Nowadays, facing the severe pressure of globalization and strong demand of high products quality from customers, enterprises in Taiwan are forced to enhance the quality and yield rate of manufactured products in order to gain their competitive edges. An enterprise usually relies on the statistical process control (SPC) software system to achieve this goal. The SPC approach measures, understands, and controls the variation of the products manufacturing process. This study uses the structure-behavior coalescence architecture description language (SBC-ADL) to construct the architecture-oriented statistical process control model (AOSPCM). A model constructed by the SBC-ADL differs from others software model in its using six golden rules which help integrate the structure and behavior of a software system. AOSPCM constructed in this study improved substantially both training and communication endeavors within an enterprise, reduced costs due to estimation errors, requirement uncertainties, and project delays. Overall, AOSPCM benefits a great deal to both developers and users of a software project. In general, most manufacturing and high-tech industries rely heavily on the SPC software system. Therefore, AOSPCM constructed in this study provides a standard model for other software developers to follow. Following the AOSPCM, any SPC software developer shall improve lots of development efforts and cost savings within an enterprise.

According to the Department of Statistic, there are 163 existing Universities, Colleges and Institutes with 1,352,084 students in the 100th academic year. Under the trend of globalization, Taiwan¡¦s society and high education are facing an enormous change. And as to dealing with those changes Taiwan has to rely on the globalized higher education system to accomplish. Therefore, to expend recruiting aboard students is the key of success for Ministry of Education to enhance the development of globalizing higher education. However, Taiwan is a late bloomer on globalizing the higher education and English is the second language to us. Therefore, problems are generated when working on recruiting international students. As the matter of the fact, the matters of caring and managing international students appear to be essential. This study constructs an architecture-oriented international student management model (AOISCM) using the structure-behavior coalescence architecture description language (SBC-ADL). AOISCM is an international student centered blueprint which includes six fundamental diagrams: architecture hierarchy diagram, framework diagram, component operation diagram, component connection diagram, structure-behavior coalescence diagram, and interaction flow diagram. Comparing with existing international student care and management model from various kinds of views, all results demonstrate that AOISCM is superior to the existing model. AOISCM covers the organization structure and caring behavior. By this model we are able to see the relationship between international students and the universities, and show the whole picture of the caring and managing international students. Therefore, using AOISCM on caring and managing international students will help universities to meet the high proficiency on reaching an agreement on international student¡¦s communication. Last and not least, AOISCM shall clarify the duties for each divisions and flexible sources allocation for office executives.

The study of architectural parameterization has long neglected other parameterizations in favour of code selector descriptions. In this dissertation, we are concerned with providing linguistic notations for modelling architectures with special emphasis on translation. We focus on high level descriptions to aid code selection and storage allocation. The view taken in the thesis is that a description specializes a framework with a particular architecture. Independently, the framework must support other translation algorithms without constraining their freedom or forcing them towards architecture-specific idioms. The first contribution is an architectural description language with features tuned towards better parameterizability. Emphasis is laid on addressing site (compile time) parameterizability. Within the notation, the type system of the machine is decoupled from that of the language with the mapping being left to the user as a compile-time parameterization. This gives one more degree of freedom for the user to decide on the precision required based on the available realizations. We also give adequate representation to addressing modes. They are considered to be almost equivalent to operations in complexity. This makes the specification simpler for operations. From the framework's perspective, as a second contribution, we propose an algorithm for maintaining registers during allocation. Register allocation algorithms depend on the framework to inform them when registers are exhausted. In such a situation, we pro- pose an adaptation of bipartite graph matching to keep track of register usage during translation in the presence of architec- tural constraints. The research also aims at structuring both the specification and software to prevent the closed-syntax bottle- neck of a lot of specification languages. We also describe the architecture of the implementation in terms of a very flexible model called the blackboard model.

Context: Over the last two decades, software architecture has introduced a new trend insoftware development. This new trend has completely changed the normal methods andpractices of software engineering. The focus has become the architectural elements ratherthan code and sub-routines. Architecture description languages (ADLs) have been proposedfor this kind of architecture based software development. There are a number of differentADLs both in academia and industry; they are not totally adopted by the software engineeringcommunity, but they are not avoided either. In this research work, an investigation has beenperformed based on the ADLs evaluation in practice. Objectives: The main aim of this study is to investigate evaluation of ADLs in academia andindustry. To explore the benefits and drawbacks of ADLs in practice. The study also exploresthe different quality factors improved by ADLs. Further different methods used to buildarchitecture with ADLs and then how to use architecture described with an ADL in softwaredevelopment and maintenance have also been reported. Methods: This research study has been carried out using the systematic literature reviewmethod. The systematic literature review follows the guidelines suggested by Kitchenham[21]. Results: This research review has resulted in total of 102 different ADLs. It has been foundthat out of the 102 different ADLs, 69 ADLs have been evaluated in academia and only 33ADLs have been evaluated in industry. ADLs have also been classified based on theirindustrial and academia evaluation. There are total 31 different benefits and 19 differentdrawbacks of ADLs have been identified. This review also extracted 20 different qualityfactors from literature that are improved by using ADLs in practice. Further 13 differentmethods used to build architecture with ADL have also been reported. Finally 9 differentmethods of ADLs used in software development and maintenance have been identified. Conclusions: The Large number of ADLs with little evaluation in industry suggests thatmore work needs to be done in order to improve ADLs evaluation in practice. ADLs providemore benefits compared to their drawbacks which suggests that ADLs can be very beneficial.Knowledge gained during this research study, suggests that ADLs are mostly unrecognized.More awareness about ADLs should be provided in education and practice.

Les architectures logicielles ont un rôle important dans le développement de systèmes à logiciel prépondérant afin de permettre la satisfaction tant des exigences fonctionnelles que des exigences extra-fonctionnelles. En particulier, les architectures logicielles dynamiques ont émergé pour faire face aux caractéristiques des systèmes contemporains qui opèrent dans des environnements dynamiques et par conséquent susceptibles de changer en temps d’exécution. Les langages de description architecturale (ADLs) sont utilisés pour représenter les architectures logicielles en produisant des modèles qui peuvent être utilisés pendant la conception ainsi que l’exécution. Cependant, la plupart des ADLs existants sont limités sur plusieurs facettes : (i) ils ne décrivent que les aspects structurels, topologiques de l’architecture ; (ii) ils ne fournissent pas un support adéquat pour représenter les aspects comportementaux de l’architecture ; (iii) ils ne permettent pas de décrire des aspects avancés de la dynamique de l’architecture ; (iv) ils sont limités en ce qui concerne la vérification automatisée des propriétés et des contraintes architecturales ; et (v) ils sont déconnectés du niveau d’implémentation et entraînent souvent des incohérences entre l’architecture et l’implémentation. Pour faire face à ces problèmes, cette thèse propose un framework formel pour les architectures logicielles dynamiques. Ce framework comprend : (i) .-ADL, un langage formel pour décrire des architectures logicielles dynamiques sous les perspectives structurelles et comportementales ; (ii) la spécification des opérations de reconfiguration dynamique programmée ; (iii) la génération automatique de code source à partir des descriptions architecturales ; et (iv) une approche basée sur la vérification statistique pour exprimer et vérifier formellement des propriétés des architectures logicielles dynamiques. Les contributions principales apportées par le framework proposé sont quatre. Premièrement, le langage .-ADL a été doté de primitives de niveau architectural pour décrire des reconfigurations dynamiques programmées. Deuxièmement, les descriptions architecturales dans .-ADL sont transformées vers le code source d’implémentation dans le langage de programmation Go, en contribuant à minimiser les dérives architecturales. Troisièmement, une nouvelle logique appelée DynBLTL est utilisée pour exprimer formellement des propriétés dans les architectures logicielles dynamiques. Quatrièmement, un outil basé sur SMC a été développé pour automatiser la vérification des propriétés architecturales en cherchant à réduire l’effort, les ressources computationnelles, et le temps pour réaliser cette tâche. Dans ce travail, deux systèmes basés sur réseaux de capteurs sans fil sont utilisés pour valider les éléments du framework. / Software architectures play a significant role in the development of software-intensive systems in order to allow satisfying both functional and non-functional requirements. In particular, dynamic software architectures have emerged to address characteristics of the contemporary systems that operate on dynamic environments and consequently subjected to changes at runtime. Architecture description languages (ADLs) are used to represent software architectures, producing models that can be used at design time and/or runtime. However, most existing ADLs have limitations in several facets: (i) they are focused on structural, topological aspects of the architecture; (ii) they do not provide an adequate support for representing behavioral aspects of the architecture; (iii) they do not allow describing advanced aspects regarding the dynamics of the architecture; (iv) they are limited with respect to the automated verification of architectural properties and constraints; and (v) they are disconnected from the implementation level, thus entailing inconsistencies between architecture and implementation. In order to tackle these problems, this thesis proposes formally founded framework for dynamic software architectures. Such a framework comprises: (i) .-ADL, a formal language for describing software architectures under both structural and behavioral viewpoints; (ii) the specification of programmed dynamic reconfiguration operations; (iii) the automated generation of source code from architecture descriptions; and (iv) an approach based on statistical model checking (SMC) to formally express and verify properties in dynamic software architectures. The main contributions brought by the proposed framework are fourfold. First, the .-ADL language was endowed with architectural-level primitives for describing programmed dynamic reconfigurations. Second, architecture descriptions in .-ADL are translated towards implementation source code in the Go programming language, thereby contributing to minimize architectural drifts. Third, a novel logic, called DynBLTL, is used to formally express properties in dynamic software architectures. Fourth, a toolchain relying on SMC was built to automate the verification of architectural properties while striving to reduce effort, computational resources, and time for performing such a task. In this work, two wireless sensor network-based systems are used to validate the framework elements.

In this paper we motivate an Architecture Description Language (ADL) for mobile distributed systems based on the π-calculus. Different from other approaches, the non-functional properties, which are essential when mobile architectures are described, are treated in a flexible manner by inserting logical formulae for expressing and checking non-functional properties into π-calculus processes. A formal example is given to illustrate the approach before the constituents of the ADL are sketched.

This dissertation addresses the confidentiality aspect of the information security problem from the viewpoint of the software architecture. It presents a new approach to secure system design in which the desired security properties, in particular, confidentiality, of the system are proven to hold at the architectural level. The architecture description language Wright is extended so that confidentiality authorizations can be specified. An architectural description in Wright/c, the extended language, assigns clearance to the ports of the components and treats security labels as a part of data type information. The security labels are declared along with clearance assignments in an access control lattice model, also expressed in Wright/c. This enables the static analysis of data flow over the architecture subject to confidentiality requirements as per Bell-LaPadula principles. An algorithm takes the Wright/c description and the lattice model as inputs, and checks if there is a potential violation of the Bell-LaPadula principles. The algorithm also detects excess privileges. A software tool, which features an XML-based front-end to the algorithm is constructed. Finally, the algorithm is analyzed for its soundness, completeness and computational complexity.

Les approches basées sur les composants permettent de développer des logiciels en réutilisant des composants existant dans des bibliothèques. La structure d'un tel logiciel produit par assemblage de composants est définie à l'aide d'un langage de description d'architectures (ADL). Les processus de développement sont encore peu adaptés à ce paradigme. Ainsi, les ADL existants ne fournissent pas de véritable support au développement et à l'évolution des architectures logicielles à composants. Cette thèse propose Dedal, un ADL permettant de définir une architecture logicielle à différents niveaux d'abstraction qui correspondent aux étapes du cycle de vie du logiciel : sa spécification, son implémentation et son déploiement. La définition de l'architecture est complétée par un modèle du logiciel à l'exécution. La cohérence entre les différentes définitions d'une architecture doit être assurée : sa définition à un niveau d'abstraction doit être conforme à sa définition à un niveau supérieur. Ce principe permet de contrôler l'évolution d'une architecture, en validant les modifications réalisées à un certain niveau d'abstraction ou en motivant la création d'une nouvelle version pour propager les modifications entre niveaux d'abstraction et rétablir la cohérence. Ces mécanismes préviennent les problèmes d'érosion ou de dérive qui surviennent lors des évolutions entre les différents niveaux de définition des architectures. Un environnement couvrant le cycle de vie complet d'un logiciel à base de composants a été prototypé. Il comporte un atelier, permettant de décrire des architectures avec Dedal, puis un environnement d'exécution, extension des outils Fractal, capable de contrôler l'évolution des architectures déployées. L'évolution à l'exécution est réalisée de façon graduelle, de manière à faire fonctionner et à instrumenter les nouvelles versions pendant une phase de transition, avant de valider définitivement une modification. / Component-based approaches promote software development by reuse of existing components from a repository. The structure of such software is described as an assembly of software components using an architecture description language (ADL). Software development processes often do not comply with this paradigm yet. Consequently, existing ADLs do not fully support component-based software architecture development and evolution. This thesis proposes Dedal, an ADL to describe software architectures at several abstraction levels that correspond to the steps of software lifecycle: its specification, its implementation and its deployment. The architecture definition is completed with a runtime model of the software. Consistency between the various definitions of a given architecture must be maintained: its definition at some abstraction level must conform to its definition at a higher abstraction level. This consistency principle enables to control the evolution of architectures either validating changes performed at an abstraction level or motivating the creation of a new version, to propagate changes from an abstraction level to the other and restore their consistency. These mechanisms prevent from architecture erosion or drift which might occur between two different description levels after evolution. An environment that covers the whole lifecycle of component-based software has been prototyped. It includes a CASE tool that supports the Dedal-based description of architectures and a runtime environment that extends Fractal tools to control the evolution of the deployed software. Runtime evolution is performed gradually in order to have new versions run and instrumented during a transition phase before committing changes.

Le développement de produits complexes demande la maintenance d'un grand nombre de documents interdépendants exprimés dans différents formats. Malheureusement, aujourd'hui, aucun outil et aucune méthodologie ne nous permettent pas de maintenir la cohérence et de propager systématiquement les changements entre ces documents. D'après les observations faites dans l'entreprise STMicroelectronics, lorsqu'un document est modifié, les développeurs doivent propager manuellement la modification à l'ensemble des documents impactés. Pour diverses raisons, ces changements peuvent ne pas être correctement appliqués, voir même ne pas être appliqués du tout. Les documents divergent alors peu à peu, impactant dramatiquement le temps de développement pour réaligner tous les documents. Nous proposons une méthodologie aidant les développeurs à maintenir systématiquement la cohérence entre les documents, basée sur le concept de description d'architecture introduit par l'ISO42010. Premièrement, un modèle est défini pour décrire formellement et complètement des correspondances (liens existants) entre des documents. Ce modèle est défini pour être indépendant des formats de documents, du cycle de développement et des méthodes de travail de l'entreprise. Deuxièmement, ces correspondances sont analysées afin d'aider les développeurs à maintenir la cohérence des documents en les informant lorsqu'un document est modifié. Un prototype mettant en œuvre l’approche proposée a été développé afin d’évaluer la méthodologie. 18 sujets se sont portés volontaires afin d’évaluer l'approche. Ces sujets ont été soumis à deux tests (avec et sans notre méthodologie) impliquant la correction d’incohérences ajoutées dans un ensemble de documents. Ces tests nous ont permis de dégager deux variables : le nombre d’incohérences corrigées et le temps moyen pour corriger les incohérences. Selon notre étude, l’utilisation de notre approche permet de corriger 5,5% d’incohérences en plus en un temps 3,3% plus faible. / The development of highly complex products requires the maintenance of a huge set of inter-dependent documents, in various formats. Unfortunately, no tool or methodology is available today to systematically maintain consistency between all these documents. Therefore, according to observations made in STMicroelectronics, when a document changes, stakeholders must manually propagate the changes to the impacted set of dependent documents. For various reasons, they may not well propagate the change, or even may not propagate it at all. Related documents thereby diverge more and more over time. It dramatically impacts productivity to realign documents and make the very wide-ranging corpus of documents consistent. This paper proposes a methodology to help stakeholders to systematically maintain consistency between documents, based on the Architecture Description concept introduced by ISO42010. First, a model is defined to describe formally and completely correspondences between Architecture Description Elements of documents. This model is designed to be independent of documents formats, selected system development lifecycle and the working methods of the industry. Second, these correspondences are analyzed in case of document modification in order to help stakeholders maintaining global corpus consistency. A prototype has been developed, which implements the proposed approach, to evaluate the methodology. 18 subjects volunteered to evaluate the approach. These subjects made two tests (with and without our methodology) involving the correction of inconsistencies added in a set of documents. These tests allowed us to identify two variables: the number of inconsistencies corrected and the average time to correct the inconsistencies. According to our study, the use of the approach helps to correct 5.5% more inconsistencies in a time 3.3% lower.

L'Orienté Service (SOA) est un paradigme de conception qui facilite la construction d’applications extensibles et reconfigurables basées sur des artefacts réutilisables qui sont les services. Ceux-ci sont structurés via des interfaces bien définies et publiables et qui peuvent être dynamiquement découvertes.Beaucoup d’approches ont été proposées dans la littérature pour la réingénierie d’applications existantes développées dans des paradigmes pré-services, principalement l’orienté objet, vers SOA. L’objectif est de permettre de sauvegarder la valeur métier de ces d’applications tout en leur permettant de bénéficier des avantages de SOA. Le problème est que ces approches s'appuient sur des critères ad-hoc pour identifier correctement des services dans le code source des applications existantes.Par ailleurs, l'une des caractéristiques les plus distinctives d'une application orientée service est sa capacité de se reconfigurer dynamiquement et d'adapter son comportement en fonction de son contexte d'exécution. Cependant, dans les langages de description d'architecture (ADL) existants dont l’aspect de reconfiguration et pris en compte, les règles de reconfiguration sont représentées d'une manière ad-hoc; en général, elles ne sont pas modélisées d'une manière explicite mais enfouillées dans la description de l'architecture. D'une part, ceci engendre une difficulté de la gestion de la reconfiguration dynamique au niveau de l'architecture et d’autre part, la traçabilité de la description de la reconfiguration dynamique à travers les différents niveaux d'abstraction est difficile à représenter et à gérer.Afin de surmonter les problèmes précédents, nous proposons dans le cadre de cette thèse deux contributions. D'abord, nous proposons une approche d'identification de services basée sur un modèle de qualité où les caractéristiques des services sont étudiées, raffinées et réifiées en une fonction que nous utilisons pour mesurer la validité sémantique de ces services. La deuxième contribution consiste en une proposition d'un langage de description d'architecture orientée service (ADL) qui intègre la description de la variabilité architecturale. Dans cette ADL les services qui peuvent constituer l’architecture, les éléments de contexte dont les changements d’état sont à l’origine des changements architecturaux, les variantes des éléments architecturaux sélectionnées en fonction des états des éléments de contexte et le comportement architectural dynamique sont ainsi spécifiés de façon modulaire. / Service Oriented Architecture (SOA) is an architectural design paradigm which facilitates building and composing flexible, extensible and reusable service-oriented assets. These latter are encapsulated behind well-defined and published interfaces that can be dynamically discovered by third-party services. Before the advent of SOA, several software systems were developed using older technologies. Many of these systems still afford a business value, however they suffer from evolution and maintenance problems. It is advantageous to modernize those software systems towards service-based ones. In this sense, several re-engineering techniques propose migrating object-oriented applications towards SOA. Nonetheless, these approaches rely on ad-hoc criteria to correctly identify services in object-oriented legacy source code.Besides, one of the most distinguishing features of a service-oriented application is the ability to dynamically reconfigure and adjust its behavior to cope with changing environment during execution. However, in existing architecture description languages handling this aspect, reconfiguration rules are represented in an ad-hoc manner; reconfiguration scenarios are often implicit. This fact hinders a full management of dynamic reconfiguration at architecture level. Moreover, it constitutes a challenge to trace dynamic reconfiguration description/management at different levels of abstraction.In order to overcome the aforementioned problems, our contributions are presented in two axes: First, in the context of migrating legacy software towards SOA, we propose a service identification approach based on a quality measurement model, where service characteristics are considered, refined to measurable metrics in order to measure the semantic correctness of identified services. The second axis is dedicated to an Architecture Description Language (ADL) proposition that describes a variant-rich service-based architecture. In this modular ADL, dynamic reconfigurations are specified at architecture level. Moreover, the description is enriched with context and variability information, in order to enable a variability-based self-reconfiguration of architecture in response to context changes at runtime.