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Análise do processo de financeirização do setor automotivoCarmo, Marcelo José do 17 February 2017 (has links)
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Previous issue date: 2017-02-17 / Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior (CAPES) / The automotive industry undergoes an increasing process of financialization. Financialization has been considered as the preference for capital appreciation through financial activities more than through productive activities. There is, in this process, a tendency for capital to appreciate through activities that do not need to go through production or take place after the production itself. In addition, the sector has become the object of acquisitions and increased participation of banks, investment funds and financial institutions in their property rights. In this way, there is enormous pressure from senior executives and shareholders for an ever-greater return on investment. This maximization of shareholder value has become a recurrent practice for the automakers, where the pursuit of profit reaches 12, 15% of profitability on capital employed, yearly, through financial activities rather than in the mature and cyclical market for automotive products, historically performed poorly and narrow profit margins. It is only through the intensification of financial activities such as leasing, financing and other "products" launched by its subsidiaries that the automakers have achieved the profitability required by shareholders and controllers. In order to make this research feasible, a multi-case study was used to select the five largest automotive companies worldwide, according to data from the International Organization of Automobile Manufacturers, OICA. The top five automakers in 2014 were Toyota, Volkswagen, GM, Hyundai and Ford. In order to analyze financialization, five component categories of this process were investigated, such as: proportion of the profit coming from the finances compared to the profit obtained by the real production; shareholding composition of companies; stock acquisitions; origin of corporate officers; payment of dividends to shareholders, as well as compensation to executives, workers' wages and employment. The central idea of this work is that financialization is one of the main economic characteristic of contemporary capitalism. We hoped, with this work, to contribute to the research agenda of Economic Sociology, current that defends the unification of the various social sciences in the explanation of economic phenomena. In this sense, we were able to know in a broader way the process of financialization of the automotive industry, one of the largest and most important industrial sectors of the economy. / O setor automotivo passa por um processo crescente de financeirização. A financeirização vem sendo considerada como a preferência pela valorização do capital por meio das atividades financeiras mais do que pelas atividades produtivas. Há, nesse processo, uma tendência de que o capital se valorize por meio de atividades que não necessitem passar pela produção ou que acontecem depois da produção propriamente dita. Além disso, o setor vem se tornando objeto de aquisições e do aumento da participação dos bancos, fundos de investimento e instituições de tipo financeiro em seus direitos de propriedade. Desse modo, há enormes pressões por parte dos altos executivos e dos acionistas para que haja cada vez maior retorno aos investimentos. Esta maximização do valor ao acionista tornou-se uma prática recorrente para as montadoras, onde a busca pelo lucro chega a 12, 15% de rentabilidade sobre o capital empregado, anualmente, através de atividades financeiras e não no maduro e cíclico mercado de produtos automotivos, historicamente um setor de fraco desempenho e estreitas margens de lucro. Ocorre que só por meio da intensificação das atividades financeiras como leasing, financiamentos e outros “produtos” lançados por suas subsidiárias que as montadoras tem conseguido a lucratividade requerida pelos acionistas e controladores. Para viabilizar essa pesquisa, foi utilizado o estudo de multi-caso para selecionar as cinco maiores empresas automotivas mundiais, quanto ao volume de produção, segundo os dados da Organização Internacional dos Construtores de Automóveis, OICA. As cinco maiores montadoras em 2014 foram Toyota, Volkswagen, GM, Hyundai e Ford. Para analisar a financeirização, cinco categorias componentes desse processo foram investigadas, tais como: proporção do lucro advindo das finanças em comparação com o lucro obtido pela produção real; composição acionária das empresas; aquisições acionárias; origem dos dirigentes das empresas e pagamento de dividendos aos acionistas, além das compensações aos executivos, os salários dos trabalhadores e o emprego. A ideia central desse trabalho é que a financeirização é a característica econômica que mais tem marcado o capitalismo contemporâneo. Esperou-se, com esse trabalho, contribuir com a agenda de pesquisa da Sociologia Econômica, corrente que defende a unificação das várias ciências sociais na explicação dos fenômenos econômicos. Desta maneira pudemos conhecer de modo mais amplo o processo de financeirização do setor automotivo, um dos maiores e mais importantes setores industriais da economia.
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From Policy to Practice : Addressing the Challenges of Women Refugees in the Bidibidi Refugee Settlement, UgandaDiez, Johan January 2023 (has links)
This applied social sciences case study examines the efficiency of the ‘Yumbe Local Action Plan on Women, Peace, and Security’ in addressing the perceived and experienced adversities of women refugees in the Bidibidi refugee settlement, Uganda. This is done by collecting data from the Bidibidi settlement through interviews and discussions with the refugee and host population, as well as with relevant organizations and governmental actors. The findings have been contrasted with a document analysis of the Yumbe Local Action Plan and identifies significant deviances between the challenges faced by women refugees and the objectives outlined in the action plan. These deviances include particular exposure to direct, sexual, and structural violence as a result of limited access to resources in the settlement, such as food and water, coupled with interventions resembling the criticized ‘Women in Development’-paradigm, and a constrained political will for action. This study recommends policymakers of the action plan to enhance collaboration among stakeholders, address the structural factors contributing to women’s inequality, and strengthen evaluation and legal mechanisms in place to bridge the identified gap between policy and practice.
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