Water hyacinth, Eichhornia crassipes (Martius) Solms-Laubach (Pontederiaceae), a free floating aquatic plant was discovered by C. von Martius in 1823 in Brazil. It is believed to have been introduced into South Africa, as an ornamental plant, in 1908 to the Cape Province and Natal. Since its introduction, water hyacinth has spread throughout South Africa to the detriment of all aquatic systems that it has been introduced to directly or indirectly. The weed was first positively identified on the Nseleni and Mposa rivers on the Nseleni Nature Reserve which is a protected area near Richards Bay in KwaZulu- Natal in 1982 and formed a 100% cover of the river by 1983. An integrated management plan was implemented in 1995 and resulted in a reduction of the weed from a 100% cover to less than 20% cover in 5 years. The keys to success of the water hyacinth integrated management plan, presented here, were finding the source of the weed, mapping the extent of the water hyacinth infestation, identifying sources of nutrient pollution, appointing a champion to drive the programme, dividing the river into management units, consultation with interested and affected parties, judicious use of herbicides and biological control and a commitment to follow-up. This study further showed that water hyacinth on the Nseleni and Mposa river systems had a negative impact on the biodiversity of the protected area and the control of water hyacinth resulted in the recovery of the benthic invertebrate, amphibian, reptile, fish and avian fauna. The implementation of this integrated management plan was very cost-effective and serves as a model approach to the control of water hyacinth in both South Africa and the rest of the world.

Made available in DSpace on 2016-01-26T18:56:28Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Thadeu Henrique Novais Sposito.pdf: 1680986 bytes, checksum: b9e007d9c57a0e103c03ba198e7997c8 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2013-08-09 / The research was conducted with the aim of obtaining information on the potential use of water hyacinth in cleaning the effluent of ETE district Montalvão, belonging to the municipality of Presidente Prudente/SP. For this, we evaluated some physical-chemical parameters of the effluent and the dry matter produced by plants. The experiment was conducted in a pond Wastewater Treatment Plant (ETE Montalvão) company SABESP. For the composition of the effluent treatments were originated from domestic ETE. The treatments were distributed in 25 cells (water tanks) with a storage volume of 0.25 m³ (250 liters) per cell. The treatments were characterized as follows: (T1) = 100% concentration in the effluent (raw final - discard); (T2) = 75% concentration in the effluent (dilution with water); (T3) Concentration = 50% wastewater (diluted with water), (T4) 25% = concentration of the effluent (dilution with water); (T5) = concentration of 100% of treated water. The parameters were determined according to CONAMA Resolution No. 430/2011 laying down the conditions and standards for effluent discharge into water bodies. The results were submitted to analysis of variance and mean comparison test F at 5% probability, and where relevant treatment effects were evaluated by applying the polynomial regression models. The best model to fit the data was selected based on the degree of significance of the coefficient of determination (R2). There was a development condition of the water hyacinth in any condition effluent preliminarily observed that some chemical parameters of the effluent were changed due to the presence of the water hyacinths and also that the water hyacinth is a vegetable filter that can be used as agents have been found phytoremediator there was an absorption of all the elements present in the effluent according to the concentration. / A pesquisa foi desenvolvida com o objetivo de obtenção de informações sobre o potencial de utilização do aguapé na limpeza do efluente de ETE do distrito de Montalvão, pertencente ao município de Presidente Prudente/SP. Para isso, foram avaliados alguns parâmetros físico-químicos do efluente e a massa da matéria seca produzida pelas plantas. O experimento foi conduzido em uma lagoa Estação de Tratamento de Efluentes (ETE Montalvão) da empresa SABESP. Para a composição dos tratamentos foram utilizados o efluente domestico originado da ETE distribuídos em 25 células (caixas d água) com um volume armazenado de 0,25 m³ (250 litros) por célula. Os tratamentos foram caracterizados da seguinte forma: (T1) = Concentração de 100% do efluente (bruto final - descarte); (T2) = Concentração de 75% do efluente (diluição com água); (T3) = Concentração de 50% do efluente (diluição com água); (T4) = Concentração de 25% do efluente (diluição com água); (T5) = Concentração de 100% de água tratada. Os parâmetros foram determinados de acordo com a Resolução CONAMA no 430/2011, que estabelece as condições e padrões de lançamento de efluentes nos corpos d água. Os resultados foram submetidos à análise de variância e ao teste de comparação de médias F ao nível de 5% de probabilidade e, quando pertinente os efeitos dos tratamentos foram avaliados aplicando-se os modelos de regressão polinomial. O melhor modelo para o ajuste dos dados foi escolhido em função do grau de significância do coeficiente de determinação (R2). Houve condição de desenvolvimento dos aguapés em qualquer condição de efluente, preliminarmente, observou-se que alguns parâmetros químicos do efluente foram alterados em função da presença do aguapé e também que o aguapé é um vegetal filtro, que pode ser utilizado como agente fitorremediador, foram constatado que houve uma absorção de todos os elementos presentes no efluente, de acordo com a concentração.

Made available in DSpace on 2016-07-18T17:51:12Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Thadeu Henrique Novais Sposito.pdf: 1680986 bytes, checksum: b9e007d9c57a0e103c03ba198e7997c8 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2013-08-09 / The research was conducted with the aim of obtaining information on the potential use of water hyacinth in cleaning the effluent of ETE district Montalvão, belonging to the municipality of Presidente Prudente/SP. For this, we evaluated some physical-chemical parameters of the effluent and the dry matter produced by plants. The experiment was conducted in a pond Wastewater Treatment Plant (ETE Montalvão) company SABESP. For the composition of the effluent treatments were originated from domestic ETE. The treatments were distributed in 25 cells (water tanks) with a storage volume of 0.25 m³ (250 liters) per cell. The treatments were characterized as follows: (T1) = 100% concentration in the effluent (raw final - discard); (T2) = 75% concentration in the effluent (dilution with water); (T3) Concentration = 50% wastewater (diluted with water), (T4) 25% = concentration of the effluent (dilution with water); (T5) = concentration of 100% of treated water. The parameters were determined according to CONAMA Resolution No. 430/2011 laying down the conditions and standards for effluent discharge into water bodies. The results were submitted to analysis of variance and mean comparison test F at 5% probability, and where relevant treatment effects were evaluated by applying the polynomial regression models. The best model to fit the data was selected based on the degree of significance of the coefficient of determination (R2). There was a development condition of the water hyacinth in any condition effluent preliminarily observed that some chemical parameters of the effluent were changed due to the presence of the water hyacinths and also that the water hyacinth is a vegetable filter that can be used as agents have been found phytoremediator there was an absorption of all the elements present in the effluent according to the concentration. / A pesquisa foi desenvolvida com o objetivo de obtenção de informações sobre o potencial de utilização do aguapé na limpeza do efluente de ETE do distrito de Montalvão, pertencente ao município de Presidente Prudente/SP. Para isso, foram avaliados alguns parâmetros físico-químicos do efluente e a massa da matéria seca produzida pelas plantas. O experimento foi conduzido em uma lagoa Estação de Tratamento de Efluentes (ETE Montalvão) da empresa SABESP. Para a composição dos tratamentos foram utilizados o efluente domestico originado da ETE distribuídos em 25 células (caixas d água) com um volume armazenado de 0,25 m³ (250 litros) por célula. Os tratamentos foram caracterizados da seguinte forma: (T1) = Concentração de 100% do efluente (bruto final - descarte); (T2) = Concentração de 75% do efluente (diluição com água); (T3) = Concentração de 50% do efluente (diluição com água); (T4) = Concentração de 25% do efluente (diluição com água); (T5) = Concentração de 100% de água tratada. Os parâmetros foram determinados de acordo com a Resolução CONAMA no 430/2011, que estabelece as condições e padrões de lançamento de efluentes nos corpos d água. Os resultados foram submetidos à análise de variância e ao teste de comparação de médias F ao nível de 5% de probabilidade e, quando pertinente os efeitos dos tratamentos foram avaliados aplicando-se os modelos de regressão polinomial. O melhor modelo para o ajuste dos dados foi escolhido em função do grau de significância do coeficiente de determinação (R2). Houve condição de desenvolvimento dos aguapés em qualquer condição de efluente, preliminarmente, observou-se que alguns parâmetros químicos do efluente foram alterados em função da presença do aguapé e também que o aguapé é um vegetal filtro, que pode ser utilizado como agente fitorremediador, foram constatado que houve uma absorção de todos os elementos presentes no efluente, de acordo com a concentração.

Resource managers need to be able to quickly and accurately map aquatic plants in freshwater lakes and ponds for regulatory purposes, to monitor the health of native species and to monitor the spread of invasive species. Site surveys and transects are expensive and time consuming, and low resolution imagery is not detailed enough to map multiple, small lakes spread out over large areas. This study evaluated methods for mapping aquatic plants using high resolution Quickbird satellite imagery obtained in 2007 and 2008. The study area included nine lakes in northern Indiana chosen because they are used for recreation, have residential development along their shorelines, support a diverse wildlife population, and are susceptible to invasive species. An unsupervised classification was used to develop two levels of classification. The Level I classification divided the vegetation into detailed classes of emergent and submerged vegetation based on plant structure. In the Level II classification, these classes were combined into more general categories. Overall accuracy of the Level I classification was 68% for the 2007 imagery and 58% for the 2008 imagery. The overall accuracy of the Level II classification was higher for both the 2007 and 2008 imagery at 75% and 74%, respectively. Classes containing bulrushes were the least accurately mapped in the Level I classification. In the Level II classification, the least accurately mapped class was submerged vegetation. Water and man-made surfaces were mapped with the highest degree of accuracy in both classification schemes. Overhanging trees and shore vegetation contributed to classification error. Overall, results of this research suggest that high resolution imagery provides useful information for natural resource managers. It is most applicable to mapping general aquatic vegetation categories, such as submerged and emergent vegetation, and providing general estimates of plant coverage in lakes. Better methods for mapping individual species, species assemblages, and submerged vegetation constitute areas for further research. / Indiana University-Purdue University Indianapolis (IUPUI)

Resource managers need to be able to quickly and accurately map aquatic plants in freshwater lakes and ponds for regulatory purposes, to monitor the health of native species and to monitor the spread of invasive species. Site surveys and transects are expensive and time consuming, and low resolution imagery is not detailed enough to map multiple, small lakes spread out over large areas. This study evaluated methods for mapping aquatic plants using high resolution Quickbird satellite imagery obtained in 2007 and 2008. The study area included nine lakes in northern Indiana chosen because they are used for recreation, have residential development along their shorelines, support a diverse wildlife population, and are susceptible to invasive species. An unsupervised classification was used to develop two levels of classification. The Level I classification divided the vegetation into detailed classes of emergent and submerged vegetation based on plant structure. In the Level II classification, these classes were combined into more general categories. Overall accuracy of the Level I classification was 68% for the 2007 imagery and 58% for the 2008 imagery. The overall accuracy of the Level II classification was higher for both the 2007 and 2008 imagery at 75% and 74%, respectively. Classes containing bulrushes were the least accurately mapped in the Level I classification. In the Level II classification, the least accurately mapped class was submerged vegetation. Water and man-made surfaces were mapped with the highest degree of accuracy in both classification schemes. Overhanging trees and shore vegetation contributed to classification error. Overall, results of this research suggest that high resolution imagery provides useful information for natural resource managers. It is most applicable to mapping general aquatic vegetation categories, such as submerged and emergent vegetation, and providing general estimates of plant coverage in lakes. Better methods for mapping individual species, species assemblages, and submerged vegetation constitute areas for further research. / Indiana University-Purdue University Indianapolis (IUPUI)

Resource managers need to be able to quickly and accurately map aquatic plants in freshwater lakes and ponds for regulatory purposes, to monitor the health of native species and to monitor the spread of invasive species. Site surveys and transects are expensive and time consuming, and low resolution imagery is not detailed enough to map multiple, small lakes spread out over large areas. This study evaluated methods for mapping aquatic plants using high resolution Quickbird satellite imagery obtained in 2007 and 2008. The study area included nine lakes in northern Indiana chosen because they are used for recreation, have residential development along their shorelines, support a diverse wildlife population, and are susceptible to invasive species. An unsupervised classification was used to develop two levels of classification. The Level I classification divided the vegetation into detailed classes of emergent and submerged vegetation based on plant structure. In the Level II classification, these classes were combined into more general categories. Overall accuracy of the Level I classification was 68% for the 2007 imagery and 58% for the 2008 imagery. The overall accuracy of the Level II classification was higher for both the 2007 and 2008 imagery at 75% and 74%, respectively. Classes containing bulrushes were the least accurately mapped in the Level I classification. In the Level II classification, the least accurately mapped class was submerged vegetation. Water and man-made surfaces were mapped with the highest degree of accuracy in both classification schemes. Overhanging trees and shore vegetation contributed to classification error. Overall, results of this research suggest that high resolution imagery provides useful information for natural resource managers. It is most applicable to mapping general aquatic vegetation categories, such as submerged and emergent vegetation, and providing general estimates of plant coverage in lakes. Better methods for mapping individual species, species assemblages, and submerged vegetation constitute areas for further research. / Indiana University-Purdue University Indianapolis (IUPUI)

Resource managers need to be able to quickly and accurately map aquatic plants in freshwater lakes and ponds for regulatory purposes, to monitor the health of native species and to monitor the spread of invasive species. Site surveys and transects are expensive and time consuming, and low resolution imagery is not detailed enough to map multiple, small lakes spread out over large areas. This study evaluated methods for mapping aquatic plants using high resolution Quickbird satellite imagery obtained in 2007 and 2008. The study area included nine lakes in northern Indiana chosen because they are used for recreation, have residential development along their shorelines, support a diverse wildlife population, and are susceptible to invasive species. An unsupervised classification was used to develop two levels of classification. The Level I classification divided the vegetation into detailed classes of emergent and submerged vegetation based on plant structure. In the Level II classification, these classes were combined into more general categories. Overall accuracy of the Level I classification was 68% for the 2007 imagery and 58% for the 2008 imagery. The overall accuracy of the Level II classification was higher for both the 2007 and 2008 imagery at 75% and 74%, respectively. Classes containing bulrushes were the least accurately mapped in the Level I classification. In the Level II classification, the least accurately mapped class was submerged vegetation. Water and man-made surfaces were mapped with the highest degree of accuracy in both classification schemes. Overhanging trees and shore vegetation contributed to classification error. Overall, results of this research suggest that high resolution imagery provides useful information for natural resource managers. It is most applicable to mapping general aquatic vegetation categories, such as submerged and emergent vegetation, and providing general estimates of plant coverage in lakes. Better methods for mapping individual species, species assemblages, and submerged vegetation constitute areas for further research. / Indiana University-Purdue University Indianapolis (IUPUI)

Resource managers need to be able to quickly and accurately map aquatic plants in freshwater lakes and ponds for regulatory purposes, to monitor the health of native species and to monitor the spread of invasive species. Site surveys and transects are expensive and time consuming, and low resolution imagery is not detailed enough to map multiple, small lakes spread out over large areas. This study evaluated methods for mapping aquatic plants using high resolution Quickbird satellite imagery obtained in 2007 and 2008. The study area included nine lakes in northern Indiana chosen because they are used for recreation, have residential development along their shorelines, support a diverse wildlife population, and are susceptible to invasive species. An unsupervised classification was used to develop two levels of classification. The Level I classification divided the vegetation into detailed classes of emergent and submerged vegetation based on plant structure. In the Level II classification, these classes were combined into more general categories. Overall accuracy of the Level I classification was 68% for the 2007 imagery and 58% for the 2008 imagery. The overall accuracy of the Level II classification was higher for both the 2007 and 2008 imagery at 75% and 74%, respectively. Classes containing bulrushes were the least accurately mapped in the Level I classification. In the Level II classification, the least accurately mapped class was submerged vegetation. Water and man-made surfaces were mapped with the highest degree of accuracy in both classification schemes. Overhanging trees and shore vegetation contributed to classification error. Overall, results of this research suggest that high resolution imagery provides useful information for natural resource managers. It is most applicable to mapping general aquatic vegetation categories, such as submerged and emergent vegetation, and providing general estimates of plant coverage in lakes. Better methods for mapping individual species, species assemblages, and submerged vegetation constitute areas for further research. / Indiana University-Purdue University Indianapolis (IUPUI)

Resource managers need to be able to quickly and accurately map aquatic plants in freshwater lakes and ponds for regulatory purposes, to monitor the health of native species and to monitor the spread of invasive species. Site surveys and transects are expensive and time consuming, and low resolution imagery is not detailed enough to map multiple, small lakes spread out over large areas. This study evaluated methods for mapping aquatic plants using high resolution Quickbird satellite imagery obtained in 2007 and 2008. The study area included nine lakes in northern Indiana chosen because they are used for recreation, have residential development along their shorelines, support a diverse wildlife population, and are susceptible to invasive species. An unsupervised classification was used to develop two levels of classification. The Level I classification divided the vegetation into detailed classes of emergent and submerged vegetation based on plant structure. In the Level II classification, these classes were combined into more general categories. Overall accuracy of the Level I classification was 68% for the 2007 imagery and 58% for the 2008 imagery. The overall accuracy of the Level II classification was higher for both the 2007 and 2008 imagery at 75% and 74%, respectively. Classes containing bulrushes were the least accurately mapped in the Level I classification. In the Level II classification, the least accurately mapped class was submerged vegetation. Water and man-made surfaces were mapped with the highest degree of accuracy in both classification schemes. Overhanging trees and shore vegetation contributed to classification error. Overall, results of this research suggest that high resolution imagery provides useful information for natural resource managers. It is most applicable to mapping general aquatic vegetation categories, such as submerged and emergent vegetation, and providing general estimates of plant coverage in lakes. Better methods for mapping individual species, species assemblages, and submerged vegetation constitute areas for further research. / Indiana University-Purdue University Indianapolis (IUPUI)

Resource managers need to be able to quickly and accurately map aquatic plants in freshwater lakes and ponds for regulatory purposes, to monitor the health of native species and to monitor the spread of invasive species. Site surveys and transects are expensive and time consuming, and low resolution imagery is not detailed enough to map multiple, small lakes spread out over large areas. This study evaluated methods for mapping aquatic plants using high resolution Quickbird satellite imagery obtained in 2007 and 2008. The study area included nine lakes in northern Indiana chosen because they are used for recreation, have residential development along their shorelines, support a diverse wildlife population, and are susceptible to invasive species. An unsupervised classification was used to develop two levels of classification. The Level I classification divided the vegetation into detailed classes of emergent and submerged vegetation based on plant structure. In the Level II classification, these classes were combined into more general categories. Overall accuracy of the Level I classification was 68% for the 2007 imagery and 58% for the 2008 imagery. The overall accuracy of the Level II classification was higher for both the 2007 and 2008 imagery at 75% and 74%, respectively. Classes containing bulrushes were the least accurately mapped in the Level I classification. In the Level II classification, the least accurately mapped class was submerged vegetation. Water and man-made surfaces were mapped with the highest degree of accuracy in both classification schemes. Overhanging trees and shore vegetation contributed to classification error. Overall, results of this research suggest that high resolution imagery provides useful information for natural resource managers. It is most applicable to mapping general aquatic vegetation categories, such as submerged and emergent vegetation, and providing general estimates of plant coverage in lakes. Better methods for mapping individual species, species assemblages, and submerged vegetation constitute areas for further research. / Indiana University-Purdue University Indianapolis (IUPUI)