Memoria para optar al título de Químico / En esta Memoria se estudió la síntesis y caracterización de silicatos de calcio nano-estructurados modificados con Mg y Fe para su uso como adsorbente para la remoción de iones fosfatos y arseniatos respectivamente, en el tratamiento de aguas ácidas de mina. La modificación con Mg se realizó reemplazando durante la síntesis de los silicatos, átomos de Ca por Mg empleando Mg(OH)2. A su vez, la modificación con Fe se realizó empleando alternativamente FeCl3 o Fe(OH)3 preparado in situ. La síntesis de los silicatos modificados resultó ser sencilla y reproducible, obteniendo rendimientos promedios cercanos al 80-90%. No obstante, se observó un límite de reemplazo de los átomos de Ca por Mg alrededor del 30% molar, y de 13% molar para la modificación con Fe. Ambos adsorbentes fueron caracterizados mediante análisis SEM, difracción de rayos X, porosimetría BET y determinación de distribución de tamaño de partícula. Estos revelaron que los adsorbentes poseen una estructura amorfa y una superficie porosa, con áreas superficiales variables entre 60 y 150 m2/g y una distribución de tamaño de partículas del orden de 350 nm. Análisis químico confirmaron el % de reemplazo de los átomos de calcio por Mg y Fe en la estructura de los silicatos. La adsorción de iones fosfato mediante los silicatos de calcio nanoestructurado modificado con Mg y de arseniatos con los silicatos de calcio nano-estructurado modificado Fe resultó ser eficiente y muy rápida en todo el rango ácido estudiado. Se midieron capacidades de carga variable entre 60- 125 mg PO4 3-/g de silicato y de 2,5-14 mg de arseniato/g de silicato. El mecanismo de adsorción se basa en la presencia en el silicato de átomos de Ca, Mg y Fe que actúan como sitios de enlace para la formación de fosfatos y arseniatos insolubles y estables. La aplicación de un modelo cinético de pseudo-segundo-orden se ajustó a los resultados experimentales obtenidos durante la adsorción de ambos aniones al emplear ambos adsorbentes silicatados modificados. Es claro que estos adsorbentes presentan un gran potencial de uso en el tratamiento de aguas ácidas contaminadas con especies iónicas / In this work is studied the synthesis and characterization of nano-structured calcium silicates modified with Mg and Fe in order to use them as sorbents for removing phosphate and arsenates respectively, as treatment of acid mine waters. The modification with Mg was conducted by replacing during the silicate synthesis, Ca atoms by Mg using Mg(OH)2. In turn, the modification with Fe was carried out employing alternatively FeCl3 or Fe(OH)3 prepared in situ. The synthesis of modified silicates is simple and reproducible being obtained yields close to 80-90%. However, the modification presented some limits: 30% molar for the replace of Ca by Mg atoms and 13% molar for the modification with Fe due a loss of the nano-structure of the sorbents over these values. Both sort of sorbents were characterized using SEM analysis, Xray difraction, BET porosimetry and measurements of distribution of particle size. The analysis revealed that the sorbents present an amorphous structure with a porous surface, having surface areas variable between 60 and 150 m2/g and a particle size distribution around 350 nm. Chemical analysis confirmed the replacing of Mg and Fe atoms by calcium on the silicate structure. The adsorption of phosphate ions by means of nano-structured calcium silicates modified with Mg and that of arsenates by nano-structured calcium silicates modified with Fe were highly efficient and fast in all the studied pH range. It were measured the following sorption loading capacities: 60-125 mg PO4 3-/g silicate and 2.5-14 mg de As/g silicate. The adsorption mechanism is based on the presence in the silicate of Ca, Mg and Fe that act as bonding sited for the formation of very insoluble and stable phosphate and arsenate salts. A pseudo-second-order-kinetic model was applied to explain the experimental results obtained during the sorption process, being observed a very good agreement between the experimental values and those calculated by the model. Finally, it is possible to state that these sorbents present a huge potential for using them in the treatment of acid waters polluted with ionic species / Fondecyt

Submitted by Alexandre Sousa (alexandre.sousa@incqs.fiocruz.br) on 2015-04-07T12:09:12Z No. of bitstreams: 1 Dissertação_Serodio.pdf: 586656 bytes, checksum: 807186c9c0240e06062add7281e114c6 (MD5) / Approved for entry into archive by Alexandre Sousa (alexandre.sousa@incqs.fiocruz.br) on 2015-04-07T12:09:28Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 1 Dissertação_Serodio.pdf: 586656 bytes, checksum: 807186c9c0240e06062add7281e114c6 (MD5) / Approved for entry into archive by Alexandre Sousa (alexandre.sousa@incqs.fiocruz.br) on 2015-04-07T12:09:39Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 1 Dissertação_Serodio.pdf: 586656 bytes, checksum: 807186c9c0240e06062add7281e114c6 (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2015-04-07T12:09:39Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Dissertação_Serodio.pdf: 586656 bytes, checksum: 807186c9c0240e06062add7281e114c6 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2014 / Fundação Oswaldo Cruz. Instituto Nacional de Controle de Qualidade em Saúde / A ampla diversidade do uso dos agrotóxicos pode causar danos ambientais e à saúde humana que muitas vezes, são irreversíveis, ou cujas ações mitigatórias podem ser econômicas, políticas ou socialmente inviáveis. Segundo a Organização Mundial da Saúde, os agrotóxicos são potencialmente tóxicos para outros organismos, incluindo seres humanos, portanto necessitam que sejam descartados apropriadamente e utilizados de maneira segura. Os agrotóxicos são avaliados previamente à produção, à exportação, à importação, à comercialização e ao uso sendo por lei, obrigatório o registro desses produtos com a avaliação dos órgãos federais responsáveis pelos setores de saúde, meio ambiente e agricultura. Tal avaliação visa identificar potenciais danos pelo uso dessas substâncias, com o objetivo de estabelecer proibições, restrições e recomendações para o uso de agrotóxicos, prevenindo e dimensionando os perigos à saúde humana e meio ambiente. A proibição de agrotóxicos que provoquem tais danos deve ser feita a partir de informações dos achados científicos e sua relevância para a exposição humana. A relevância dos estudos experimentais que utilizam sistemas in vitro ou in vivo, se dá a partir da elucidação dos modos de ação tóxica do agrotóxico. O presente trabalho teve como objetivo a reavaliação toxicológica do ingrediente ativo metano arseniato ácido monossódico (MSMA) através de um levantamento bibliográfico criterioso. O intuito é o banimento do MSMA visto que ele quando é metabolizado no solo se biotransforma em espécies arsenicais extremamente tóxicas. Estudos demonstraram que os metabólitos do MSMA que são: As V,As III, MMA e DMAque causam efeitos carcinogênico, teratogênico entre outros que são proibitivos ao seu uso. Este trabalho priorizou os achados mais relevantes para a saúde pública visando o risco do uso de um agrotóxico que causa efeito deletério. / The wide diversity of the use of pesticides can damage the environment and human health, which often are irreversible or whose mitigating actions can be economic, political or socially unviable. According to the World Health Organization, pesticides are potentially toxic to other organisms, including humans, and therefore need to be safely used and properly disposed. Pesticides are evaluated prior to its production, export, import, marketing and use having by law its required registration assessed by the federal agencies responsible for the health, environment and agriculture. This evaluation aims to identify potential damage due to the use of these substances, establishing prohibitions, restrictions and recommendations for their use, preventing and measuring the dangers to human health and the environment. The banishment of pesticides that cause such damage should be basedon information from scientific findings and their relevance to human exposure. The importance of experimental studies using in vitro systems or in vivo, anchors in the elucidation of toxic action mechanisms of pesticides. The present study aimed a toxicological re-evaluation of the active ingredient monosodium methane arsenate acid (MSMA) through a careful literature survey and its official ban, since it is metabolized when the soil biotransforms in extremely toxic arsenic species. Studies have shown that the metabolites of MSMA: AsV, AsIII, MMA and DMA cause carcinogenic, teratogenic and others effects that make their use prohibitive. This work prioritized the most relevant findings for public health about the risk of using a pesticide that causes deleterious effect.

Tesis presentada para optar al grado de Magíster en Química área de Especialización en Químico Minero Metalúrgico y Memoria para optar al Título de Químico / En esta Tesis de Magíster se estudió la síntesis y caracterización de nuevos adsorbentes de bajo costo correspondientes a silicatos de calcio nano-estructurados modificados con hierro (FeNanoCSH) y aluminio (AlNanoCSH), en los cuales se reemplaza una fracción del calcio contenido por átomos de Fe y Al. Estos adsorbentes fueron aplicados en soluciones acuosas ácidas para remover algunos contaminantes inorgánicos propios de las aguas de mina. La síntesis del adsorbente modificado con Fe(III) se logró mediante la reacción química de hidróxido de calcio, Ca(OH)2, una solución acuosa de silicato de sodio (Na2SiO3) y la fuente de hierro, FeCl3 o Fe(OH)3. La modificación con aluminio siguió un procedimiento similar empleando como fuente de Al(III), policloruro de aluminio (PAC) o aluminato de sodio (NaAlO2). Las síntesis fueron rápidas, eficientes y reproducibles. Sin embargo se observó un límite en el reemplazo de átomos de Ca, al aumentar el riesgo de pérdida de la nano-estructura del sólido. Los adsorbentes fueron caracterizados empleando diversas metodologías. Resultaron ser amorfos con tendencia a la aglomeración de partículas que incluyen micro, meso y macroporos, presentan un gran área superficial, conformando una estructura en la cual se disponen un gran número de sitios activos disponibles para la adsorción. Se evidenció mediante FTIR y DSC la presencia de moléculas de agua libres en su estructura y la presencia de enlaces OH- propios de los grupos silanoles y la presencia de los enlaces O-Si-O y Al-O. Los análisis químicos reflejaron contenidos de Ca entre un 22% y un 26%, una presencia de hierro variable entre 2,6% y 6,2% y contenidos de silicio variables entre 19% y 22%. Los adsorbentes presentaron una adecuada estabilidad química al contactarlos con soluciones acuosas ácidas. El adsorbente modificado con Fe, particularmente aquel preparado con FeCl3, presentó un excelente comportamiento para remover As(V), independiente de la acidez de la solución acuosa tratada, generándose silicatos de calcio y hierro muy insolubles y estables, al actuar el adsorbente como un buffer que mantiene la solución en medio fuertemente alcalino. Se observó también una excelente co-adsorción de los iones metálicos Cu(II), Zn(II) y Cd(II), en base a la formación de los hidróxidos respectivos con los OH- de los grupos polisilanoles e hidróxidos de los nano-silicatos, los cuales se formarían sobre la superficie de las partículas de los silicatos o bien como partículas discretas en la propia solución. El adsorbente modificado con Al presentó también una eficiente capacidad de remover iones sulfatos, mediante la formación de etringita, Ca6[Al(OH)6]2(SO4)3.26H2O, una sal doble básica muy insoluble, de alto peso molecular, que precipita en medio alcalino generando un sólido granular y muy estable. También se observó con estos adsorbentes modificados con Al(III) una excelente co-adsorción de los iones metálicos anteriormente señalados. El adsorbente modificado con PAC resultó ser mejor adsorbente que el preparado al modificarlo con NaAlO2. Se midieron capacidad de carga variable entre 80 y 140 mg SO4-2/g de silicato, las cuales permiten generar refinos que cumplen con la norma de descarga a cuerpos de aguas superficiales. Se realizaron pruebas de equilibrio y de cinética de adsorción para As(V) y iones SO42- empleando los adsorbentes modificados con Fe y Al, respectivamente. Los resultados experimentales de equilibrio de adsorción de As(V) y de iones sulfato con el adsorbente modificado con PAC ajustaron bien al modelo de la isoterma de Redlich-Peterson, obteniéndose una buena correlación entre los valores de capacidad de carga de los contaminantes “q” calculados por el modelo y los observados experimentalmente. Sin embargo, para los experimentos de equilibrio de adsorción de iones sulfatos con el adsorbente modificado con NaAlO2, fue el modelo de Langmuir el que mejor ajustó los datos experimentales. La cinética de adsorción de As(V) con los adsorbentes modificados con Fe(III) y la de iones sulfatos con el adsorbente modificado con policloruro de aluminio en todos los casos es muy rápida y siguen un modelo teórico de pseudo-segundo-orden, dependiente de los sitios disponibles para la adsorción / In this Thesis is studied the synthesis and characterization of new low-cost adsorbents consisting in nano-structured calcium silicates modified with Fe (FeNanoCSH) and Al (AlNanoCSH), in which a fraction of the calcium content are replaced by Fe or Al atoms. These adsorbents were applied in acid aqueous solutions in order to remove some inorganic contaminants normally found in mine waters. The synthesis of the Fe-modified adsorbent was conducted by means of the chemical reaction between calcium hydroxide (Ca(OH)2) , an aqueous solution of sodium silicate (Na2SiO3) and as Fe-source, FeCl3 o Fe(OH)3. The modification with Al(III) was carried out using a similar procedure but employing aluminium polychloride (PAC) or sodium aluminate (NaAlO2). The synthesis were fast, efficient and reproducibles, however, it was observed a maximum extent for replacing Ca atoms by Fe and Al, since over that limit, a risk of loss of the nano-structure of the solid can occur. The adsorbents were characterized using diverse methodologies. They are amorphous showing tendency to agglomeration of particles that include micro, meso and macroporous, having a high surface area, generating a structure full of available active adsorption sites. FTIR and DSC analysis confirmed the presence of free-water molecules in its structure as well as the existence of OH- groups associated to the polysilanol groups of the silicate. O-Si-O and Al-O bond signals were also observed. The chemical analysis indicated for the adsorbents, calcium contents between 22% and 26%, iron contents variable between 2,6 % and 6,2 % and silicon levels variable around 19 % and 22 %. The adsorbents showed a suitable chemical stability towards acid aqueous solutions. The Fe-modified adsorbent, especially that prepared using FeCl3, showed an excellent behavior for removing As(V), adsorption that was independent of the acidity of the aqueous solution, being produced very insoluble and stable calcium and iron arsenate precipitates, acting the adsorbent as buffer keeping a strong alkaline medium. It was also observed a great co-adsorption of the metallic ions Cu(II), Zn(II) and Cd(II), in a mechanism based on the formation of hydroxides with the OH- ions of polysilanols groups of the nanostructured silicates, which would be formed on the surface of the silicate particles or as discrete hydroxides species in the aqueos solution. The Al-modified adsorbent also showed and effucient capability to remove sulphate ions by means of the formation of etringite Ca6[Al(OH)6]2(SO4)3.26H2O, a double basic salt very insoluble of high molecular weight, that tends to precipitat in alkaline medium generating a granular and very stable solid. It was also observed with this type of adsorbent, a very high co-adsorption of the above indicated metallic ions. However, the adsorbent modified with PAC was better than that modified with NaAlO2. It were measured sulphate loading capacities around 80 and 140 mg SO4-2/g of silicate, what allows producing raffinates that accomplish with the environmental discharge norms to supperficial water bodies. Several tests of As(V) and SO42- adsorption equilibrium and kinetics were conducted using the silicated adsorbent modified with Fe and Al, respectively. The experimental results of As(V) and sulphates ions adsorption equilibrium were well explained by using the Redlich-Peterson isotherm model, be obtained a good correlation of the adsorption loading capacities “q” values experimentally observed and those calculated by the equilibrium model. However, the experimental results of the adsorption equilibrium of sulphate ions using the adsorbent modified with NaAlO2, were well fitted using the Langmuir isotherm model. The adsorption kinetics of As(V) with the adsorbent modified with Fe and the adsorption kinetics of the sulphate ions with the adsorbent modified with PAC were very fast in all cases, whose experimental results were explained through a theoretical pseudo-second-order-kinetic model, which is highly dependent of the available adsorption sites / Fondecyt / 31/12/2019