The paper is an attempt to deal with the non-transferable cheque. Three questions have been addressed: (a) Whether sections 58, 79 and 83 apply to non-transferable cheques; (b) whether the non-transferability of a cheque implies only that a cambial transfer is excluded, but transfer by means of a ordinary cession is still possible; (c) whether the collecting and drawee banks can be held liable for damages to the owner of a non-transferable cheque. (a) It is clear that section 58 does not apply to non-transferable cheques. After the decision in Eskom, it is also clear that section 79 does apply to such cheques. Regarding the applicability of section 83 to non-transferable cheques, there is uncertainty. (b) Whether the rights arising from a non-transferable cheque can be transferred by means of an ordinary cession, it is not yet clear. (c) That a collecting bank can be held delictually liable under the extended lex Aquilia was decided in lndac Electronics. By way of analogy, the same applies to a drawee bank acting negligently. / Mercantile Law / LL.M.

Made available in DSpace on 2016-08-10T10:46:36Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 MARCOS JOSE DE OLIVEIRA.pdf: 802056 bytes, checksum: 8a27e473ff22ed92d3e90f49b5ccc5ba (MD5) Previous issue date: 2012-03-15 / This work is linked to the Graduate Program in Law, International Relations and Development, the Catholic University of Goiás - PUC / GO, and examines the applicability and admissibility of liability under Brazilian law. It starts with the hypothesis that the liability, permeating social and legal relations have the power to give legal support for the accountability of the agent that causes harm to others who are both situated in the run up to the contract. The interpretation of the law, the doctrinal approach now is part of the challenge that this research has provided us with. There is no legal provision in the civil order that expressly deals with defining, sanctioning and regulating the conduct of those who manage harm to others, even when not required to hire. The admissibility of pre-contractual liability was discussed from the viewpoint of general rules that guide and systematize liability under Brazilian law, precisely because of the absence of explicit rule. As for its applicability that was seen through the prism of the general theory of liability, focusing on their assumptions of admissibility. It was developed following an investigation of the general theory of contracts, with his new principles, as well as the theory of liability, its assumptions and exclusive liability, and finally, the proper analysis of the research object which is linked to civil liability pre-contract. The interpretation of the Civil Code in addition to the assumptions led to a general analysis of abuse of rights, with the vision of the limits imposed by the standard through the prism economic, social, good faith and the morals. Good faith has received particular attention for his role in the foundation of this research, with analysis of their functions, and species characteristics. The present work is focused toward the pre-contractual civil liability, but dedicate two items at the end, to analyze the pre-contractual liability in consumer relations and labor relations. The methodology used to demonstrate the hypothesis of the study was performed using the deductive method of research literature, using the existing theories and doctrines. In the literature we attempted to support the legal dogmatics, always supported by the Brazilian Civil Code, the Code of Consumer Protection, the CLT and the Constitution. / Este trabalho vincula-se ao Programa de Pós-Graduação em Direito, Relações Internacionais e Desenvolvimento, da Pontifícia Universidade Católica de Goiás PUC/GO, e analisa a aplicabilidade e admissibilidade da responsabilidade civil no direito brasileiro. Parte-se da hipótese de que a responsabilidade civil, permeando as relações sociais e jurídicas teria o condão de dar o suporte legal para a responsabilização do agente que cause danos a outrem, estando ambos situados na fase que antecede a celebração do contrato. A interpretação da legislação, com o enfoque doutrinário atual é parte do desafio que a presente pesquisa nos facultou. Não há dispositivo legal no ordenamento civil que, de forma expressa trate de definir, sancionar e normatizar a conduta de quem gere danos a outrem, mesmo quando não está obrigado a contratar. A admissibilidade da responsabilidade civil pré-contratual foi analisada sob a ótica das regras gerais que orientam e sistematizam a responsabilidade civil no direito brasileiro, justamente pela ausência de regra expressa. Quanto à sua aplicabilidade esta foi vista pelo prisma da teoria geral da responsabilidade civil, com enfoque nos seus pressupostos de admissibilidade. Foi desenvolvida uma averiguação da teoria geral dos contratos, com sua nova principiologia, bem como da teoria da responsabilidade civil, seus pressupostos e excludentes de responsabilidade civil, e por fim, a devida análise do objeto da pesquisa que se vincula à responsabilidade civil pré-contratual. A interpretação do Código Civil nos levou a somar aos pressupostos gerais a análise do abuso do direito, com a visão dos limites impostos pela norma sob o prisma econômico, social, pela boa-fé e pelos bons costumes. A boa-fé recebeu uma atenção especial por seu papel relevante na fundamentação da presente pesquisa, com a análise de suas funções, espécies e características. O presente trabalho tem seu foco voltado para a responsabilidade pré-contratual civil, mas dedicamos dois itens, ao final, para analisar a responsabilidade pré-contratual nas relações de consumo e nas relações de trabalho. A metodologia utilizada para demonstrar as hipóteses do trabalho foi realizada através do método de pesquisa dedutivobibliográfico, utilizando as doutrinas e teorias já existentes. Além da pesquisa bibliográfica buscou-se apoio na dogmática jurídica, com sustentação no Código Civil Brasileiro, no Código de Defesa do Consumidor, na CLT e na Constituição Federal.

Omniprésente dans le discours juridique, la question de « l’application » ou de la« concrétisation » du droit n’est que rarement considérée comme un objet d’étude à partentière. C’est pourtant peu dire qu’elle recouvre un phénomène multiforme, sinon confus.Cette thèse vise à l’étudier en lui-même et pour lui-même, du point de vue du rapport deconcrétisation entre actes juridiques. Mais, tout en s’inscrivant dans son sillage, l’étudeentendra dépasser la représentation classique de ce rapport livrée par l’École normativiste, àtravers la célèbre théorie de la formation du droit par degrés et de la concrétisationcroissante des normes. Elle se propose de démontrer que le rapport de concrétisation entreactes juridiques, loin de la banalité à laquelle il est généralement associé, relève en réalitéd’une opération juridique bien plus complexe qu’il n’y parait. Cela se vérifie d’abord parl’identification de ce rapport : en soi, concrétiser un acte juridique ne signifie rien pour unautre acte juridique. Tout dépend du point de vue à partir duquel le problème est envisagé.Sous un angle conceptuel, il existe en effet plusieurs figures du rapport de concrétisationentre actes juridiques, tandis qu’appréhendé par le juge, ce même rapport fait l’objet d’untraitement contentieux. Cela se vérifie ensuite par l’analyse de la pratique du rapport deconcrétisation par les acteurs juridiques. Non seulement celle-ci n’a rien de neutre, mais elles’avère pour le moins déstabilisatrice, si ce n’est subversive, à l’égard de la hiérarchie desnormes et des organes. Alors même que sa raison d’être est de rendre compte de larationalité globale de notre système juridique, le rapport de concrétisation entre actesjuridiques aboutit ainsi à la mettre en cause. / Omnipresent in legal discourse, the issue of “application” or “concretization” of law is rarelyseen as an object of study in itself. Yet it is an understatement to say that it covers amultifaceted phenomenon, if not a confused one. This thesis aims to study it in itself and foritself, from the perspective of the relationship of concretization between legal acts. But, whileremaining in its wake, the study will go beyond the classic representation of this relationshipdelivered by the Normativist school, through the famous theory of the gradual construction ofthe law and the increasing realization of norms. It aims to demonstrate that the relationship ofconcretization between legal acts, far from the banality to which it is usually associated, isreally one of a much more complex legal transaction than it looks. This checks out first by theidentification of this relationship : in itself, concretizing a legal act means nothing to anotherlegal act. It all depends on the perspective from which the problem is considered. Under aconceptual perspective, indeed there are several cases in the relationship between legalacts. Examined by the judge, this same relationship is the subject of a contentious treatment.Subsequently it is confirmed by analysis of concretizational practice between the relationshipof legal representatives. Not only is the latter nothing neutral, but it proves to be at leastdisruptive, if not subversive, with regard to the hierarchy of norms and organs. Even thoughits purpose is to report on the overall rationality of our legal system, the relationship ofconcretization between legal acts puts it into question.

The main purpose of this work is to investigate if the US ́s killing of Osama bin Laden on 2 May 2011 in Abbottabad in Pakistan was lawful. The background to the killing is what happened on 11 September 2001 when four US airplanes were hijacked and crashed into World Trade Center and Pentagon. Al Qaeda, a terrorist organisation led by Osama bin Laden, was immediately suspected for the attacks, which led to the starting point of the US ́s ‘global war on terror’. This work tries to give a short brief on ‘global war on terror’ and answer if there is a global war on terror and/or if a new category of war is needed. In order to get an answer to the main question of this work I had to investigate if US is in an international armed conflict or in a non-international armed conflict with Al Qaida. Another important question to investigate is if an armed conflict in one State can spill over to another State and still be consider as an armed conflict. Other important questions to answer are, if Osama bin Laden was a legitimate target under international humanitarian law, if he was a civilian or if he had a continuous combat function and what level of participation in hostilities he had? Not less important is also to investigate if human rights law is applicable when Osama bin Laden was killed, especially the fundamental right to life. Lastly I end my investigation with a quick review of the laws of jus ad bellum in order to get an answer if US had a right to resort to force in Pakistan. My conclusion is that the US was not involved in an armed conflict with al Qaeda in Pakistan where the killing took place. The conflict between the US and al Qaeda in Afghanistan is to be categorised as a non-international conflict. This conflict cannot be described as a conflict that has spilled over to Abbottabad where Osama bin Laden was killed. All people, including Osama bin Laden, has a right to life. Because of lack of information on what happened in Abbottabad when Osama bin Laden was killed it is impossible to give a clear legal answer if the US had the right to kill him. It could be lawful, but it could also be considered as a crime against international human rights law.

The paper is an attempt to deal with the non-transferable cheque. Three questions have been addressed: (a) Whether sections 58, 79 and 83 apply to non-transferable cheques; (b) whether the non-transferability of a cheque implies only that a cambial transfer is excluded, but transfer by means of a ordinary cession is still possible; (c) whether the collecting and drawee banks can be held liable for damages to the owner of a non-transferable cheque. (a) It is clear that section 58 does not apply to non-transferable cheques. After the decision in Eskom, it is also clear that section 79 does apply to such cheques. Regarding the applicability of section 83 to non-transferable cheques, there is uncertainty. (b) Whether the rights arising from a non-transferable cheque can be transferred by means of an ordinary cession, it is not yet clear. (c) That a collecting bank can be held delictually liable under the extended lex Aquilia was decided in lndac Electronics. By way of analogy, the same applies to a drawee bank acting negligently. / Mercantile Law / LL.M.

[pt] Com a modernidade em crise, a crítica aos ideais iluministas e até da noção tradicional da razão em cheque, passou-se a buscar uma melhor compreensão da realidade, como alternativa para suprir um crescente descontentamento social em função do distanciamento entre as decisões administrativas, incluindo as judiciais, e os efetivos anseios dos cidadãos. Dentre as propostas que aliam o novo ideal democrático ao contexto do mundo da vida, o filósofo alemão Jürgen Habermas propõe uma mudança de paradigma da Razão através de uma lógica dialógica, transferindo a noção da Razão Prática para um espectro procedimental, usando como ferramenta indispensável o agir comunicativo, o discurso e o consenso entre as partes interessadas; além disso, promove uma reconstrução do direito e do Estado, com a superação dos modelos teóricos existentes – liberal e republicano – e com a formatação de um Estado efetivamente democrático, posto que viabiliza a participação dos concernidos na criação dos direitos. Em outras palavras, Habermas aposta no sucesso processo de interação comunicativa, que se efetiva por meio de um acordo discutido, debatido e refletido em função dos motivos apresentados pelos interessados. Diante dessa linha habermasiana que envolve a atuação efetiva dos cidadãos e das instituições da sociedade civil, além do próprio Estado, no processo de formulação normativa e decisória surge, para alguns, a ideia da inaplicabilidade dessa teoria por entenderem que, em função da realidade brasileira, principalmente em relação ao déficit educacional da população, essa ideia ficaria prejudicada. O Direito Coletivo do Trabalho, como ramificação de nosso sistema jurídico, promove a derrocada dessa premissa de inaplicabilidade da proposta de Habermas que adota o agir comunicativo como instrumento para alcance do entendimento, do consenso dos interessados, promovendo, assim, uma harmônica relação entre a validade e faticidade da norma. Importante ainda ressaltar a convivência dos interesses individuais e dos coletivos, não havendo prevalência da simples vontade da maioria, mas sim da vontade melhor justificada dentro do processo dialógico, ocorrendo a preservação das garantias e direitos individuais fundamentais. / [en] With modernity in crisis, criticizes the Enlightenment ideals and even the traditional notion of reason in check, began to seek a better understanding of reality, as an alternative to supply a growing social discontent due to the distance between the adminstrative decisions, including judicial, and actual desires of citizens. Among the proposals that combine the new democratic ideal context of the living world, the German philosopher Jurgen Habermas proposes a paradigm shift of Reason through a dialogical logic, transferring the notion of Practical Reason for a procedural spectrum, using as the indispensable tool communicative action, discourse and consensus among stakeholders; Moreover, it promotes a reconstruction of law and state, with the overcoming of the existing theoretical models - liberal and republican - and the formatting of a democratic state effectively, since it enables the participation of concerned in the creation of rights. In other words, Habermas betting on the success of the process, which is effective communicative interaction through an agreement discussed, debated and reflected on the basis of the reasons given by those concerned. Given this Habermasian line that involves the effective participation of citizens and civil society institutions, and the state itself, the formulation of rules and decision-making process arises, for some, the idea of this theory inapplicable because they understand that, according to the Brazilian reality mainly in relation to the educational deficit of the population, this idea would be impaired. The Collective Labour Law, as a branch of our legal system, promotes the overthrow of this premise inapplicability of proposed which adopts Habermas communicative action as an instrument to reach understanding, consensus of stakeholders, thus promoting a harmonious relationship between the validity and facticity of the norm. Important to highlight the coexistence of individual and collective interests, with no prevalence of simple will of the majority, but the best justified within the dialogical process will occur and guarantees the preservation of fundamental individual rights.

Bibliography: leaves 148-154 / This research is a case study conducted at Mkoba Teachers’ College from 2017 to 2019 which aimed at establishing the applicability of the phenomenological method to the teaching and learning of Religious and Moral Education (RME) in Tertiary Primary Teacher Education institutions in Zimbabwe. The majority of the student teachers were Christians and had a negative attitude towards African Indigenous Religions (A.I.Rs). They also showed little knowledge of concepts in African Religions yet the old and new syllabus in RME and Family, Religion and Moral Education (FAREME) respectively required them to use the multi-faith approach and to view all religions they may encounter in the classroom with equal importance. This research sought to determine the extent to which the phenomenological method can change the student teachers’ negative attitude to/ and increase their knowledge of A.I.Rs, thus preparing them for the task of religious education in future. In the theoretical framework, the researcher discussed the concept of Religious Education (R.E) and reviewed related literature on approaches to R.E, the history of R.E in pre-colonial and post-colonial periods in Zimbabwe and recent researches in R.E in order to gain insights on historical developments and current trends in the field of R.E. The researcher selected ten (10) participants who belonged to various Christian denominations using the purposive sampling strategy. Qualitative methods of generating data used were unstructured interviews, field work, both participant and non participant observation, and focus group discussion. After field work, participants applied the phenomenological method to the bira ceremony and discussed religious artifacts encountered during field work. On the whole, the phenomenological method increased the participants’ knowledge of A.I.Rs and significantly changed their attitude towards it. Despite the participants’ strong Christian background, they were able to separate the demands of their commitment to personal faith and the requirements of the phenomenological method. The study makes some recommendations,some of which are the use of the phenomenological method together with the multi-faith and comparative religion approaches in the College R.M.E curriculum. / Religious Studies and Arabic / M.A. (Religious Studies)

Target-based screening projects for bioactive (orphan) compounds have been shown in many cases to be insufficiently predictive for in vivo efficacy, leading to attrition in clinical trials. Phenotypic screening has hence undergone a renaissance in both academia and in the pharmaceutical industry, partly due to this reason. One key shortcoming of this paradigm shift is that the protein targets modulated need to be elucidated subsequently, which is often a costly and time-consuming procedure. In this work, we have explored both improved methods and real-world case studies of how computational methods can help in target elucidation of phenotypic screens. One limitation of previous methods has been the ability to assess the applicability domain of the models, that is, when the assumptions made by a model are fulfilled and which input chemicals are reliably appropriate for the models. Hence, a major focus of this work was to explore methods for calibration of machine learning algorithms using Platt Scaling, Isotonic Regression Scaling and Venn-Abers Predictors, since the probabilities from well calibrated classifiers can be interpreted at a confidence level and predictions specified at an acceptable error rate. Additionally, many current protocols only offer probabilities for affinity, thus another key area for development was to expand the target prediction models with functional prediction (activation or inhibition). This extra level of annotation is important since the activation or inhibition of a target may positively or negatively impact the phenotypic response in a biological system. Furthermore, many existing methods do not utilize the wealth of bioactivity information held for orthologue species. We therefore also focused on an in-depth analysis of orthologue bioactivity data and its relevance and applicability towards expanding compound and target bioactivity space for predictive studies. The realized protocol was trained with 13,918,879 compound-target pairs and comprises 1,651 targets, which has been made available for public use at GitHub. Consequently, the methodology was applied to aid with the target deconvolution of AstraZeneca phenotypic readouts, in particular for the rationalization of cytotoxicity and cytostaticity in the High-Throughput Screening (HTS) collection. Results from this work highlighted which targets are frequently linked to the cytotoxicity and cytostaticity of chemical structures, and provided insight into which compounds to select or remove from the collection for future screening projects. Overall, this project has furthered the field of in silico target deconvolution, by improving the performance and applicability of current protocols and by rationalizing cytotoxicity, which has been shown to influence attrition in clinical trials.

Le modèle de l’Union européenne constitue la source d’inspiration la plus remarquable pour les systèmes d’intégration qui se développent à travers le monde, non seulement du fait de sa constellation institutionnelle mais également de l’existence de la Cour de justice de l’Union européenne et de sa jurisprudence constructrice. Ce modèle unioniste s’est notamment exporté sur le continent sud-américain au sein duquel se développe pertinemment une organisation comparable à l’Union européenne : la Communauté andine.Créée en 1969, elle se distingue des autres systèmes d’intégration présents dans la région en ce qu’elle constitue un ordre juridique communautaire andin propre, distinct des ordres juridiques de ses États membres, et fondé sur la primauté et l’applicabilité directe, ces deux mêmes principes qui ont façonné la construction de l’Union européenne. La Communauté andine dispose en outre d’une structure organique spécifique puisque le système d’intégration andin regroupe des institutions administratives, politiques et juridictionnelles.Parmi elles, à l’image de la Cour de justice de l’Union européenne, le Tribunal de la Communauté andine veille « au respect du droit dans l’interprétation et l’application » de la norme communautaire andine. C’est ainsi que, la jurisprudence de la Cour de justice de l’Union européenne sert de phare au Tribunal de justice de la Communauté andine dont elle éclaire l’office. C’est sur ce point que se concentre le présent travail de recherche qui tend à mettre en lumière la contribution de l’Union européenne à la constitution de l’ordre juridique de la Communauté andine par le biais de sa jurisprudence en constante évolution et dont la portée s’exerce à l’intérieur comme au-delà des frontières du continent européen. Or, la Communauté andine, système d’intégration désormais consolidé, traverse actuellement un processus de renouvellement en vue de se préparer aux nouveaux défis économiques et politiques de la région, tout en restant à la recherche d’un juste équilibre entre la stabilité et l’évolution nécessaire de son ordre juridique. / The model of the European Union is the most remarkable source of inspiration for systems of integration developing throughout the world, not only because of the wealth and diversity of its institutions but also due to the existence of the Court of Justice of the European Union and its constructive jurisprudence.In particular, this unionist model has been adopted within the South American continent, which has effectively developed an institution comparable to the European Union: the Andean Community.Created in 1969, it differs from other systems of integration in the region in that it constitutes a distinct Andean Community law independent from the legal structures of its Member States, and based on primacy and direct applicability - two principles that have shaped the construction of the European Union. In addition, the Andean Community has a unique structure since the Andean system of integration incorporates administrative, political and judicial institutions.Among them, as does the Court of Justice of the European Union, the Court of the Andean Community ensures that "the interpretation and application of the law" is respectful of the standards of the Andean Community. Thus, the jurisprudence of the Court of Justice of the European Union undeniably serves as a helpful model for the Court of Justice of the Andean Community.It is on this point that this research focuses, aiming to highlight the contribution of the European Union to the constitution of the legal order of the Andean Community through its continuously-evolving jurisprudence which carries influence both inside and outside of the borders of the European continent.The Andean Community has developed as a gradually-consolidated system of integration. It is currently undergoing a process of renewal in response to the new economic and political challenges emerging in the region, while still seeking to achieve a balance between the needs for legal stability and the necessary evolution of its legal system.

Induction machine; outer rotor; water pump; thermal network; thermal analysis; optimization; electromagnetic model; finite element method; thermal insulation class