Illustrationer i böcker ämnade för barn, både läroböcker och skönlitteratur, innehöll färre karaktärer med mörk hudfärg än ljus hudfärg och karaktärerna med mörk hudfärg hade sällan huvudroller i böckerna. Den här studien ämnade därför att undersöka hur illustratörer går tillväga för att skapa illustrationer av karaktärer med fokus på etnisk mångfald, hur man kan illustrera en variation bland karaktärerna utan att illustrera stereotypiskt och varför det är viktigt att illustrationer innehåller karaktärer med olika etniciteter. För att uppfylla studiens syfte intervjuade fem illustratörer och sedan analyserades materialet med tematisk analys. Resultatet visade att det är viktigt att illustrationer innehåller karaktärer med olika etniciteter eftersom det kan visa barn att människor ser olika ut. Det är även viktigt att vara medveten om normer och stereotyper när man illustrerar för att skapa illustrationer som bidrar till den stereotypiska bilden och genom att vara medveten kan man välja att illustrera på sätt som skiljer sig från det stereotypiska. Resultatet visade även att det kan vara både illustratören och uppdragsgivaren som bestämmer hur karaktärerna i en illustration ska se ut.

Forensic science is the field of study that studies crimes and crime scenes. One of the major sub-areas of forensic science is crime scene investigations (CSI). Bloodstain pattern analysis (BPA) is a part of CSI and refers to the study of bloodstain patterns. The purpose of this project is to investigate the needs of those involved in the judicial chain when using a laser scanner to reconstruct a crime scene and how to represent any uncertainties. An additional purpose is to look into what expectations bloodstain pattern analysts have on their work situation. Interviews were held with nine persons involved in the judicial chain and an online questionnaire was distributed to the bloodstain pattern analysts across Sweden. To analyze the interviews a thematic analysis was used which led to three themes being identified (benefit, desires, obstacles) with eleven sub-themes. For the questionnaire two types of data were presented, numeric and written. The numeric result displayed results such as how confident they felt doing work or if the amount of cases was too much or too little. The written result displayed results showing that BPA is cumbersome, not because it is hard to use but rather because each case is unique, and many factors have to be considered. The conclusion of this study is that needs can be met using the framework that combined uncertainties and visualization, and the questionnaire showed that the bloodstain pattern analyst are a group of people who seek knowledge and welcome new technology.

Existing research on leadership and motivation tends to focus primarily on how leadership style influences employee motivation with very little consideration for how follower characteristics may influence the preference of the leader. In an attempt to contribute to this research gap, this thesis examined whether motivation, as represented by extrinsic and intrinsic sources, influences an individual’s preference towards a transactional vs. transformational leadership style. This thesis provides further novelty by examining this concept on the largely understudied and newest generation to enter the labour market, the millennials. To investigate the main research question, 220 Swedish students participated in a questionnaire that was designed to assess their motivation and leadership style preference. As age, gender and personality were considered as potential predictors in this relationship they were also included in the questionnaire as control variables. A multiple regression analysis revealed intrinsic motivation to be a significant predictor of transformational leadership preference, and extrinsic motivation as a significant predictor of transactional leadership preference. These findings provide merit in both the academic and organisational sectors, not only contributing empirical evidence to this widely neglected research field, but also in the practical utility these results can provide for creating more informed leadership training decisions in a bid to recruit, retain and motivate the millennial generation as they enter the workforce.

In national surveys of mental illness in Sweden in the group of children and adolescents, an increase in prevalence has been observed. To our knowledge there are no regional surveys in the area. The purpose of the present study was to map symptom distribution among applicants to a child and adolescent psychiatric clinic in Sweden and to map how mental illness is distributed on the basis of demographic variables in order to contribute to increased knowledge of mental illness among children and adolescents in Sweden. In this study data from conducted interviews from year 2010 - 2017 in a child and adolescent clinic was analyzed. The results showed a significant difference among the number of applicants between the first and last measurement of the measurement period, year 2010 and 2017, for adhd and anxiety-like symptoms. Regarding depressive symptoms, no significant difference was found. The most frequent symptom group was depressive symptoms. The results also showed differences due to the socio- economic group in which socio-economically weak areas had a larger share of applicants. The conclusion was that the national increase also occurs at regional level and that the spread of mental illness confirms previous research that socio-economic family factors affect the behavior of children and adolescents. Further research on etiology can supplement this study in order to work preventively with children and adolescents with mental illness.

Qualitative research has begun focussing on the experience of change within psychological therapy for individuals with a diagnosis of Emotionally Unstable Personality Disorder (EUPD). However, many individuals do not access therapy but instead utilise other forms of support. This study aimed to develop a holistic theory of change, applicable to but extendable beyond the remit of psychological therapy. Twelve individuals were interviewed using semi-structured format about their experience of change. Five individuals with a diagnosis of EUPD were interviewed alongside seven staff members. A Grounded Theory methodology was used. The key change experience was defined as one of ‘shifting positions’ where the individual began evolving their relationship to themselves, to others and to help. This process was often facilitated by development of safe and trusting relationships and a personal readiness to change. The change process could simultaneously be enhanced and set back by staff and Mental Health Services. This change process mirrors and expands the findings of previous research and offers a change model applicable across settings. Future research should include the perspective of carers and clinical settings should explore how best to support staff to attune to individuals’ needs in order to facilitate change.

As with social anxiety, people with high social appearance anxiety (SAA) might experience increased perceptions of being looked at by others and elevated levels of self-focussed evaluative attention (SFEA). This study tested whether individuals with high SAA perceive more people look at them than do those with low SAA, and whether SFEA increases this perception. A sample of 52 low SAA and 48 high SAA participants completed questionnaires and experimental tasks online. Participants estimated the proportion of people looking at them in numerous matrices of faces. A control task of matrices of clocks was used. SFEA was experimentally manipulated. Those high in SAA estimated more people looking at them, and reported higher trait self-focussed attention. Increasing SFEA increased these individual’s estimates of faces looking at them but did not affect perceptions of non- social stimuli. Implications for clinical interventions and the body image literature are discussed. Future lines of research are recommended.

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Teorier inom Kognitiv hörselvetenskap beskriver hur uppfattning av tal beror på två olika typer av processer. Bottom-up processer associeras med akustiska och fonetiska egenskaper hos en inkommande signal och top-down processer associeras med lexikala, syntaktiska, semantiska samt kontextuella egenskaper. Förmågan att utnyttja top-down processer tros bero på kapaciteten hos arbetsminnet. För att undersöka en skillnad mellan bottom-up och top-down samt deras förhållande till arbetsminnet har ett Speech-in-Noise (SIN) test utformats och genomförts på 15 försöksdeltagare. Testet undersöker skillnader i tröskelvärden för att identifiera ett enstavigt ord i ett uppåtgående förhållande till stationärt brus, mot tröskelvärden för att identifiera ett enstavigt ord i stationärt brus med hjälp att top-down stöd. Top-down stöd ges i form av explicit priming och undersöks i både uppåtgående och nedåtgående förhållande till bruset. Två typer av arbetsminnestest, ”Letter Memory Test” och ”Reading Span Test”, användes för att undersöka en korrelation med differenser mellan tröskelvärdena. Resultaten visade på en signifikant skillnad mellan vanliga tröskelvärden och tröskelvärden då explicit top-down stöd används. Någon signifikant korrelation mellan kapaciteten hos arbetsminnet och differenserna dessa tröskelvärden fanns inte.  Dock så fann analysen en signifikant korrelation mellan skillnad i tröskelvärden, för top-down stöd i uppåtgående och nedåtgående förhållande till brus, och ”Letter Memory Test”.

Minoritetsstress hos hbtq-personer: Upplevelser och coping

<p>Flera olika behandlingsmetoder för autism finns utvecklade, även om bäst stöd finns för intensiv beteendeterapi (IBT). Variationen i behandlingseffekt inom IBT är dock stor. I Sverige används IBT på förskolor, sannolikt med varierande framgång. 22 förskolor med 24 barn som fått IBT i två år undersöktes retrospektivt med telefonenkäter, och flera faktorer undersöktes för samband med barnens förbättring i adaptiv förmåga under samma period. Integration av träningen i förskolans verksamhet samt tränarens tilltro till metoden samvarierade med behandlingsutfall. Många av tränarna var skeptiska till IBT och metoden i Sverige skiljer sig markant från de publicerade studier från vilka evidensen för IBT kommer. Studiens retrospektiva design innebär att de funna sambanden inte går att tolka kausalt.</p> / <p>Several methods of treatment for autism has been developed and there is good evidence for the use of intensive behavioral therapy (also called applied behavior analysis, ABA). However, the variation in treatment gains are consistently large. Behavioral therapy for children with autism is used in swedish kindergartens, likely with variation in both fidelity and level of success. In this study, 22 kindergartens with 24 children with autism who had received behavioral therapy was investigated retrospectively using a telephone survey. Several factors was analysed for hypothesised covariation with treatment gains measured with an adaptive behavior scale. Level of integration of the treatment in the kindergarten and therapist's allegiance to the treatment was positively correlated to treatment gains. The retrospective design of the study makes causal conclusions of findings impossible. Additional findings was a generally low allegiance to the treatment and a large discrepancy between swedish behavioral therapy and the efficacy studies for ABA for children with autism.</p>