The theme of my diploma thesis is one of the most important judicial acts of European private international law of civil procedure - Brussels I Regulation. The aim of my thesis was to analyse the Regulation from many views with an emphasis on the jurisprudence of European Court of Justice and of domestic national courts. First part of the thesis aims to describe the whole legal branch of european private international law of civil procedure and therefore place the Regulation in the context of the whole legal branch. second part of the thesis deals with the Regulation in its entirety and desribes every single article of the Regulation and tries to determine the boundaries of its application and interpretation. The last, third part, states othre relevant legal acts related to Regulation which are considered to be its alternative, and sums up the pros and cons of their application.

[pt] As ligas metálicas têm sido amplamente estudadas, visando atender aplicações onde propriedades físicas e químicas diferenciadas se fazem necessárias. Nesse sentido, merecem destaque as ligas voltadas ao recobrimento de substratos metálicos, tendo-se como objetivo a proteção do substrato em ambientes corrosivos. Sendo assim, a presente pesquisa propõe abordar um método de síntese de ligas de Cu-Ni em substratos de cobre através da decomposição térmica do nitrato de níquel, e subsequentemente a redução do óxido NiO formado, mediante redução com H2 a 350 graus Celsius e tratamento térmico na mesma atmosfera a 800 graus Celsius, com tempos variados (3, 4 e 5h), para estimular a difusão do níquel produzido no interior da matriz de Cu. Os filmes serão caracterizados via microscopia eletrônica de varredura (MEV), tanto em sessões transversais, quanto panorâmico, além da difração de raios-x (DRX) com incidência rasante, visando-se identificar a liga Cu-Ni produzida. Os resultados sugerem que o processo proposto foi bem-sucedido, permitindo um amplo recobrimento do substrato e a subsequente difusão do Ni produzido, o que permitiu a identificação, em todas as amostras, da liga de interesse. As amostras selecionadas serão futuramente utilizadas para ensaios de microdureza, bem como de eletro-corrosão, sendo o comportamento medido comparando-se com o substrato puro. Espera-se que a presença do recobrimento eleve a resistência à abrasão, bem como dificultar a corrosão do cobre presente. / [en] Metal alloys has been extensively studied to light upon applications where differentiated physical and chemical properties are required. In this context, its value highlighting the alloys for the coating of metallic substrates with the objective of protecting the substrate in corrosive environments. The present work proposes to approach a method of synthesis of Cu-Ni alloys in copper substrates through the thermal decomposition of nickel nitrate and subsequently to discount the NiO oxide formed by reduction with H2 at 350 degrees Celsius and heat treatment in the same atmosphere at 800 degrees Celsius with (3, 4 and 5h) to stimulate the diffusion of the nickel produced inside the Cu matrix. The films were then characterized by scanning electron microscopy (SEM) in both cross-sectional and panoramic sessions, in addition to X-ray diffraction (XRD) with low incidence, aiming to identify Cu-Ni alloy produced. The results suggest that the proposed process was successful, allowing a wide coating of the substrate and subsequent diffusion of Ni produced, which allowed the identification in all samples of the alloy of interest. Selected samples will be used in the future for microhardness tests, as well as for electro-corrosion, and the measured behavior is compared to that observed for pure substrate. The presence of the coating is expected to raise the abrasion resistance as well as to hinder the corrosion of the copper present.

Il lavoro di ricerca mira a dimostrare come la Costituzione italiana venga direttamente applicata dai giudici ordinari. Si compie un’analisi dei rapporti tra i giudici ordinari e la Legge fondamentale sin dall'emanazione dello Statuto Albertino e ci si concentra su alcune specifiche questioni in cui si è registrata la diretta applicazione delle norme della Statuto. La tesi mira a dimostrare come, dopo una prima fase di necessario assestamento seguente all’entrata in vigore della Costituzione repubblicana, si cominci a parlare di diretta applicazione della Costituzione nella risoluzione di problematiche inerenti il risarcimento del danno biologico e di come, attraverso il risarcimento del danno esistenziale, i giudici civili abbiano posto in essere un’applicazione a tratti eccessivamente ampia dell’art. 2 della Costituzione; si è cercato, dunque, di individuare eventuali soluzioni a tale problema. Per quanto riguarda il giudizio penale, il lavoro di ricerca, una volta comprovata nel nostro ordinamento l’esistenza di un diritto costituzionale al dissenso alle terapie salvavita, è teso a dimostrare come i giudici penali in tale ambito si siano dimostrati meno propensi ad una piena applicazione delle norme costituzionali; si è cercato di individuarne gli aspetti problematici e si sono ripercorsi i principali orientamenti giurisprudenziali e dottrinali in materia. / The research aims at demonstrating how the Italian Constitution is directly applied by civil and criminal courts. It analyzes the relationship between the courts and the constitutional law since the promulgation of the Albertine Statute (1848), and focuses on a set of specific issues where Statute provisions were directly enforced. With regard to the Republican Constitution, the dissertation seeks to explain that, after an inevitable adjustment period following its first implementation, direct application of the Constitution in the resolution of disputes concerning the compensation of physical and psychological losses has become a discussed topic; and that, through the compensation of existential losses, civil courts have occasionally applied Article 2 of the Constitution too freely and widely. Finally, the dissertation seeks to identify possible solutions to this problem. For what concerns criminal law, the research, first, argues that our legal system includes a constitutional right to refuse life-saving therapies; then, illustrates how criminal courts have been less willing to fully apply constitutional provisions, than their civil counterparts.

The dissertation presents GALAS models for the estimation of the acute toxicity towards two rodent species following different administration routes as well as for the prediction of CYP3A4 and CYP2D6 regioselectivity in the main metabolic reactions mediated by these enzymes (13 individual models in total). All these models feature the ability of the quantitative model Applicability Domain (AD) evaluation via the estimated prediction Reliability Indices (RI). I.e., the obtained models conform to one of the main requirements for the QSAR model acceptance as an alternative research method by the EU regulatory institutions. Evident correlation between prediction reliability and its accuracy allowed classifying each model result into one of several qualitative classes according to RI values. One possible way of utilizing such information, discussed in this study, is compound prioritization before experimental testing potentially resulting in reduction of the number of necessary measurements. As demonstrated the AD of the obtained GALAS models can be easily expanded to cover specific compound classes of researcher interest using ‘in-house’ databases of experimental data. This feature significantly improves the possibilities for the practical application of these models, based on public data, in industry. Especially given the fact that the described improvements in predictions following the addition of similar compounds was instant and required no rebuilding of the baseline models. / Disertacijoje pristatomi GALAS metodika paremti ūmaus toksiškumo dviems graužikų rūšims bei visai eilei skirtingų medžiagos patekimo į organizmą būdų ir CYP3A4 bei CYP2D6 fermentų regioselektyvumo pagrindinėse jų katalizuojamose metabolizmo reakcijose prognozavimo modeliai (iš viso 13 individualių modelių). Visi minimi modeliai kokybiškai išsiskiria iš anksčiau publikuotų savo analogų dėl kiekybinio jų pritaikomumo srities įvertinimo galimybės, kurią suteikia apskaičiuojamos prognozės patikimumo indekso (RI) reikšmės. Tokia savybė yra vienas pagrindinių reikalavimų vertinant bet kokio modelio galimybes tapti ES oficialiai pripažintu alternatyviu tyrimo metodu. Aiški prognozių kokybės priklausomybė nuo jų patikimumo išraiškos taip pat suteikia galimybę modelio rezultatus suskaidyti į kokybines klases pagal apskaičiuotąsias RI reikšmes. Vienas iš tokios informacijos panaudojimo būdų siūlomų disertacijoje yra junginių prioritetizavimas prieš bet kokius eksperimentinius matavimus ir netgi pastarųjų skaičiaus potencialus sumažinimas. Disertacijoje taip pat išnagrinėta galimybė greitai bei efektyviai apmokyti gautuosius GALAS modelius naujais eksperimentiniais duomenimis, išplečiant jų pritaikomumo sritį. Ši esminė savybė radikaliai padidina nagrinėjamųjų modelių, paremtų viešai prieinamų duomenų rinkiniais, realaus praktinio panaudojimo farmacijos pramonėje galimybes.

This study was based on the uncertainty and sensitivity analysis of a generic 10 MW Materials Test Reactor (MTR). In this study an uncertainty and sensitivity analysis methodology called code scaling applicability and uncertainty (CSAU) was implemented. Although this methodology follows 14 steps, only the following were carried out: scenario specification, nuclear power plant (NPP) selection, phenomena identification and ranking table (PIRT), selection of frozen code, provision of code documentation, determination of code applicability, determination of code and experiment accuracy, NPP sensitivity analysis calculations, combination of biases and uncertainties, and total uncertainty to calculate specific scenario in a specific NPP. The thermal hydraulic code Flownex®1 was used to model only the reactor core to investigate the effects of the input parameters on the selected output parameters of the hot channel in the core. These output parameters were mass flow rate, temperature of the coolant, outlet pressure, centreline temperature of the fuel and surface temperature of the cladding. The PIRT process was used in conjunction with the sensitivity analysis results in order to select the relevant input parameters that significantly influenced the selected output parameters. The input parameters that have the largest effect on the selected output parameters were found to be the coolant flow channel width between the plates in the hot channel, the width of the fuel plates itself in the hot channel, the heat generation in the fuel plate of the hot channel, the global mass flow rate, the global coolant inlet temperature, the coolant flow channel width between the plates in the cold channel, and the width of the fuel plates in the cold channel. The uncertainty of input parameters was then propagated in Flownex using the Monte Carlo based uncertainty analysis function. From these results, the corresponding probability density function (PDF) of each selected output parameter was constructed. These functions were found to follow a normal distribution. / MIng (Nuclear Engineering), North-West University, Potchefstroom Campus, 2014

This master’s final thesis is purposive to analyze the doctrine of direct effect of Community law, which is enlarged in the practice of the European Court of Justice. There are discussed the stages of the formation of the current doctrine identifying the concrete premises, which have been determined the enlargement of the principle of direct effect on the various sorts of forms of Community law. The main attention goes to the question of the direct effect of directives verifying the correctness of the position of the European Court of Justice not to recognize the horizontal direct effect of directives.In other hand, it is strived to verify the whole doctrine of direct effect in order to check the ability to use even the principle of supremacy of the Community law discussing the question of the collision between national and Community law.

Submitted by Alexandre David Santos (alexandreds@aasp.org.br) on 2016-11-21T19:52:25Z No. of bitstreams: 1 DISSERTACAO FINAL REVISADA BANCA 21-11-2016 (4).pdf: 1265327 bytes, checksum: a0b9262d026be7dd76e39a4bd0856453 (MD5) / Approved for entry into archive by Renata de Souza Nascimento (renata.souza@fgv.br) on 2016-11-21T20:09:55Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 1 DISSERTACAO FINAL REVISADA BANCA 21-11-2016 (4).pdf: 1265327 bytes, checksum: a0b9262d026be7dd76e39a4bd0856453 (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2016-11-22T11:44:11Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 DISSERTACAO FINAL REVISADA BANCA 21-11-2016 (4).pdf: 1265327 bytes, checksum: a0b9262d026be7dd76e39a4bd0856453 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2016-11-03 / The topic of this paper is the relationship between the franchiser and the franchisee. Our goal is to explore the non-compete clauses to unveil how they are being adopted and applied by main franchisors in Brazil; finding its thresholds. Despite the system's maturity, we are living with the legal franchising framework for more than 20 years. From a legal point of view and technical quality of the franchise agreements, we still have a lot to evolve. The study and development of non- compete clauses can improve the franchising system. In this world, franchisors are business players and agreement developers and non-compete clauses that are most the times abusive, generic and subject to relativization by the judge, thus generating uncertainty in business relations between the parties. The role of the non-compete clause is to is to safeguard the franchisor, responsible for the business creation and development, know-how, production techniques and management templates have to be safeguarded, mostly from the ones interested in taking advantage and getting such expertise, after a short relationship with the franchisor. The relationship between the franchiser and the franchisee is rich and conducive to facilitating the franchisee entrepreneur - sometimes inexperienced in that activity - access to the know-how of the activity and means of trade specific business organization, the franchise object. Please note that the transfer of know-how is an immaterial element, key to the development of the activity of the franchise business. In this paper, our questioning turns to the possibility of preventing the use of know-how and activity developed by the former franchisee at the end of the contractual relationship in complex and specific contexts. The review of the ten franchising agreements corresponding to fifty percent of current industries is revealing. All non-compete clauses have worrying technical deficiencies. We noted the lack of key, strategic and efficiency requirements, which can mean the relativization or invalidity of non-compete clauses and as result, legal uncertainty. As practical solutions we present the proposed modulation of non-compete clauses by the essential, strategic and efficiency requirements, creating two different classes as a means to provide legal certainty for franchising agreements. We propose the revision of the legal franchising landmark. / Este trabalho tem como tema a relação entre franqueador e franqueado. Nosso objetivo é explorar as cláusulas de não concorrência para revelar como estão sendo utilizadas e aplicadas pelos principais franqueadores no Brasil; identificar seus limites. Em que pese a maturidade do sistema, estamos há mais de 20 anos convivendo com o marco legal do franchising. Do ponto de vista jurídico e de qualidade técnica dos contratos de franquia, ainda precisamos evoluir. O estudo e o desenvolvimento das cláusulas de não concorrência podem contribuir para o aprimoramento do sistema de franchising. Nesse universo, os franqueadores são os protagonistas dos negócios e desenvolvedores dos contratos e das cláusulas de não concorrência que, às vezes, são abusivas, genéricas e sujeitas à relativização pelo julgador, gerando insegurança nas relações comerciais entre as partes. A função da cláusula não concorrencial é proteger o franqueador, responsável pela criação e desenvolvimento do negócio, o know-how, as técnicas de produção e modelos de gestão que devem ser resguardados, sobretudo de interessados em tirar proveito e obter tal expertise, após breve relação com o franqueador. A relação franqueador/franqueado é rica e propícia à facilitação ao empresário franqueado – às vezes, inexperiente naquela atividade – do acesso ao know-how da atividade desenvolvida e dos meios de organização comercial específicos do negócio, objeto da franquia. Vale ressaltar que a transferência do know-how é elemento imaterial, essencial ao desenvolvimento da atividade da franquia empresarial. Neste trabalho, nosso questionamento se volta para a possibilidade do impedimento da utilização do know-how e da atividade desenvolvida pelo ex-franqueado ao término da relação contratual em contextos complexos e específicos. A análise dos dez contratos de franquia que representam cinquenta por cento dos atuais segmentos do setor é reveladora. Todas as cláusulas de não concorrência possuem preocupantes deficiências técnicas. Constatamos a ausência de requisitos essenciais, estratégicos e de eficiência, o que pode significar a relativização ou nulidade das cláusulas de não concorrência e, consequentemente, insegurança jurídica. Como soluções práticas apresentamos a proposta de modulação das cláusulas de não concorrência por meio dos requisitos essenciais, estratégicos e de eficiência, criando duas classes distintas como forma de proporcionar segurança jurídica aos contratos de franquia. Propomos a revisão do marco legal do franchising.

La fabrication additive (Impression 3D) consiste à fabriquer des objets couche par couche en utilisant un modèle 3D, un matériau approprié et une machine dédiée. Pour la construction, c’est un nouveau mode constructif qui se profile. Depuis 2010, la fabrication additive a fait un saut technique et médiatique dans ce secteur. Les projets d’impression 3D se sont multipliés et diversifiés avec les premières maisons construites entièrement au moyen de cette technologie (Winsun, D-Shape, Contour Crafting, Apis Cor…etc). Ce travail s’inscrit dans le cadre d’une thèse CIFRE démarrée en 2015 entre le laboratoire de génie civil de l’Ecole Centrale de Lille et l’entreprise Bouygues Construction. L’objectif de ce travail est d’étudier le potentiel de la fabrication additive pour la construction et plus précisément de proposer une formulation à matrice cimentaire qui sera mise en œuvre par impression 3D.La thèse est organisée en trois grandes parties.La première partie est consacrée à la définition de l’impression 3D et des matériaux cimentaires pour définir leurs interactions. La deuxième partie est dédiée à la formulation d’un matériau cimentaire imprimable. L’imprimabilité a été définie par trois indicateurs : l’extrudabilité, la buildabilté et l’adhérence. La troisième partie est destinée à la validation de la formulation proposée. Ce travail peut être considéré comme une première approche pour définir un protocole d’évaluation de l’imprimabilité des matériaux cimentaires à l’échelle du laboratoire ainsi qu’une première étape pour la conception d’une imprimante 3D destinée et adaptée à la construction. / Additive Manufacturing (3D printing) consists in building an object layer by layer following a 3D model. For this purpose an appropriate material, machine and model are needed. From Construction industry point of view, 3D printing is considered as a new building method. Since 2010, the use of 3D printing for construction has known a large evolution. More and more real construction projects are using this new technology. Some of these examples are Winsun in China, D-Shape in Italy, Contour Crafting in California or Apis Cor in Russia…etc.The work presented in this manuscript was conducted through an industrial PhD thesis (CIFRE) which was launched between “Ecole Centrale de Lille” and “Bouygues Construction” in 2015. The objective of this work was to study the potential of large scale 3D printing integration in the construction process and more precisely the development of a printable cement based mix design.The work is organized in three main parts.The first part was dedicated to 3D printing and cement based material as general concepts. Then their interactions were analyzed. The second part was devoted to the printable mix design. The printability was defined using three indicators: Extrudability, Buildability and layers adhesion. The third part was dedicated to check the printability of the proposed mix design. This work may be considered as a first approach to define a laboratory scale methodology for cement based materials printability testing. It is also a step to contribute to the development of construction 3D printers.

Introduction: The traditional IT investment evaluation methods and/or techniques tend to measure the quantitative value added by eHealth. However, there are contributions brought by innovation which are intangible and sundry, and thus are difficult to identify, measure and manage. A model presented by Vimarlund & Koch (2011) aims for identifying the benefits that IT investments bring to health and social care organizations. It could be used as a tool that identifies and classifies the effects and indicators of IT innovation in-vestments at different organizational levels for different stakeholders. Purpose and research questions: This is an evaluative study with the purpose to validate Vimarlund & Koch’s (2011) evaluation model through practical application. A care study of EIAS (ERAS Interactive Audit System) is conducted. ERAS stands for Enhanced Recovery After Surgery, which is an innovative process aims to enhance patient’s outcome after ma-jor surgery. EIAS is a system that supports the ERAS process. The aim is to achieve a deep understanding of IT investment evaluation. The model will be used in a real case as a guide to evaluate and identify impact that derives from the use and implementation of IT applica-tions. The process of evaluation could also be seen as a process of validation of the model in terms of comprehensiveness, practicality and applicability. Through this study, we aim to find out: 1) What are the possible contributions that EIAS brings to Jönköping County Council? 2) How is the performance of Vimarlund & Koch’s (2011) evaluation model in practical application, in terms of comprehensiveness, practicality and applicability? Method: The purpose of this study is evaluative and it is conducted by using adductive ap-proach. Single case study will be adopted as the research strategy. In this study, qualitative data will be collected through semi-structured interview with key respondents. The data collected will be analyzed qualitatively with a narrative approach. Conclusion: Guided by Vimarlund & Koch’s (2011) evaluation model, the innovations that have been brought into healthcare organizations by EARS are electronic information supply, internal integration of clinical information and possibilities to learn from the system. The model has been validated in terms of comprehensiveness, practicality and applicability. The evaluation model is a generic model to demonstrate the contribution of IT to innovation and change in health care. It could be used in both formative and summative assessment and as well as goal-free and goal-based evaluation. The issue of the productivity paradox has been noticed as some effects are not immediate after introducing of IT. User-participation or not could be considered as an important condition for the validity of the evaluation guided by the evaluation model.

Miljön har under senaste åren alltmer blivit föremål för en samhällsdebatt. Sverige har idag en samordnad och enhetlig miljölagstiftning samlad i miljöbalken. Den utgör en av de mest utförliga lagarna i rättsordningen, som ska säkerställa ett skydd för miljön såväl som för människors liv och på så sätt främja en hållbar utveckling. En sådan lagstiftning kan förefalla naturlig att uppfatta som tvingande. Det är däremot inte en självklarhet och det anges inte uttryckligen huruvida reglerna i miljöbalken är tvingande eller dispositiva. Miljöbalken reglerar många olika områden och innehåller bland annat ett eget straffrättsligt område som reglerar sanktioner och skadestånd. Balken innehåller dessutom egna skadeståndsbestämmelser i 32 kap., vilka på senare tid har ställts på sin spets. I november 2019 avgjorde HD det uppmärksammade fallet mellan Swedavia airports AB och Svedala Kommun. Tvisten avsåg ett skadeståndsanspråk enligt 32 kap. miljöbalken, på grund av en miljöskada. Kommunen åberopade tillämpning av reglerna i 32 kap. trots att det förelåg ett avtal mellan parterna. Frågan ställdes huruvida avtalets existens innebar att det inte var möjligt att tillämpa reglerna i 32 kap. HD hade därmed först att utreda huruvida reglerna är dispositiva och kan avtalas bort, för att sedan bedöma huruvida parternas avtal utesluter tillämpningen av reglerna.