This study explored the relationship between Chinese national identity and media framing and priming effect by combining the two paradigms, the literature of group identity and the discourses of media cognitive effect. Extending social identity theory (Tajfel, 1981), self-categorization theory (Turner, et al., 1987) and subjective group dynamics theory (Marques, Paez, & Abrams, 1998), the current study drew the distinction between descriptive (cognitive/perceptual) and prescriptive (affective/subjective) fit of the social norms that contributed to social identity. After deliberating the macro concept (the ascribed vs. acquired) of a national identity (Westle, 2014), as well as the social, political, economic and cultural conditions in China, the structure of Chinese national identity (CNI) were delineated by three content-based categories: the meta-structure of the ethnic-cultural (MEC), the flexible ethnic-cultural (FEC), and the civic-institutional (CI) component, with each of which possessed the dichotomy of psychological dimension. The 3×2 matrix of Chinese national identity was hypothesized to have an impact, with structural variation, on evaluative judgments of alternative media frames of stories involving international disputes in China. To maximize internal and external validity, the empirical data had been collected through an online survey experiment with a sample size of 738. The theoretically argued relationship between the CNI, media framing, and the evaluative judgment was in accordance with the results derived from a series structural equation modeling analyses.

Abstract Research on software business has, so far, mainly concentrated on the software industry. However, software business has recently also been practised outside the software industry, in so-called industrial companies. This research aims at increasing empirical and theoretical understanding of the development of software business in industrial companies, shedding light on why a company not belonging to the software industry starts to do business involving software, how the company goes about starting such business, and how this in turn affects the company. First, past research on the resource-based approach, capability approach, dynamic capability approach and the concept of strategy is reviewed. Based on this review, four processes that hold the potential to give a company (sustained) competitive advantage – picking resources, exploiting resources, applying capabilities and developing capabilities – and three important dimensions of strategy – the objective of strategy, the process of strategy formation, and the focus of strategy – are identified. A conceptual framework for studying the development of software business in industrial companies is developed which encompasses the processes holding the potential for (sustained) competitive advantage and the different dimensions of strategy, as well as the company’s resource, capability and dynamic capability base. Following that, empirical data collected in two internationally operating industrial companies is analyzed with the help of the conceptual framework. As a result of the empirical data analysis, 23 capabilities and several resources important for software business in industrial companies could be identified. Capabilities are categorized according to their use in and applicability to different types of software business. Factors influencing the application, development and improvement of capabilities, as well as different ways of how industrial companies start to do software business, are identified. The conceptual framework is revised by adding the process of developing capabilities further to the processes which hold the potential for competitive advantage, and clarifying the role of dynamic capabilities in the development of software business in industrial companies.

1. Introducción y Objetivos: Existe un gran número de modelos predictivos de desenlaces en Insuficiencia Cardíaca Aguda; sin embargo, no se conoce la utilidad clínica. Se evaluará el desempeño de los modelos incluidos en el artículo. 2. Metodología: Se realizó una revisión sistemática de los modelos predictivos de desenlaces adversos. Por lo que se realizó una búsqueda en 6 bases bibliográficas, incluyéndose todo artículo original que reporte modelos de predicción. Se utilizó la herramienta PROBAST para valorar el riesgo de sesgo en los artículos. 3. Resultados: De 2498 artículos seleccionados, 39 fueron incluidos. La mayoría provienen de Europa (46.1%), 20 de ellos evalúan mortalidad, mientras que 21 demostraron bajo riesgo de sesgo y buena aplicabilidad utilizando la herramienta de evaluación PROBAST. El sexo masculino fue el mayoritario en el 69% de artículos. La morbilidad más común es hipertensión arterial. Todos los modelos fueron validados, y más del 50% cuentan con validación externa. Borovac JA et al. presenta el AUC más alto, con 0.907. Catorce modelos utilizaron el modelo de calibración de Hosmer-Lemeshow. Ningún artículo contó con beneficio neto. 4. Conclusión: : Los estudios no muestran una adecuada evaluación de desempeño, al no presentar todas las estadísticas de medición que existen; es necesario el desarrollo de nuevos modelos con la descripción completa de estadísticas de desempeño, para llevar a cabo una adecuada comparación. / 1. Introduction and Objectives: There are currently a number of predictive models of outcomes in Acute Heart Failure (AHF); the clinical usefulness and the possible implementation of these are unknown. In this study, we propose to evaluate the performance of the predictive models for AHF. 2. Methodology: A systematic review of the predictive models of adverse outcomes was performed. Therefore, a search was made in 6 bibliographic databases, including all original articles that report prediction models. The PROBAST tool was used to assess the risk of bias in the articles.3. Results: From 2498 initial articles, we took 39 from them. The majority came from Europe (46.1%), 20 of them assess mortality, while 21 demonstrated low risk of bias and good applicability using the PROBAST assessment tool. The male sex was the majority in 69% of articles. The most common morbidity is high blood pressure. All the models were validated, and more than 50% have external validation. Borovac JA et al. it has the highest AUC with 0.907. Fourteen models used the Hosmer Lemeshow calibration model. No article had a net benefit. 4. Conclusion: The studies don’t show an adequate evaluation of performance, since they do not present all the existing measurement statistics; The development of new models with the complete description of performance statistics is necessary to carry out an adequate comparison. / Tesis

The applicability of criminal law statues (abstract) The submitted thesis is focused on the applicability of criminal law statutes and aims to summarize the current legislation regarding the applicability of criminal law statutes, assess its current state, draw attention to any legislative gaps and propose possible de lege ferenda changes. The usual focus of university textbooks might suggest the applicability of criminal legislation is a matter more or less brief, which does not require a special level of attention. However, the opposite is true. The applicability of criminal legislation is a rather broad and diverse topic, its legal framework can be found both in substantive and procedural law, as well as in regular law, constitutional law and law of international treaties. A detailed theoretical research and the solution of individual cases uncovers a number of subquestions, not only in criminal law, but also in a number of other areas of law. There are four basic aspects of applicability: temporal, territorial, personal and subject matter. Every single one of those has a rich history in theoretical, statutory and case law development. Despite such history, it remains an ongoing issue, both from the perspective of professional and general public alike. The matter is also a part of the regular occupation...

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The transition in robotics from tools to teammates has begun. However, the benefit autonomous robots provide will be diminished if human teammates misinterpret robot behaviors. Applying mental model theory as the organizing framework for human understanding of robots, the current empirical study examined the influence of task-role mental models of robots on the interpretation of robot motion behaviors, and the resulting impact on subjective ratings of robots. Observers (N = 120) were exposed to robot behaviors that were either congruent or incongruent with their task-role mental model, by experimental manipulation of preparatory robot task-role information to influence mental models (i.e., security guard, groundskeeper, or no information), the robot's actual task-role behaviors (i.e., security guard or groundskeeper), and the order in which these robot behaviors were presented. The results of the research supported the hypothesis that observers with congruent mental models were significantly more accurate in interpreting the motion behaviors of the robot than observers without a specific mental model. Additionally, an incongruent mental model, under certain circumstances, significantly hindered an observer's interpretation accuracy, resulting in subjective sureness of inaccurate interpretations. The strength of the effects that mental models had on the interpretation and assessment of robot behaviors was thought to have been moderated by the ease with which a particular mental model could reasonably explain the robot's behavior, termed mental model applicability. Finally, positive associations were found between differences in observers' interpretation accuracy and differences in subjective ratings of robot intelligence, safety, and trustworthiness. The current research offers implications for the relationships between mental model components, as well as implications for designing robot behaviors to appear more transparent, or opaque, to humans.

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Made available in DSpace on 2016-04-26T20:23:14Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Marcello Soares Castro.pdf: 1149944 bytes, checksum: acda411a643ccdf39ba512aa2b793c77 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2014-09-15 / Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico / This study Jurisdictional Urgent Relief of Protection of the Trade Mark Rights, conducted by Marcello Castro Soares, has as its object the protection of trademark rights from the perspective of effective judicial protection, conveyed by satisfativa tutelage of urgency. Thus it is justified to analyze the technical and procedural apparatus of guardianship satisfativa urgency and instrumental ensemble of effectively protective of trademark rights, detecting the characteristics and requirement of substantive law, to identify and provide appropriate forms of applicability of these techniques if the prompt granting to judicial review. With doctrinal and jurisprudential research, the aim is to examine the effective and sensitive to the legal reality of trademark rights, in order to present an effective judicial remedy procedural strategies. We adopted this approach to design a constructive new perspective in which configures the Civil Procedure Law, the use of procedural techniques as suitable for the protection of rights instruments. The methodological procedures of this research leave from literature and legislative review on the subject, later the jurisprudential analysis. After performing these procedures, sistematizaremos the use of procedural technique to institute substantive law, simultaneously highlighting the construction of the Civil Procedure Law as an instrument of efficiency of trademark rights. The basic research techniques used are the jurisprudential literature and documentary. The literature will be developed from prominent works on the subject, and specialty papers, both directed to specific public jurists. The desk research will involve the study of relevant documents held as normative acts related to the topic and current jurisprudence of the main courts dealing with these problems. In short, like the findings, initially highlights aspects such as overcoming paradigm in civil procedural law, the collaboration of doctrinal, jurisprudential and legislative debates on this aspect, as well as show how the judicial protection of urgency was a standard of effectiveness. In another room, we present the specific interpretation of the relevant rules to that legal protection, with the goal of leading the reader to a different compression on the applicability, effectiveness and imperative nature of technical procedural points. Finally, these elements listed for debate, he strove to analyze the application's tutelage satisfativa urgency in protecting trademark rights, when they require immediate judicial protection / O presente trabalho Tutela de Urgência Satisfativa na Proteção dos Direitos de Marca, desenvolvido por Marcello Soares Castro, tem como objeto a proteção dos direitos de marca sob a ótica da tutela jurisdicional efetiva, veiculada pela tutela de urgência satisfativa. Assim se justifica analisar o aparato técnico-processual da tutela de urgência satisfativa como conjunto instrumental efetivamente de protetivo dos direitos de marca, detectando as características e exigência do direito material, para identificar e apresentar formas adequadas de aplicabilidade dessas técnicas caso seja fundamental a concessão imediata de tutela jurisdicional. Com investigações doutrinárias e jurisprudenciais, almeja-se examinar as estratégias processuais efetivas e sensíveis à realidade jurídica dos direitos de marca, com a finalidade de apresentar uma tutela jurisdicional efetiva. Adotou-se neste projeto uma abordagem construtiva da nova perspectiva em que se configura o Direito Processual Civil, a da utilização das técnicas processuais como instrumentos idôneos para a tutela dos direitos. Os procedimentos metodológicos desta pesquisa partem da revisão bibliográfica e legislativa acerca do tema, posteriormente a análise jurisprudencial. Após realizados estes procedimentos, sistematizaremos o uso da técnica processual ao instituto de direito material, destacando concomitantemente a construção do Direito Processual Civil como instrumento de eficácia dos direitos de marca. As técnicas básicas de pesquisa adotadas são a bibliográfica e documental jurisprudencial. A pesquisa bibliográfica será desenvolvida a partir de obras de destaque quanto ao tema, e artigos científicos especializados, ambos dirigidos a público específicos, os operadores do direito. A pesquisa documental consistirá no estudo detidos de documentos relevantes, como diplomas normativos referentes ao tema e jurisprudências atualizadas dos principais tribunais que se ocupam com estes problemas. Em síntese, como resultados obtidos, inicialmente se destaca aspectos como a superação de paradigma no direito processual civil, a colaboração da doutrinária, jurisprudencial e debates legislativos sobre esse aspecto, assim como apontar como a tutela jurisdicional de urgência se constituiu um standard da efetividade. Noutro espaço, apresentam-se pontos específicos da interpretação das normas atinentes à referida tutela jurisdicional, com o objetivo de conduzir o leitor a uma compressão diferenciada quanto à aplicabilidade, eficácia e imperatividade da técnica processual. Por fim, elencados esses elementos para debate, ocupou-se em analisar a aplicação da tutela de urgência satisfativa na proteção dos direitos de marca, quando os mesmos exigem imediata proteção jurisdicional

This master’s thesis discusses and analyzes difficulties in transfer pricing methods’ applicability to intangibles. With basis from the OECD Transfer Pricing Guidelines and the U.S. regulations, this thesis investigates applicable methods in legislation, theory, recommendations, case law and how they are applied in practice. The OECD Guidelines do not provide an exact solution to the valuation of a transfer of intangibles between controlled parties. It refers to the arm’s length principle to determine whether the price set for a transfer between controlled parties is the same, as unrelated parties would have paid, under the same circumstances. The best method rule used in the U.S. has no preferred order of application although it provides specific methods to be applied to intangibles. In the U.S., as in most countries (and recommended by the OECD), the Comparable Uncontrolled Price/Comparable Uncontrolled Transaction methods are considered most reliable if comparables can be identified. The profit split method is recommended if there are no comparable transactions available and is applicable to non-routine intangibles. Other methods that require comparables are however used in the application of the profit split method to set an arm’s length price on routine functions. This method will probably become more popular in the future since it is not as dependent on comparables as most other transfer pricing methods. There are several other methods and approaches to the arm’s length principle, which shows the complexity of intangibles and the ambition to find some form of standard. This master’s thesis has identified the problems with most of the methods applied to intangibles relying on comparables to some extent. The comparability factors concerning intangibles are a problem, as they are difficult to apply strictly and a frequent problem is the limited access to information. A majority of available agreements published in databases are strongly focused on U.S. based enterprises transactions and rarely disclose all the required details. As a result, the comparables used become less reliable since the geographical area, size of the enterprise and functions compared seldom are comparable with the tested party or transaction. In some industry sectors, it is almost impossible to find independent comparables, especially for non-routine intangibles. The discrepancy between theory and practice is shown through the usage and acceptance by tax authorities and courts, of comparables without sufficient comparability. This simplified and practical approach to transfer pricing derives from the limited availability of information and the need to avoid unreasonable requirements on the MNEs to produce transfer pricing benchmarking in particular and documentation in general. / Denna magisteruppsats diskuterar och analyserar svårigheterna med internprissättningsmetoders tillämplighet på immateriella tillgångar. Med utgångspunkt från OECD:s riktlinjer och de amerikanska reglerna, undersöker denna uppsats lagstiftningen, teorin, rekommendationer och rättsfall rörande tillämpliga metoder och hur de tillämpas i praktiken. OECD:s rekommendationer ger ingen direkt lösning på värderingen av transaktionen av immateriella tillgångar mellan parter i intressegemenskap. Den hänvisar till armlängdsprincipen för att avgöra huruvida priset på en transaktion mellan kontrollerade parter är samma som okontrollerade parter skulle ha betalat under samma omständigheter. Best method rule som används i USA ger inget krav på i vilken ordning metoderna ska användas även om den omfattar särskilda metoder som skall tillämpas på immateriella tillgångar. I USA, liksom i de flesta länder (och rekommenderat av OECD), anses Comparable Uncontrolled Price/Comparable Uncontrolled Transaction metoderna vara de mest tillförlitliga om jämförbara transaktioner kan identifieras. Profit split metoden rekommenderas om det inte finns några jämförbara transaktioner tillgängliga och kan användas på icke rutinmässiga immateriella tillgångar. Andra metoder som kräver jämförbara transaktioner används dock vid tillämpningen av profit split metoden för att bestämma ett armslängdsmässigt pris på rutinmässiga funktioner. Denna metod kommer troligen att bli mer populärt i framtiden eftersom den inte är lika beroende av jämförbara transaktioner som de flesta andra internprissättningsmetoder. Det finns flera andra metoder och strategier för att bestämma ett armlängsmässigt pris vilket visar immateriella tillgångars komplexitet och ambitionen att hitta någon form av standard. Denna magisteruppsats har påvisat problematiken med att de flesta metoder som tillämpas på immateriella tillgångar använder i viss utsträckning jämförbara transaktioner. Kompabilitetskraven på de jämförbara immateriella tillgångarna utgör ett problem eftersom de är svåra att tillämpa strikt och ett återkommande problem är den begränsade tillgången till information. En majoritet av de tillgängliga avtalen publiceras i databaser som är starkt fokuserad på amerikanska företags transaktioner och sällan ges alla nödvändiga uppgifter. Detta resulterar i sämre tillförlitlighet på de jämförbara transaktionerna, eftersom det geografiska området, storleken på företagen och dess funktioner sällan är jämförbara med de testade parterna eller transaktionerna. I vissa branscher är det näst intill omöjligt att hitta oberoende jämförbara transaktioner, särskilt för icke-rutinmässiga immateriella tillgångar. Skillnaden mellan teori och praktik visas genom användandet, skattemyndigheters och domstolars accepterande, av transaktioner utan tillräcklig jämförbarhet. Detta förenklade och praktiska tillvägagångssätt beror på den begränsade tillgången på information och behovet av att undvika orimliga krav på multinationella företag att producera jämförbarhetsanalyser och dokumentation till internprissättningen

Maturity models represent a feasible approach towards assessing business processes and identifying their potential improvements. Specifically, the Process and Enterprise Maturity Model (PEMM) has attracted much attention since its publication in 2007. However, few studies have explored its practical applicability. The large size of some business processes suggests that assessing their maturity at a sub-process level can help to uncover hidden inefficiencies and understand more accurately existing complexities. This paper therefore aims to examine the degree of applicability of the PEMM to an individual sub-process. To this end, an action research study was conducted in an organizational sub-process at a large Swedish organization. Data collection entailed in-situ participant observations involving employees and managers who were working in the sub-process. The results indicate that the PEMM was a useful framework for conducting an in-depth maturity analysis and identifying feasible improvements, which evidence that the model was applicable to the studied sub-process.