93 healthy volunteers was investigated. The results show that gender, height and smoking are the most significant factors that affect the model parameters. Hence, a general acoustical flow estimation model was proposed for people with similar height and gender. Second, flow-sound relationship during sleep and wakefulness was studied among 13 OSA patients. The results show that during sleep and wakefulness, flow-sound relationship follows a power law, but with different parameters. Therefore, for acoustical flow estimation during sleep, the model parameters should be extracted from sleep data to have small errors. The results confirm reliability of the acoustical flow estimation for investigating flow variations during both sleep and wakefulness. Finally, a new method for sleep apnea detection and monitoring was developed, which only requires recording the tracheal sounds and the blood's oxygen saturation level (SaO2) data. It automatically classifies the sound segments into breath, snore and noise. A weighted average of features extracted from sound segments and SaO2 signal was used to detect apnea and hypopnea events. The performance of the proposed approach was evaluated on the data of 66 patients. The results show high correlation (0.96,p < 0.0001) between the outcomes of our system and those of the polysomnography. Also, sensitivity and specificity of the proposed method in differentiating simple snorers from OSA patients were found to be more than 91%. These results are superior or comparable with the existing commercialized sleep apnea portable monitors.

Tracheal respiratory sounds analysis has been investigated as a non-invasive method to estimate respiratory flow and upper airway obstruction. However, the flow-sound relationship is highly variable among subjects which makes it challenging to estimate flow in general applications. Therefore, a robust model for acoustical flow estimation in a large group of individuals did not exist before. On the other hand, a major application of acoustical flow estimation is to detect flow limitations in patients with obstructive sleep apnea (OSA) during sleep. However, previously the flow--sound relationship was only investigated during wakefulness among healthy individuals. Therefore, it was necessary to examine the flow-sound relationship during sleep in OSA patients. This thesis takes the above challenges and offers innovative solutions. First, a modified linear flow-sound model was proposed to estimate respiratory flow from tracheal sounds. To remove the individual based calibration process, the statistical correlation between the model parameters and anthropometric features of 93 healthy volunteers was investigated. The results show that gender, height and smoking are the most significant factors that affect the model parameters. Hence, a general acoustical flow estimation model was proposed for people with similar height and gender. Second, flow-sound relationship during sleep and wakefulness was studied among 13 OSA patients. The results show that during sleep and wakefulness, flow-sound relationship follows a power law, but with different parameters. Therefore, for acoustical flow estimation during sleep, the model parameters should be extracted from sleep data to have small errors. The results confirm reliability of the acoustical flow estimation for investigating flow variations during both sleep and wakefulness. Finally, a new method for sleep apnea detection and monitoring was developed, which only requires recording the tracheal sounds and the blood's oxygen saturation level (SaO2) data. It automatically classifies the sound segments into breath, snore and noise. A weighted average of features extracted from sound segments and SaO2 signal was used to detect apnea and hypopnea events. The performance of the proposed approach was evaluated on the data of 66 patients. The results show high correlation (0.96,p < 0.0001) between the outcomes of our system and those of the polysomnography. Also, sensitivity and specificity of the proposed method in differentiating simple snorers from OSA patients were found to be more than 91%. These results are superior or comparable with the existing commercialized sleep apnea portable monitors.

In the early 1990s claims were made that in all areas of health care, “30-40% of patients do not receive treatments of proven effectiveness”, and, “20-25% of patients have treatments that are unnecessary or potentially harmful”. Many such practices were diffused prior to the acceptance of modern evidence-based standards of clinical- and cost-effectiveness. I define disinvestment in the context of health care as the processes of withdrawing (partially or completely) resources from any existing health care practices, procedures, technologies or pharmaceuticals that are deemed to deliver little or no health gain relative to their cost, and thus are not efficient health resource allocations. Arguably disinvestment has been central to Evidence-Based Medicine(EBM) for well over a decade yet despite general advances in EBM, this topic remains relatively unexplored. This thesis examines the ongoing challenges that exist within the Australian context relating to effective disinvestment. Upper airway surgical procedures for the treatment of adult Obstructive Sleep Apnoea Syndrome (OSA) are used as a case study to contextualise these challenges. This thesis has six sections: 1. A review of the literature outlines developments in EBM broadly and provides a detailed background to OSA, including the numerous treatment options for the condition. This review examines evidence that highlights the importance of ‘highly effective treatment’ over ‘subtherapeutic treatment’ as a necessity to confer improved health outcomes in OSA. It is argued that claims of surgical success inherent in most published results of surgery effectiveness fail to assimilate contemporary evidence for clinically significant indicators of success. 2. Section two comprises the first reported meta-analysis in this area. It presents the pooled success rates of surgery according to various definitions. Specifically, when the traditional ‘surgical’ definition of success is applied the pooled success rate for Phase I (i.e. soft palate) surgical procedures is 55% (that is 45% fail). However, using a more stringent definition (endorsed by the peak international sleep medicine body), success is reduced to 13% (that is 87% fail). Similarly for Phase II (i.e. hard palate) procedures success rates decrease from 86% to 43% respectively when moving from a surgical to a medical definition of success. That various medical specialties differentially define treatment success, I argue, creates uncertainty for observers and non-clinical participants in this debate (eg policy stakeholders and patients). This represents a barrier to disinvestment decisions. 3. Results are presented from a clinical audit of surgical cases conducted as a component of this thesis. Both clinical effectiveness and procedural variability of surgery are reported. A unique methodology was utilised to capture data from multiple centres. It is the first time such a methodology has been reported to measure procedural variability alongside clinical effectiveness (inclusive of a comparative treatment arm). The observed cohort (n=94) received 41 varying combinations of surgery in an attempt to treat OSA. Results on effectiveness demonstrate an overall physiological success rate of 13% (according to the most stringent definition; phases I and II combined). This demonstration of procedural variability combined with limited effectiveness highlights clinical uncertainty in the application of surgical procedures. 4. Section four outlines how a qualitative phase of enquiry, directed at exploring the perspectives and experiences of surgery recipients, was approved by three independent research ethics review boards but was not supported by a small group of surgeons, resulting in the project being canceled. Potential consequences of this for impeding health services research (HSR) are discussed. 5. Two sets of results are reported from a qualitative phase of enquiry (semi-structured interviews) involving senior Australian health policy stakeholders. The first results are of policy stakeholders’ perspectives on the surgical meta-analysis and clinical audit studies in 2 and 3 above. The second results are from an extended series of questions relating to challenges and direction for effecting disinvestment mechanisms in Australia. Stakeholder responses highlight that Australia currently has limited formal systems in place to support disinvestment. Themes include how defining and proving inferiority of health care practices is not only conceptually difficult but also is limited by data availability and interpretation. Also, as with any policy endeavour there is the ever-present need to balance multiple interests. Stakeholders pointed to a need, and a role, for health services and policy research to build methodological capacity and decision support tools to underpin disinvestment. 6. A final discussion piece is presented that builds on all previous sections and summarises the specific challenges that exist for disinvestment, including those methodological in nature. The thesis concludes with potential solutions to address these challenges within the Australian and international context. Systematic policy approaches to disinvestment represent one measure to further improve equity, efficiency, quality of care, as well as sustainability of resource allocation. / http://proxy.library.adelaide.edu.au/login?url= http://library.adelaide.edu.au/cgi-bin/Pwebrecon.cgi?BBID=1297655 / Thesis (Ph.D.) -- University of Adelaide, School of Population Health and Clinical Practice, 2007

In the early 1990s claims were made that in all areas of health care, “30-40% of patients do not receive treatments of proven effectiveness”, and, “20-25% of patients have treatments that are unnecessary or potentially harmful”. Many such practices were diffused prior to the acceptance of modern evidence-based standards of clinical- and cost-effectiveness. I define disinvestment in the context of health care as the processes of withdrawing (partially or completely) resources from any existing health care practices, procedures, technologies or pharmaceuticals that are deemed to deliver little or no health gain relative to their cost, and thus are not efficient health resource allocations. Arguably disinvestment has been central to Evidence-Based Medicine(EBM) for well over a decade yet despite general advances in EBM, this topic remains relatively unexplored. This thesis examines the ongoing challenges that exist within the Australian context relating to effective disinvestment. Upper airway surgical procedures for the treatment of adult Obstructive Sleep Apnoea Syndrome (OSA) are used as a case study to contextualise these challenges. This thesis has six sections: 1. A review of the literature outlines developments in EBM broadly and provides a detailed background to OSA, including the numerous treatment options for the condition. This review examines evidence that highlights the importance of ‘highly effective treatment’ over ‘subtherapeutic treatment’ as a necessity to confer improved health outcomes in OSA. It is argued that claims of surgical success inherent in most published results of surgery effectiveness fail to assimilate contemporary evidence for clinically significant indicators of success. 2. Section two comprises the first reported meta-analysis in this area. It presents the pooled success rates of surgery according to various definitions. Specifically, when the traditional ‘surgical’ definition of success is applied the pooled success rate for Phase I (i.e. soft palate) surgical procedures is 55% (that is 45% fail). However, using a more stringent definition (endorsed by the peak international sleep medicine body), success is reduced to 13% (that is 87% fail). Similarly for Phase II (i.e. hard palate) procedures success rates decrease from 86% to 43% respectively when moving from a surgical to a medical definition of success. That various medical specialties differentially define treatment success, I argue, creates uncertainty for observers and non-clinical participants in this debate (eg policy stakeholders and patients). This represents a barrier to disinvestment decisions. 3. Results are presented from a clinical audit of surgical cases conducted as a component of this thesis. Both clinical effectiveness and procedural variability of surgery are reported. A unique methodology was utilised to capture data from multiple centres. It is the first time such a methodology has been reported to measure procedural variability alongside clinical effectiveness (inclusive of a comparative treatment arm). The observed cohort (n=94) received 41 varying combinations of surgery in an attempt to treat OSA. Results on effectiveness demonstrate an overall physiological success rate of 13% (according to the most stringent definition; phases I and II combined). This demonstration of procedural variability combined with limited effectiveness highlights clinical uncertainty in the application of surgical procedures. 4. Section four outlines how a qualitative phase of enquiry, directed at exploring the perspectives and experiences of surgery recipients, was approved by three independent research ethics review boards but was not supported by a small group of surgeons, resulting in the project being canceled. Potential consequences of this for impeding health services research (HSR) are discussed. 5. Two sets of results are reported from a qualitative phase of enquiry (semi-structured interviews) involving senior Australian health policy stakeholders. The first results are of policy stakeholders’ perspectives on the surgical meta-analysis and clinical audit studies in 2 and 3 above. The second results are from an extended series of questions relating to challenges and direction for effecting disinvestment mechanisms in Australia. Stakeholder responses highlight that Australia currently has limited formal systems in place to support disinvestment. Themes include how defining and proving inferiority of health care practices is not only conceptually difficult but also is limited by data availability and interpretation. Also, as with any policy endeavour there is the ever-present need to balance multiple interests. Stakeholders pointed to a need, and a role, for health services and policy research to build methodological capacity and decision support tools to underpin disinvestment. 6. A final discussion piece is presented that builds on all previous sections and summarises the specific challenges that exist for disinvestment, including those methodological in nature. The thesis concludes with potential solutions to address these challenges within the Australian and international context. Systematic policy approaches to disinvestment represent one measure to further improve equity, efficiency, quality of care, as well as sustainability of resource allocation. / http://proxy.library.adelaide.edu.au/login?url= http://library.adelaide.edu.au/cgi-bin/Pwebrecon.cgi?BBID=1297655 / Thesis (Ph.D.) -- University of Adelaide, School of Population Health and Clinical Practice, 2007

Diss. (sammanfattning) Stockholm : Karol. inst., 2006. / Härtill 4 uppsatser.

Ao considerar que os distúrbios respiratórios relacionados ao sono, apneia obstrutiva do sono (AOS) e dessaturação noturna de oxigênio (DNO), podem estar presentes em pacientes com doença pulmonar obstrutiva crônica (DPOC), este estudo teve como objetivos: (1) estimar a frequência de AOS e DNO na amostra e nos graus e categorias GOLD (Global Initiative for Chronic Obstructive Lung Disease); (2) avaliar a relação da presença de AOS e DNO no agravamento clínico de pacientes com DPOC. Estudo transversal em 56 pacientes com DPOC estável e pressão parcial arterial de oxigênio (PaO2) diurna > 60 mmHg, submetidos à coleta dos seguintes dados: demográficos, antropométricos e de hábito tabágico; relato de ronco e sonolência diurna; número de exacerbações e hospitalizações; escala de dispneia do Medical Reserch Council modificada; teste de avaliação da DPOC; escala de sonolência de Epworth; espirometria; gasometria arterial; hemograma; monitorização ambulatorial da pressão arterial e polissonografia. Os pacientes foram classificados em graus e categorias GOLD e divididos em 3 grupos de estudo: grupo DPOC pura, grupo síndrome de sobreposição (SS) e grupo dessaturador (D). Os resultados mostraram: 30 pacientes do sexo masculino (54%); idade: 63,7 (DP=7,3) anos; índice de massa corpórea (IMC): 25,2 (DP=4,3) Kg/m2; circunferência do pescoço: 38,4 (DP=3,2) cm; 46% tabagistas; carga tabágica: 50,0 (DP=20,7) anosmaço; volume expiratório forçado no primeiro segundo (VEF1): 56,4 (DP=19,8) % do previsto; PaO2: 78,3 (DP=8,0) mmHg; saturação arterial de oxigênio (SaO2): 95,5 (DP=1,4) %; 29 pacientes (52%) eram do grupo DPOC pura, 14 (25%) do grupo SS e 13 (23%) do grupo D; frequência de AOS e DNO na amostra: 25% e 23%, respectivamente; frequência de AOS nos GOLD 1234: 14%, 24%, 25%, 50% (p=0,34) e GOLD ABCD: 44%, 15%, 25%, 26% (p=0,31), respectivamente; frequência da DNO nos GOLD 1234: 29%, 24%, 19%, 25% (p=0,88) e GOLD ABCD: 11%, 20%, 25%, 30% (p=0,35), respectivamente. Evidências de diferença estatística entre os 3 grupos: sexo (DPOC pura: 48% de homens versus SS: 86% versus D: 31%; p<0,01); IMC (DPOC pura: 23,9 (DP=3,8) versus SS: 24,7 (DP=4,6) versus D: 28,6 (DP=3,5) Kg/m2; p<0,01); circunferência do pescoço (DPOC pura: 37,4 (DP=2,7) versus SS: 40,0 (DP=2,9) versus D: 38,9 (DP=3,9) cm; p=0,03); relato de sonolência diurna (DPOC pura: 17% versus SS: 0 versus D: 38%; p=0,03); SaO2 diurna (DPOC pura: 95,8 (DP=1,5) % versus SS: 95,8 (DP=1,1) % versus D: 94,7 (DP=1,3) %; p=0,04); descenso noturno diastólico (DPOC pura: 6,5 (DP=7,0) % versus SS: 2,3 (DP=7,3) % versus D: 5,6 (DP=7,0) %; p=0,04). Conclui-se que, em pacientes com DPOC, a frequência de AOS e DNO foi elevada na amostra e não sofreu influência dos graus ou categorias GOLD; encontrou-se associação entre a presença de AOS e o sexo masculino, maior circunferência do pescoço e menor descenso noturno diastólico; e a presença de DNO associou-se com o sexo feminino, maior IMC, maior relato de sonolência diurna e menor SaO2 diurna. Estas características podem contribuir para diferenciar clinicamente os grupos SS e D do grupo DPOC pura / While considering that the sleep-related breathing disorders, obstructive sleep apnea (OSA) and nocturnal oxygen desaturation (NOD) may be present in patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD), this study aimed to: (1) to estimate the frequency of OSA and NOD in the sample and in the GOLD degrees and categories (Global Initiative for Chronic Obstructive Lung Disease); (2) to assess the relationship of the presence of OSA and NOD in the clinical aggravation of patients with COPD. Transversal study in 56 patients suffering from stable COPD and daytime partial arterial oxygen tension (PaO2) > 60 mmHg, subjected to the collection of the following data: demographic and anthropometric data, and smoking habit; report of snoring and daytime sleepiness; number of exacerbations and hospitalizations; modified Medical Research Council dyspnea scale; COPD assessment test; Epworth Sleepiness Scale; spirometry; arterial gasometry; hemogram; ambulatory blood pressure monitoring and polysomnography. The patients were classified in GOLD degrees and categories and divided into 3 study groups: pure COPD group, overlap syndrome (OS) and desaturator group (D). The results showed: 30 male patients (54%); age 63,7 years old (DP=7,3); body mass index (BMI) 25,2 Kg/m2 (DP=4,3); neck circumference 38,4 cm (DP=3,2); 46% smokers; smoking load 50,0 pack years (DP=20,7); forced expiratory volume in the first second (FEV1) 56,4% of the expected (DP=19,8); PaO2 78,3 mmHg (DP=8,0); arterial oxygen saturation (SaO2) 95,5% (DP=1,4); 29 patients (52%) belonged to the pure COPD group, 14 (25%) to the OS group and 13 (23%) to the D group; frequency of OSA and NOD in the sample: 25% and 23%, respectively; frequency of OSA in the GOLD 1234: 14%, 24%, 25%, 50% (p=0,34) and GOLD ABCD: 44%, 15%, 25%, 26% (p=0,31), respectively; NOD frequency in the GOLD 1234: 29%, 24%, 19%, 25% (p=0,88) and GOLD ABCD: 11%, 20%, 25%, 30% (p=0,35), respectively. Evidences of statistical difference among the three groups: sex (pure COPD: 48% men versus OS: 86% versus D: 31%; p<0,01); BMI (pure COPD: 23,9 (DP=3,8) versus OS: 24,7 (DP=4,6) versus D: 28,6 (DP=3,5) Kg/m2; p<0,01); neck circumference (pure COPD: 37,4 (DP=2,7) versus OS: 40,0 (DP=2,9) versus D: 38,9 (DP=3,9) cm; p=0,03); report of daytime sleepiness (pure COPD: 17% versus OS: 0 versus D: 38%; p=0,03); daytime SaO2 (pure COPD: 95,8% (DP=1,5) versus OS: 95,8% (DP=1,1) versus D: 94,7% (DP=1,3); p=0,04); diastolic sleep dip (pure COPD: 6,5% (DP=7,0) versus OS: 2,3% (DP=7,3) versus D: 5,6% (DP=7,0); p=0,04). It was concluded that, in patients with COPD, the OSA and NOD frequency was high in the sample and was not influenced by GOLD grades or categories. An association between the presence of OSA and the male sex, a larger neck circumference and a smaller diastolic sleep dip was found; and the presence of the NOD was associated with the female sex, a larger BMI, a more significant report of daytime sleepiness and a smaller daytime SaO2. These characteristics may contribute to differentiate clinically the OS and D groups from the pure COPD group