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This study explores and evaluates the effectiveness of the Counterterrorism (CT) policies of Pakistan, particularly, the National Action Plan (NAP) and military operations in Khyber Pakhtunkhwa and Tribal districts in the Pakistan-Afghanistan borderland. In this study, I argue that there is dearth of literature on the evaluation of effectiveness of CT policies particularly in the case of Pakistan. Using Eric Van Um & Daniela Pisoiu's Model of Effectiveness (2015), with concepts like Output effectiveness, Outcome effectiveness and Impact effectiveness, in this dissertation I argue that NAP and military operations in Tribal districts have been partially effective as it restored the government writ in different parts of the country and resulted in a steep decline in terrorist incidents. However, the plan is not highly effective as the threat of terrorism and extremism still exist. I also argue that the hard or military aspects of the NAP was executed soon after the plan was announced, however, to implement the soft aspects of the plan a lot still needs to be done. Nevertheless, CT polices of Pakistan failed to take into consideration the social and cultural aspects of Tribal districts. Therefore, I also contend that NAP and military operations in the Tribal districts resulted into socio-cultural...

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Influenza is a highly contagious viral disease with epidemic and pandemic spread of the character, which annually affects 10% of the world's population, in the course of a pandemic even 40-50%. The originator of the disease is a virus that is present as a type A, type B or type C. Source of infection is the man to transfer air or contaminated objects. Susceptibility is widespread. The disease predominantly affects the respiratory tract, has a sudden beginning and manifests itself primarily with fever, chills, muscle pain, joint pain and headache. The most common complication is inflammation of the lungs. In the diagnosis are rapid tests for the detection of the Antigen. Treatment is symptomatic, antivirals are available the type of neuraminidase inhibitors M2, which easily gives rise to a resistance of influenza virus. The basis for the prevention of influenza is annual vaccination, which dramatically reduces the risk of hospitalization and death, especially among the elderly and the chronically ill. Coverage in our population is low, and that despite the fact that the flu is the cause of the deaths of thousands of people around the world. A year in the Czech Republic will die according to qualified estimates the flu one to two thousand people. Due to the possible prevention of influenza, it is important to disseminate information on the possibilities of prevention by vaccination and educate the general public about the seriousness of this disease. Diploma thesis discusses influenza disease as such and on the issue of vaccination against influenza among the elderly in connection with the adoption of the NAP to increase vaccination coverage against the flu. The theoretical part summarises the commonly known knowledge on the causative agent of the disease, the way of transmission, symptoms, diagnosis, complications, treatment, and prevention by vaccination.

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Spikes of militancy, intolerance, ethnic division and sectarianism have all risen within Pakistan in recent years, yet Pakistan’s continuous battle to deter violent extremism fails to be successful. Following the December 16, 2014 Army Public School (APS) massacre in Peshawar Pakistan little empirical attention has been paid on how the Pakistani government, in the Northwest region of Pakistan, is countering violent extremism (CVE). As well as, its link to policy-making decisions on CVE. This dissertation study sought to analyze the currently active CVE narrative that Pakistan implemented into its Constitution in 2014. This qualitative explanatory case study project focused on operational links that could be traced over time. A content analysis of secondary sources of Pakistani political briefings and press conferences relating to the Pakistani 21st amendment was carried out to identify important themes that emerged. The qualitative analysis of the data generated five themes: (1) word-based agency, (2) knowledge & governance, (3) accountability, (4) closure, and (5) deontic orientation. To assist in addressing the research question, a critical holistic historical qualitative case study analysis was preferred because of its unique strength in incorporating various sources of evidence. Several suggestions of the findings are discussed. These include suggestions for practice and theory, bench-marking of the 21st amendment, and the inclusion of stakeholders in the CVE process.

The concepts of degrowth and green growth are central in the scientific discussion on resources, climate change and sustainability. This thesis investigates to what degree the concepts are present in the Swedish government’s climate policy. The two climate policy action plans that have hitherto been presented by the government was analysed through a quantitative text analysis method and the findings where then compared with each other. The analysis suggests, unsurprisingly, that green growth is the dominant perspective in both action plans although there exist clear differences in emphasis of the perspectives.  The current right-wing government stresses that economic growth should be considered a prerequisite for the transition to sustainable development whilst the former left-wing government tries to merge the concepts of degrowth and green growth although with an emphasis on the later.  The findings show that different perspectives on economic growth are present in Swedish climate policy and that the concepts of degrowth and green growth are useful tools to analyse and comprehend these perspectives. The findings raise questions whether opinions on economic growth, as expressed in the government’s action plans, are a result not only from party ideology but also from power struggles within respective government coalition.

Security Council resolution 1325 (2000) is about women, peace and security. Since the resolution was adopted several countries has made their own National Action Plan for implementation of the resolution. Sweden and Denmark are two of these countries. Resolution 1325 is one of the documents that each countries armed force has to relate to in international work. These countries can get to work together in international operations within the framework of the Nordic Defense Cooperation, NORDEFCO. This study is done by looking at similarities and differences in the action plans and whether they can be an obstacle for the countries to cooperate in an international operation. In this paper a comparative analysis of Sweden and Denmark's plans for the Security Council resolution 1325 will be done. The comparison is made based on the clauses of the resolution relating to the member states actions. In this paper, a qualitative text analysis to be carried out with sections of Resolution 1325 as a model for the comparison. / Säkerhetsrådet resolution 1325 (2000) behandlar kvinnor, fred och säkerhet. Flertalet länder har efter att resolutionen antagits skrivit egna handlingsplaner för resolutionen. Två av dessa länder är Sverige och Danmark. Det är också ett av de dokument som den svenska och danska försvarsmakten har att förhålla sig till vid internationellt arbete som rör kvinnor, fred och säkerhet. Inom ramen för Nordiskt försvarssamarbete kan länderna komma att arbeta tillsammans i internationella insatser. I denna uppsats görs en komparativ analys av Sverige och Danmarks handlingsplaner för säkerhetsrådets resolution 1325. Jämförelsen görs utifrån de paragrafer i resolutionen som rör medlemsländernas handlande. Syftet med uppsatsen är att jämföra två av länderna som ingår i Nordiskt försvarssamarbetets handlingsplaner, med resolution 1325 som modell. Detta görs genom att titta på likheter och skillnader i handlingsplanerna och om dessa kan vara något hinder för länderna att samarbete kring resolutionen vid eventuella gemensamma insatser. I uppsatsen kommer en kvalitativ textanalys att genomföras med paragrafer från resolution 1325 som modell vid jämförelsen. Uppsatsen behandlar även hur handlingsplanerna blivit till och förklaras genom John W. Kingdons teori multiple streams model för att förstå hur en policy och i detta fall en handlingsplan blir till.

La responsabilité des entreprises en matière de droits de l’homme implique une série d’obligations et des responsabilités de nature diverse, tant pour les États que pour les entreprises mêmes, afin d’identifier, prévenir ou réparer les atteintes aux droits de l’homme. Toutefois, le droit international est appelé à jouer un rôle de « guide », tandis que la pratique étatique de droit interne et des entreprises peuvent éventuellement se cristalliser en une série d’obligations contraignantes permettant de mettre en œuvre les principes, les droits et les responsabilités établies à l’échelle internationale. / Corporate responsibility in the field of human rights implies a series of obligations and responsibilities of diverse nature, both for States and businesses, in order to identify, prevent and redress potential human rights violations. Nevertheless, international law is called to play merely a "guiding role", while State practice at the domestic level, as well as corporate practice, can eventually transform into a series of binding obligations allowing to put in practice the principles, rights and responsibilities established at the international level.

The purpose of the study is to investigate the governance by the Swedish government of the state-owned enterprises in relation to UN Guiding Principles for Business and Human Rights. In the study the Swedish state’s ownership policy is analyzed together with the Swedish national action plan for business and human rights in relation to article 4 in the UN Guiding Principles.The method used in the study is a critical legal reasoning around the text combined with other external perspectives such as the underpinning values and the context. The conclusion of the study is that the Swedish state’s ownership policy should be interpreted in the light of international law, since there are compelling reasons grounded in previous research that article 4 in the UN Guiding Principles is related to the state’s duty to protect and the requirement of due diligence. The study demonstrates that the Swedish government has taken several steps in relation to the state-owned companies, although it is hard to conclude that these are additional in the meaning of article 4. The requirement in the UN Guiding Principles on state-owned enterprises to perform human rights due diligence and supported by international law is not expressed in the State’s ownership policy. Another conclusion is that the requirements and expectations on state-owned enterprises with regard to human rights are integrated with firm expectations on business opportunities. These requirements and expectations could be characterized as instrumental for the overriding objective of the state-owned enterprises: long-term value generation.