The first Arabian communities arrived to Argentina by the end of the xix century. As it occursin other cases, the motives of this immigration were economic, social and political. A second wave of immigration was from 1945 to 1974 due to the civil war in Lebanon. Not all settled in the Pampa region but extended all over the country, especially in the northeastern such as Salta where the landscapes reminded them much of their own homelands.In this paper I make an introduction to the Arabian migration to Argentina, its insertion to the productive system and its role in the political, economical, cultural and gastronomical life. / Las primeras comunidades árabes llegaron a Argentina a fines del siglo xix. Como ocurre enotros casos, los motivos de estos inmigrantes fueron económicos, sociales y políticos. Una segunda ola se produjo entre 1945 y 1974 por la guerra civil en Líbano. No todos se quedaron en la región pampeada sino que se extendieron por el país, especialmente en la provincia de Salta, atraídos por los paisajes que en cierta forma les recordaban su tierra.En este artículo se hace un breve recuento de la inmigración árabe a Argentina, su inserciónen el sistema productivo y su rol en la vida política, económica, cultural y gastronómica.

RADAR is an excellence self-assessment tool which is commonly used to assess results and approaches in excellence models. It could also be used successfully in assessing the strategy formulation process in Dubai' s government. The Thesis is a qualitative research that deploys a case study approach to understand the role of RADAR techniques and practices, and how these can be used in assessing the Dubai Governement 's strategy formulation process, focusing on the justice and security sectors in general and the Dubai Police Force in particular. The researcher always attempts to answer particular questions about why and how RADAR informs and helps in assessing and controlling the strategy formulation process. The study obtained valid information from semi-structured interviews with 17 senior and middle government, security and Police staff members working in the Dubai Police Force, Civil Defense and Immigration Departments. Generally, the findings indicated that: Firstly, RADAR can be used successfully in these researched organisations and can be seen to be important in security assessment function when taking into consideration the cultural aspects of Dubai which are based on Arab and Islamic cultural values. Secondly, the strategy formulation process in Dubai Governement is affected widely by Islamic and Arab culture. Thirdly, the definition of 'citizen' is very complex as Dubai is a cosmopolitan city. This makes it difficult to cater to the stakeholders' needs in the strategy formulation process due to the diversity of the cultures of the different nationalities. Fourthly, the bureaucratic nature of managers in the public sector makes it difficult to deploy the excellence self-assessment tools as they tend to believe that assessment is merely criticism rather than that it supports continuous improvement. Finally, the leadership of Dubai Governement plays a crucial role in leading the strategic thinking and quality drive in both public and private sectors. The leadership vision is to cater to the cultural needs of the different nationalities living in Dubai and translate them into sound strategies.

The Arabic cultural scene in Sweden is characterized by its richness and diversity, encompassing various forms of cultural expressions such as books, artistic events, films, and online platforms. These productions reflect a synthesis of values derived from both the host society and the longstanding Arabic cultural heritage. However, despite the abundance of cultural content, there exists a significant knowledge gap concerning their creation and development, necessitating further investigation. To gain a comprehensive understanding of this landscape, it is crucial to explore the social networks of Arabic-speaking writers. This entails examining the nature of their production, their geographical distribution, literary genres, and the dynamics of their interactions within postmigration contexts. The main objective of this research is to explore the efficacy of Arabic-speaking social networks in facilitating the movement of writing and creativity within the postmigration context in Sweden. The theoretical frameworks of Postmigration and Social Networks are applied to inform the research design, which incorporates a combination of qualitative and quantitative methods including surveys and semi-structured interviews. The findings reveal the capacity of Arabic-speaking writers to establish extensive networks that transcend both their countries of origin and the host country. These networks encompass various domains such as geographic connections, publishing networks, and professional associations. Furthermore, the professionalization of the Swedish language has created opportunities for writers to forge new networks within Swedish society. This study serves as a foundation for future research endeavors that seek to delve deeper into the Arabic-speaking cultural productions. Moreover, it contributes to the broader discourse on postmigration research that explores the intersections of art, literature, and cultural expressions.

Actuellement, l'enseignement des langues étrangères a pour objectif général d’apprendre aux élèves à communiquer. En se référant à la communication visant à l'expression d'un vaste univers de croyances et de comportements qui sont exprimés de manière interactive et/ou non-interactive, grâce à des systèmes sensibles et/ou intelligibles. Lorsque ces croyances et comportements, ainsi que leurs formes d'expression, sont partagés par un groupe de personnes, nous sommes face au concept de culture. Les étudiants étrangers doivent donc acquérir l’essentiel des compétences qui leur permettront de communiquer avec des personnes d’une autre culture : ils devront alors connaître, comprendre et, autant que possible, acquérir la totalité des informations caractérisant cette culture, c'est-à-dire leurs activités verbales et non-verbales, leurs croyances et leurs systèmes de communication. La communication non verbale est un vaste champ à l'intérieur du système de communication culturel, qui concerne tous les signes et les systèmes de signes linguistiques qui sont utilisés pour communiquer. L'importance de l’intégration des signes et des systèmes intégrant la communication non verbale dans les programmes d'enseignement de FLE (Français Langue Etrangère) est signalée et incluse dans le Cadre Européen Commun de Référence pour les Langues : apprendre, enseigner, évaluer (Conseil de l'Europe, 2001). Dans le chapitre sur l'utilisation du langage, le CECRL recommande de tenir compte des compétences que les élèves doivent acquérir concernant les actions et gestes utilisés avec des mots (la communication verbale et non-verbale), et les situations dans lesquelles les étudiants auront à mettre en œuvre ces compétences. En outre, il est indiqué que les apprenants de langues étrangères doivent être capables de déterminer, reconnaître et comprendre les comportements para-linguistiques, gestuels, proxémiques et mimétiques de la langue cible (Conseil de l'Europe, 2001 : 72-73). L’objectif principal de cette étude est de sélectionner des signes non-verbaux au sens large pour l'application à l'enseignement et à l'apprentissage du FLE pour un public libyen. Dans la classe, ces éléments peuvent être introduits à l’aide de documents vidéos représentant des situations authentiques afin que les apprenants puissent observer les signes non verbaux et les réutiliser correctement lors de contacts interculturels / Currently, the teaching of foreign languages generally aims to teach students to communicate. Referring to the communication to the expression of a vast universe of beliefs and behaviors that are expressed interactively and / or non-interactively, thanks to sensitive and / or intelligible systems. When these beliefs and behaviors, and their forms of expression, are shared by a group of people, we are facing the concept of culture. Thus, foreign students must acquire the essential skills that will enable them to communicate with people of another culture : they will then know, understand and, if possible, acquire all of the information characterizing this culture, that is their verbal and non-verbal activities, their beliefs and communication systems. Nonverbal communication is a vast field within the cultural system of communication, concerning all signs and linguistic signs systems that are used to communicate. The importance of the integration of signs and systems incorporating non-verbal communication in the curricula of FFL (French as a Foreign Language) is reported and included in the European Framework of Reference for Languages : learning, teaching, assessing (Council of Europe, 2001). In the chapter about the use of language, the CEFRL recommends taking into account the skills that students must acquire concerning the actions and gestures used with words (verbal and nonverbal communication), and the situations in which the students will have to implement these skills. Furthermore, it is stated that foreign language learners must be able to identify, recognize and understand the behaviors of paralinguistic, gestural, proxemics and facial expressions of the target language (Council of Europe, 2001: 72-73). The main objective of this study is to select non-verbal signs in the broadest sense for the application to the teaching and learning of the FFL for a Libyan public. In the classroom, these elements can be introduced using video documents representing authentic situations so that learners can observe non-verbal signs and re-use them correctly when intercultural contacts

La présente étude examine les facteurs qui ont favorisé le développement d'un important mouvement de traduction au XIXe siècle, plus précisément, depuis la période de Muhammad ‘Ali Pacha.La langue française était, pendant cette période, l’une des principales langues sources à être traduite. Le roman français, envisagé sous l'angle de la traduction littéraire, commençait à devenir un genre répandu, ce qui permet de mieux réfléchir sur la pratique traduisante, ses caractéristiques, sa problématique et son influence sur la langue et la culture arabes.Dans la seconde partie, le présent travail étudie la traduction littéraire et ses problèmes à travers l’examen du roman français traduit au XIXe siècle. On a choisi, dans ce but, d’analyser plusieurs traductions de « Paul et Virginie » qui ont paru à la fin du XIXe siècle. Elles révèlent l'intérêt particulier de nombreux traducteurs de l’époque pour ce roman.La troisième partie se penche sur les aspects culturels résultants et sur le grand bouleversement idéologique, linguistique et littéraire que la traduction de maints ouvrages français, des romans en particulier, a entraîné.Cette thèse s'inscrit dans les recherches qui étudient la traduction en général et plus particulièrement celles liées au monde arabe. Elle vise à enrichir le thème de la découverte de l’autre, à approfondir, à comprendre et à promouvoir les échanges culturels entre les peuples, arabophones et francophones notamment. Par le nouvel éclairage qu'elle apporte, elle contribue également à l’histoire des échanges des idées. / The present study examines the various factors who triggered the development of an important cultural translation current in the XIXth century.French language was then one of the main source languages to be translated. French novel, if we consider literary translation, was growingly spread, so it allows us to think upon the translation practices, its characteristics, its problems and how it influenced arabic language and culture.In the second part, this work studies literary translation and its problems, through the french novels which were translated in the XIXth century. For this, we decided to analyze several translations of « Paul and Virginie » released end of XIXth century. They show how many translators had keen interest for that novel at this time.Third part covers the ensuing cultural aspects and the huge ideological, linguistic and literary upheaval that translation of many french books, particularly novels, brought about.This thesis is part of researches who deal with translation in general and those linked with the arab world in particular. It intends to enrich the discovering of other people thema. It seeks to deepen, understand and promote cultural exchanges between arabic speaking and french speaking people in particular. Through the new vision it brings, it also contributes to the history of ideas.

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Dall'analisi dell'opera di Rifā‘a Rāfi‘ al-Ṭahṭāwī intellettuale egiziano del XIX sec. Taḫlīṣ al-ibrīz fī talḫīṣ Bārīz (Dell'oro raffinato a Parigi in condensato) emerge come la traslazione di categorie moderne francesi, da lui messa in atto, sia fondata sul concetto di fiṭra, un endoxon culturale espressivo dell'identità arabo-musulmana. Fu l'incontro con la cultura francese che gli permise di riscoprire la rilevanza del concetto arabo-musulmano di fiṭra per la dinamica della conoscenza umana. Esso è alla radice stessa della facoltà della parola e perciò dell'atto traduttivo. / The translation work, from French to Arabic, of Rifā‘a Rāfi‘ al-Ṭahṭāwī an important Egyptian thinker of the XIX century - is founded on the concept of fiṭra, a cultural endoxon of the Islamic Arabic culture. He recovered the relevance of the concept of fiṭra for Human process of knowledge in his culture by the encounter with the French culture. According to the Muslim Arabic culture the human possibility of language is based on the concept of fiṭra and so the translation process.