With the increasing number of transistors in the circuit, the time it requires to label the circuit as defect-free also increases. Test application time plays a major role in increasing yield in manufacturing. This thesis presents an approach to generate a test set to detect manufacturing faults considering the test application time. The test set is constructed using an initial compact test set and by utilizing the output signature of the test vectors and increasing the overlap with a succeeding test vector. The novelty of the approach is the consideration of the essential faults for the test generation of the optimal test vector and the distribution of those faults among other test vectors if such a test vector is not possible. The test generation of the optimal test vector is done using structural and SAT-based approach. The generated test set retains the fault coverage without any additional hardware overhead. The experimental results on the ISCAS89 benchmark circuit show significant reductions in the test application time.

O herbicida deve ter a capacidade de controlar as plantas daninhas sem reduzir a produtividade e a qualidade da matéria-prima. Todavia, a tolerância da cana-de-açúcar pode variar com o herbicida, a dose desse produto, o genótipo da variedade, a época de aplicação (semi-seca, seca, semi-úmida e úmida), ambientes de produção, o estádio fenológico da cultura, dentre outros fatores. Visando o melhor entendimento do comportamento da cana-de-açúcar a aplicações do herbicida diuron+hexazinone+sulfometuron-methyl, avaliou-se a seletividade em diferentes estádios de desenvolvimento, em condições de campo, em casa de vegetação, e em laboratório. No campo, com início em setembro de 2013, as aplicações deste herbicida foram feitas em pré-emergência, esporão, 2 a 3 folhas e 5 a 6 folhas, comparando com o desempenho do herbicida amicarbazone, nas mesmas épocas, em canavial de segundo corte, onde avaliou-se fitotoxicidade, os parâmetros tecnológicos (fibra, pol, brix e ATR) e a produtividade. Constatou-se que mesmo com índices de fitotoxicidade altos nos diferentes estádios de desenvolvimento até 90 DAA, a produtividade não foi prejudicada a níveis significativos, bem como os parâmetros tecnológicos, quando comparados a testemunha. Na casa de vegetação, foi avaliado a seletividade do herbicida diuron+hexazinone+sulfometuron-methyl nos mesmos estádios de desenvolvimento avaliados em campo, nas variedades CTC 15, B86-7515, BR85-5536 e RB92-579. Observou-se diferenças significativas entre as variedades na variável altura em uma mesma época de aplicação, porém não refletiu na massa de matéria seca da parte aérea, a qual manteve-se semelhante entre os tratamentos. Para entendimento da fisiologia deste herbicida em cana-de-açúcar, avaliou-se a absorção e translocação ao longo do tempo, após sua aplicação nas fases de 2 a 3 e 5 a 6 folhas, onde apesar de serem detectadas diferenças significativas no quesito fitotoxicidade em ensaio de campo preliminar, tal acontecimento não pode ser justificado por diferenças no parâmetro absorção, conforme resultados do estudo. / The herbicide should be capable of controlling weeds without reducing productivity and quality of the raw material. However, the tolerance of sugarcane can vary with the herbicide, the dose of this product, the variety genotype, timing of application (semi-dry, dry, semi-wet and wet), production environments, the stadium phenological culture, among other factors. Aimed at better understanding the behavior of sugarcane to the herbicide diuron + hexazinone applications + sulfometuron-methyl, evaluated the selectivity at different stages of development in field conditions in the greenhouse and in the laboratory. In the field, starting in September 2013, the applications of this herbicide were made in pre-emergence, spur, 2-3 leaves and 5-6 leaves, compared to the performance of amicarbazone herbicide, at the same times, in the second cut cane field where phytotoxicity was evaluated, the technological parameters (fiber, pol, Brix and ATR) and productivity. It was found that with high phytotoxicity rates in different stages of development up to 90 DAA, productivity was not affected at significant levels, as well as technological parameters compared the witness. In the greenhouse, the selectivity of the herbicide diuron + hexazinone was rated + sulfometuron-methyl the same developmental stages evaluated in the field, in varieties CTC 15, RB86-7515, BR85-5536 and RB92-579. There were statistically significant differences between varieties in the variable height in the same time of application, but not reflected in the dry matter of the shoot, which remained similar between treatments. In order to understand the physiology of this herbicide in sugarcane, studies wih absorption and translocation was carried out over time, after application in the stages of 2 to 3 and 5 to 6 leaves, which despite being detected significant differences in field test for phytotoxicity such an event can not be justified by differences in absorption parameter, according to study results.

O herbicida deve ter a capacidade de controlar as plantas daninhas sem reduzir a produtividade e a qualidade da matéria-prima. Todavia, a tolerância da cana-de-açúcar pode variar com o herbicida, a dose desse produto, o genótipo da variedade, a época de aplicação (semi-seca, seca, semi-úmida e úmida), ambientes de produção, o estádio fenológico da cultura, dentre outros fatores. Visando o melhor entendimento do comportamento da cana-de-açúcar a aplicações do herbicida diuron+hexazinone+sulfometuron-methyl, avaliou-se a seletividade em diferentes estádios de desenvolvimento, em condições de campo, em casa de vegetação, e em laboratório. No campo, com início em setembro de 2013, as aplicações deste herbicida foram feitas em pré-emergência, esporão, 2 a 3 folhas e 5 a 6 folhas, comparando com o desempenho do herbicida amicarbazone, nas mesmas épocas, em canavial de segundo corte, onde avaliou-se fitotoxicidade, os parâmetros tecnológicos (fibra, pol, brix e ATR) e a produtividade. Constatou-se que mesmo com índices de fitotoxicidade altos nos diferentes estádios de desenvolvimento até 90 DAA, a produtividade não foi prejudicada a níveis significativos, bem como os parâmetros tecnológicos, quando comparados a testemunha. Na casa de vegetação, foi avaliado a seletividade do herbicida diuron+hexazinone+sulfometuron-methyl nos mesmos estádios de desenvolvimento avaliados em campo, nas variedades CTC 15, B86-7515, BR85-5536 e RB92-579. Observou-se diferenças significativas entre as variedades na variável altura em uma mesma época de aplicação, porém não refletiu na massa de matéria seca da parte aérea, a qual manteve-se semelhante entre os tratamentos. Para entendimento da fisiologia deste herbicida em cana-de-açúcar, avaliou-se a absorção e translocação ao longo do tempo, após sua aplicação nas fases de 2 a 3 e 5 a 6 folhas, onde apesar de serem detectadas diferenças significativas no quesito fitotoxicidade em ensaio de campo preliminar, tal acontecimento não pode ser justificado por diferenças no parâmetro absorção, conforme resultados do estudo. / The herbicide should be capable of controlling weeds without reducing productivity and quality of the raw material. However, the tolerance of sugarcane can vary with the herbicide, the dose of this product, the variety genotype, timing of application (semi-dry, dry, semi-wet and wet), production environments, the stadium phenological culture, among other factors. Aimed at better understanding the behavior of sugarcane to the herbicide diuron + hexazinone applications + sulfometuron-methyl, evaluated the selectivity at different stages of development in field conditions in the greenhouse and in the laboratory. In the field, starting in September 2013, the applications of this herbicide were made in pre-emergence, spur, 2-3 leaves and 5-6 leaves, compared to the performance of amicarbazone herbicide, at the same times, in the second cut cane field where phytotoxicity was evaluated, the technological parameters (fiber, pol, Brix and ATR) and productivity. It was found that with high phytotoxicity rates in different stages of development up to 90 DAA, productivity was not affected at significant levels, as well as technological parameters compared the witness. In the greenhouse, the selectivity of the herbicide diuron + hexazinone was rated + sulfometuron-methyl the same developmental stages evaluated in the field, in varieties CTC 15, RB86-7515, BR85-5536 and RB92-579. There were statistically significant differences between varieties in the variable height in the same time of application, but not reflected in the dry matter of the shoot, which remained similar between treatments. In order to understand the physiology of this herbicide in sugarcane, studies wih absorption and translocation was carried out over time, after application in the stages of 2 to 3 and 5 to 6 leaves, which despite being detected significant differences in field test for phytotoxicity such an event can not be justified by differences in absorption parameter, according to study results.

Rapid and deep transport of solutes in soils can potentially pollute groundwater resources. Field estimates of solute leaching depth based on randomized sampling provide extremely variable field average estimates that confound the treatment effects of the leaching study with the high spatial variation of soil hydraulic properties. The purpose of this study was to investigate the spatial scale of variation of solute (Bromide) leaching depth, and apply this scale of variation to study the leaching depth of Bromide as a function of a sinusoidal application of transport causing factors, i.e., rainfall amount, intensity and application time delay. Solute leaching depth varied over different spatial scales. The deepest leaching was observed on plots where the Br center of mass ranged from 19-30 cm depth. Deep leaching occurred with large quantities of low intensity precipitations (5.5 to 6 cm/day) and short time delays (≤ 17 hours), respectively. The hydraulic gradient presented cyclic variation at 8 m wavelength across the 10-30cm depth compartment. Spectral analysis indicated that spatial variation of the leaching depth was mainly affected by precipitation amount and intensity and only a small portion of the leaching depth variation was caused by time delay. Cross-spectral analysis identified common cyclic variation between the Br leaching depth and precipitation amount, intensity and time delay over 32, 32 and 8 m wavelengths, respectively. Simulated Br concentration over depth and horizontal distance and soil water matric potential ψm were in good agreement with experimental observations, the latter revealing a satisfactory Br and water mass balance.

Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior / The response of soybean cultivars to the chemical control of Asian rust (Phakopsora pachyrhizi) was studied in a factorial experiment 10 x 3 x 2. The treatments were ten soybean cultivars (Fundacep 56, M-soy 8000, Nidera 6401, BRS 246, BRS Pampa, AL 72, Coodetec 214, Coodetec 213, Coodetec 219, Nidera 6001), 3 fungicides (azoxistrobina + ciproconazol, tebuconazol and tebuconazol + carbendazin) applied in the closing lines followed by a second application 25 days after first and in the R1 followed by a second application in R4 in the random blocks design with four replications. The variables analyzed were rust severity and grains yield. Rust severity data showed the specificity response of genotypes to the different fungicides and timing combinations. The soybean cultivars that had the greatest breadth of difference in income between the control and fungicide treatment were considered of high responsiveness to the chemical control. The cultivars Fundacep 56, M-soy 8000, AL 72 and Coodetec 219 showed low response to the chemical control of rust, not varying their yield or their response in rust control in any of the moments of application and fungicides. The cultivars Nidera 6401 and Nidera 6001 showed high responsiveness to the chemical control of rust, surpassing the 1000 kg.ha-1 of variation between the control fungicide treatment, azoxistrobina + ciproconazol. The answer in grain yield is not directly related to the response in disease accumulation, disease control and fungicide efficiency. Cultivars may not have high control efficiency, but may present satisfactory yields. / A resposta de cultivares de soja ao controle químico da ferrugem asiática (Phakopsora pachyrhizi) foi estudada no delineamento de blocos ao acaso em esquema de parcelas subsubdivididas, com dez cultivares de soja (Fundacep 56, M-soy 8000, Nidera 6401, BRS 246, BRS Pampa, AL 72, Coodetec 214, Coodetec 213, Coodetec 219, Nidera 6001), três fungicidas (azoxistrobina + ciproconazol, tebuconazol e tebuconazol + carbendazin) e duas épocas de aplicação (fechamento das entrelinhas e 25 dias após, e R1 + R4), com quatro repetições. Foram analisadas as variáveis severidade de ferrugem e rendimento de grãos. Os dados de severidade de ferrugem mostraram a especificidade de resposta dos genótipos aos diferentes fungicidas. As cultivares de soja que apresentaram a maior amplitude de diferença de rendimento entre o tratamento testemunha e o tratamento fungicida foram consideradas de alta responsividade ao controle químico. As cultivares Fundacep 56, M-soy 8000, AL 72 e Coodetec 219 apresentaram baixa resposta ao controle químico de ferrugem, não variando sua produtividade nem o controle de ferrugem em nenhum dos momentos de aplicação, bem como fungicidas. Já as cultivares Nidera 6401 e Nidera 6001 foram altamente responsivas ao controle químico de ferrugem, ultrapassando os 1000 kg.ha-1 de variação entre o tratamento testemunha e o tratamento fungicida de azoxistrobina e ciproconazol. A resposta em rendimento de grãos não está diretamente relacionada com a resposta em acúmulo de doença e eficiência de controle do fungicida utilizado. Cultivares podem não apresentar alta eficiência de controle, porém podem apresentar rendimentos satisfatórios.

Scan Chains in DFT has gained more prominence in recent years due to the increase in the complexity of the sequential circuits. As the test time increases along with the number of memory elements in the circuit, new and improved methods came in to prominence. Even though scan chain increases observability and controllability, a big portion of the time is wasted while shifting in and shifting out the test patterns through the scan chain. This thesis focus on reducing the number of clock cycles that are needed to test the circuit. The proposed Algorithm uses modified shift procedures based on 1) Finding hard to detect faults in the circuit. 2) Productive way to generate test patterns for the combinational blocks in between the flip flops. 3) Rearranging test patterns and changing the shift procedures to achieve fault coverage in reduced number of clock cycles. In this model, the selection process is based on calculating the fault value of a fault and total fault value of the vector which is used to find the hard faults and the order in which the vectors are applied. This method reduces the required number of shifts for detecting the faults and thereby reducing the testing time. This thesis concentrates on appropriate utilization of scan chains for testing the sequential circuits. In this context, the proposed method shows promising results in reduction of the number of shifts, thereby reducing the test time. The experimental results are based on the widely cited ISCAS 89 benchmark circuits.

High test data volume and long test application time are two major concerns for testing scan based circuits. The Illinois Scan (ILS) architecture has been shown to be effective in addressing both these issues. The ILS achieves a high degree of test data compression thereby reducing both the test data volume and test application time. The degree of test data volume reduction depends on the fault coverage achievable in the broadcast mode. However, the fault coverage achieved in the broadcast mode of ILS architecture depends on the actual configuration of individual scan chains, i.e., the number of chains and the mapping of the individual flip-flops of the circuit to the respective scan chain positions. Current methods for constructing scan chains in ILS are either ad-hoc or use test pattern information from an a-priori automatic test pattern generation (ATPG) run. In this thesis, we present novel low cost techniques to construct ILS scan configuration for a given design. These techniques efficiently utilize the circuit topology information and try to optimize the flip-flop assignment to a scan chain location without much compromise in the fault coverage in the broadcast mode. Thus, they eliminate the need of an a-priori ATPG run or any test set information. In addition, we also propose a new scan architecture which combines the broadcast mode of ILS and Random Access Scan architecture to enable further test volume reduction on and above effectively configured conventional ILS architecture using the aforementioned heuristics with reasonable area overhead. Experimental results on the ISCAS'89 benchmark circuits show that the proposed ILS configuration methods can achieve on an average 5% more fault coverage in the broadcast mode and on average 15% more test data volume and test application time reduction than existing methods. The proposed new architecture achieves, on an average, 9% and 33% additional test data volume and test application time reduction respectively on top of our proposed ILS configuration heuristics. / Master of Science

The process of agricultural production in Brazil has as a main gear the application of chemicals carried out by spraying machines. This study aimed to identify possible interactions between the tips of spraying nozzles, application time and fungicides on the control of Asian soybean rust (Phakopsora pachyrhizi Sidow) in three different cultivars. The work was carried out in Itaara - RS, spray nozzles used were XR 11002 (jet plan expanded use), TX 8002 (empty cone), TT 11002 (turbo fan), TJ60 11002 (twin flat) and AI 11002 (fan anti-drift). Applications were made at 8:00, 10:00 and 12 hours with fungicides cyproconazole+picoxystrobin and epoxiconazole+pyraclostrobin in R1 growth stage and repeated the second application 21 days after first in cultivars M-SOY 8000 RR, AL 72 and Agiara. Analysis of variance revealed a significant interaction between cultivars, spray nozzles and the application time for all variables, showing that several factors affect application technology. The increase of grain yield promoted by fungicides, in the average of application times ranged between nozzles, according to the cultivar. The cultivar AL 72 results showed the smallest variation between nozzles. The increase in grain yield promoted by treatments with different nozzles ranged between 37.39 and 45.75% for the fungicide pyraclostrobin + epoxiconazole and 32.38 and 39.34% for the fungicide ciproconzaol + picoxystrobin / O processo de produção agrícola no Brasil tem como uma das engrenagens principal como a aplicação de produtos químicos realizados por máquinas de pulverização. O presente trabalho visou identificar possíveis interações entre pontas de pulverizações, horário de aplicação, cultivares de soja e fungicidas no controle da ferrugem asiática da soja (Phakopsora pachyrhizi Sidow). O trabalho foi realizado em Itaara RS, as pontas de aplicação utilizadas foram XR 11002 (jato plano de uso ampliado), TX 8002 (jato cônico vazio), TT 11002 (jato plano de ângulo grande), TJ60 11002 (jato plano duplo comum) e AI 11002 (jato plano com indução de ar). Foram realizadas aplicações as 8h00min, 10h00min e 12h00min com os fungicidas ciproconazol + picoxistrobina e epoxiconazol + piraclostrobina no estádio fonológico R1 e repetido a segunda aplicação 21 dias após, nas cultivares M-SOY 8000 RR, AL 72 e Agiara. A análise de variância revelou interação significativa entre cultivares, pontas de pulverização e horários de aplicação para todas as variáveis analisadas, demonstrando que diversos fatores afetam a tecnologia de aplicação. O incremento no rendimento de grãos promovido pelos fungicidas, na média dos horários de aplicação, apresentou variação entre pontas de pulverização, conforme a cultivar utilizada. A cultivar AL 72 foi aquela que apresentou a menor variação entre as pontas de pulverização. O incremento no rendimento de grãos promovido pelos tratamentos com as diferentes pontas de pulverização variou entre 37,39 e 45,75% para o fungicida epoxiconazol + piraclostrobina e 32,38 e 39,34% para o fungicida ciproconzaol + picoxistrobina