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A dissertation submitted to the Faculty of Humanities, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, in partial fulfilment of the degree of Masters of Arts in Fine Arts (MAFA) Johannesburg, 2017 / This dissertation aims to examine Gerhard Richter and Serge Nitegeka’s artistic practices, in order to understand and identify how artists can potentially use space as a medium and contextualise my own practice within this realm. I position the conventions and principles of space through reference to French theorists’ Henri Lefebvre, Michel de Certeau and Michel Foucault. The thesis begins with a brief overview of the window as a painterly motif and spatially familiar everyday device in the introduction. In the first chapter, I explore the surface and reflection of the medium of glass, the colour gray, the monochrome, as well as the pictorial, in Gerhard Richter’s Eight Gray (2002). The second chapter examines the role of the frame or line in Serge Nitegeka’s Black Lines (2012), as an environment of experience that relies on painted diagrams and the illusion of perspectival space. The third chapter observes a shift in the manner in which Richter and Nitegeka experiment and extend their practices through an engagement with the mirror and the door, respectively, as ways of exploring the threshold. Finally, I discuss my own practice and reflect on the exhibition Through the Extent (2015), which was submitted as the practical component of this research. / XL2018

Thesis (Ph. D.)--UCLA, 2009. / Vita. Includes bibliographical references (leaves 442-455).

Uma parada - Antonio Manuel - Entre os artistas contemporâneos no Brasil nos anos 60 e 70, acreditamos que Antonio Manuel foi o que guardou um profundo mistério na sua produção. Mesmo ao ser censurado, trilhou sua trajetória e, aos poucos, ocupou um espaço suficiente para causar uma inversão da representação e encontrar um caminho errático que o fizesse, dinamicamente, atuar. Pela tomada do corpo, como gesto de liberdade, expandiu sua arte. Sua atitude de pensamento se transformou em fotografia. Quando falamos em \"uma parada\", queremos enfatizar a importância da pose pausada no auto-retrato do artista, para justificar a tese de que Antonio Manuel também expandiu a arte contemporânea pela fotografia. Essa ampliação doa to criativo se deu graças à presença constante das imagens fotográficas do corpo nos seus trabalhos, que, inquietos, iniciaram esse percurso, de modo a podermos afirmar que, hoje, a fotografia tem importante significado no conjunto de suas séries. Para corrigir a realidade imposta tão violentamente pela ditadura militar, timidamente, Antonio Manuel abandonou o desenho sobre jornais para se apropriar das fotografias da imprensa, como também transgredir, corajosamente, a gramática dos veículos de comunicação de massa. Interessa-nos apontar para a importância dessa atitude e, para isso, desenvolvemos algumas possibilidades de compreensão. Consideramos as estratégias propostas pelos críticos Mário Pedrosa e Frederico de Morais e, ainda, os diversos teóricos que estudamos para tornar o debate da época, sobre as estratégias da arte contemporânea no Brasil dos anos 60 e 70, plausível. A arte fotográfica de Antonio Manuel, particularmente as imagens fotográficas do corpo, tiveram uma incrível ressonância na crítica de arte nacional e internacional. Porém, não vem sendo exibida como uma das poucas manifestações visuais que soube estar em sintonia com as diferentes tendências da arte fotográfica das últimas duas décadas. Para confirmar sua importância conceitual, delimitamos sua produção entre os anos de 1967 e 1977. A estrutura dos capítulos não segue à risca uma ordem cronológica, mas principalmente, a relação do ato criativo com o conjunto das séries. Destacamos as análises dos auto-retratos e dos retratos, bem como dos filmes do artista, em que a arte da desaparição de Jean Baudrillard sustenta a noção de \"parada\" fotográfica. Uma Parada tem ênfase no retrato, nos objetos inquietantes e nas imagens perturbadoras, que gestaram a relação do artista com o mundo durante um período de crise da arte. Porém, a crise do sujeito em Antonio Manuel é desafiadora, porque subverteu os modelos e desarticulou as referências, por enfrentar o processo de trabalho com luta e criatividade. Da sua liberdade, o espectador-participador se torna cúmplice. / A paused pose - Antonio Manuel - Among the Brazilian contemporary artists of the 60s and 70s we believe that Antonio Manuel has been the one who has kept a profound mystery in his production. Even when he was banned, he managed to make his way and, little by little, take enough place to cause an inversion of representation, finding an erratic path that made him act dynamically. By taking the body as a gesture of freedom, he has expanded art. His way of thinking has turned into photography. When we say a pause, we want to emphasize the importance of the paused pose in the artists self portrait so as to justify the thesis that Antonio Manuel has also expanded contemporary art through photography. This enlargement of the creative act was due to the constant presence of photographic body images in his works, which, in a restless way, started this journey, enabling our statement that, today, photography has a meaning in the complex oh his series. In order to correct the reality so violently imposed by the military dictatorship, Antonio Manuel abandoned drawing over newspapers timidly to appropriated in pointing out the importance of this attitude and, for that purpose, we have developed some possibilities of comprehension. We have considered the strategies suggested by critics Mario Pedrosa and Frederico de Morais, as well as many other theorists we have studied, so as to make plausible the debate on the strategies of Brazilian contemporary art in the 60s and 70s at that time. The photography art of Antonio Manuel, particularly his photographic body images, has had an incredible resonance among the national and international art critic. However, it has not been exhibited as one of the few visual manifestations which knew how to be tuned with the different tendencies of photographic art in the last couple of decades. In order to confirm his conceptual importance, we have delimited his production between the years of 1967 and 1977. The structure of the chapters does not necessarily follow a chronological order, but rather the relationship between the creative act and the complex of series. We have highlighted the analysis oh his self portraits and portraits, as well as the film, where the art of disappearance by Jean Baudrillard supports the concept of photographic pause. A Paused Pose emphasizes the portrait, the disturbing objects and the alarming images which conceived the relationship between the artist and the world during a period of art crisis. However, the crisis of the subject in Antonio Manuel is challenging, for it has subverted the models and disarticulated the references by facing the work process with struggle and creativity. The spectator participant becomes an accomplice of this freedom.

(EN) The thesis was created as an analysis of the applied photography of Jan Svoboda (1934-1990). The czech art photographer whose work concludes, next to his own fine-art photographs, amount of documentary pictures of his contemporary art colleagues. Based on an inside view of his fine-art works consisting mostly of still-lifes it became possible to re-analyze large quantity of found material of his so called art reproduction photography which follows the very same principles of his own artwork. The analysis focuses only on documentation of three dimensional pieces of work. Resulting conclusion shows Jan Svoboda as an actual creative competitor of the documented artist's work. By his act of opening a dialog with the documented art piece which leads to a photograph that might have been often considered as an abuse of the particular art piece for the sake of formal qualities of Svoboda's work. The last part of the thesis aims to briefly reveal worldwide context of photographers documenting art pieces with emphasis on the medium of photography and therefore often surpassing demand for faithful depiction of the art object.

Uma parada - Antonio Manuel - Entre os artistas contemporâneos no Brasil nos anos 60 e 70, acreditamos que Antonio Manuel foi o que guardou um profundo mistério na sua produção. Mesmo ao ser censurado, trilhou sua trajetória e, aos poucos, ocupou um espaço suficiente para causar uma inversão da representação e encontrar um caminho errático que o fizesse, dinamicamente, atuar. Pela tomada do corpo, como gesto de liberdade, expandiu sua arte. Sua atitude de pensamento se transformou em fotografia. Quando falamos em \"uma parada\", queremos enfatizar a importância da pose pausada no auto-retrato do artista, para justificar a tese de que Antonio Manuel também expandiu a arte contemporânea pela fotografia. Essa ampliação doa to criativo se deu graças à presença constante das imagens fotográficas do corpo nos seus trabalhos, que, inquietos, iniciaram esse percurso, de modo a podermos afirmar que, hoje, a fotografia tem importante significado no conjunto de suas séries. Para corrigir a realidade imposta tão violentamente pela ditadura militar, timidamente, Antonio Manuel abandonou o desenho sobre jornais para se apropriar das fotografias da imprensa, como também transgredir, corajosamente, a gramática dos veículos de comunicação de massa. Interessa-nos apontar para a importância dessa atitude e, para isso, desenvolvemos algumas possibilidades de compreensão. Consideramos as estratégias propostas pelos críticos Mário Pedrosa e Frederico de Morais e, ainda, os diversos teóricos que estudamos para tornar o debate da época, sobre as estratégias da arte contemporânea no Brasil dos anos 60 e 70, plausível. A arte fotográfica de Antonio Manuel, particularmente as imagens fotográficas do corpo, tiveram uma incrível ressonância na crítica de arte nacional e internacional. Porém, não vem sendo exibida como uma das poucas manifestações visuais que soube estar em sintonia com as diferentes tendências da arte fotográfica das últimas duas décadas. Para confirmar sua importância conceitual, delimitamos sua produção entre os anos de 1967 e 1977. A estrutura dos capítulos não segue à risca uma ordem cronológica, mas principalmente, a relação do ato criativo com o conjunto das séries. Destacamos as análises dos auto-retratos e dos retratos, bem como dos filmes do artista, em que a arte da desaparição de Jean Baudrillard sustenta a noção de \"parada\" fotográfica. Uma Parada tem ênfase no retrato, nos objetos inquietantes e nas imagens perturbadoras, que gestaram a relação do artista com o mundo durante um período de crise da arte. Porém, a crise do sujeito em Antonio Manuel é desafiadora, porque subverteu os modelos e desarticulou as referências, por enfrentar o processo de trabalho com luta e criatividade. Da sua liberdade, o espectador-participador se torna cúmplice. / A paused pose - Antonio Manuel - Among the Brazilian contemporary artists of the 60s and 70s we believe that Antonio Manuel has been the one who has kept a profound mystery in his production. Even when he was banned, he managed to make his way and, little by little, take enough place to cause an inversion of representation, finding an erratic path that made him act dynamically. By taking the body as a gesture of freedom, he has expanded art. His way of thinking has turned into photography. When we say a pause, we want to emphasize the importance of the paused pose in the artists self portrait so as to justify the thesis that Antonio Manuel has also expanded contemporary art through photography. This enlargement of the creative act was due to the constant presence of photographic body images in his works, which, in a restless way, started this journey, enabling our statement that, today, photography has a meaning in the complex oh his series. In order to correct the reality so violently imposed by the military dictatorship, Antonio Manuel abandoned drawing over newspapers timidly to appropriated in pointing out the importance of this attitude and, for that purpose, we have developed some possibilities of comprehension. We have considered the strategies suggested by critics Mario Pedrosa and Frederico de Morais, as well as many other theorists we have studied, so as to make plausible the debate on the strategies of Brazilian contemporary art in the 60s and 70s at that time. The photography art of Antonio Manuel, particularly his photographic body images, has had an incredible resonance among the national and international art critic. However, it has not been exhibited as one of the few visual manifestations which knew how to be tuned with the different tendencies of photographic art in the last couple of decades. In order to confirm his conceptual importance, we have delimited his production between the years of 1967 and 1977. The structure of the chapters does not necessarily follow a chronological order, but rather the relationship between the creative act and the complex of series. We have highlighted the analysis oh his self portraits and portraits, as well as the film, where the art of disappearance by Jean Baudrillard supports the concept of photographic pause. A Paused Pose emphasizes the portrait, the disturbing objects and the alarming images which conceived the relationship between the artist and the world during a period of art crisis. However, the crisis of the subject in Antonio Manuel is challenging, for it has subverted the models and disarticulated the references by facing the work process with struggle and creativity. The spectator participant becomes an accomplice of this freedom.

From the 1880s, a new type of designed green space appeared in the industrial landscape in England and the USA - the factory pleasure garden or park. At the same time, industrialists began to enhance their office and factory buildings with landscaping and planting, and some opened allotment gardens for the children of factory workers. The making of gardens and parks around or near office and factory buildings, designed by professionals, was driven by belief in the value of gardens and parks to recruitment and retention of staff, to industrial welfare, and to advertising, corporate identity and public relations. The thesis will show how industrialists appropriated the historical, cultural and metaphorical meanings of gardens in a bid to redefine industry as progressive and responsible and to shift the image of factory labour from unhealthy and exploitative to healthy, caring, respectable and sociable. The thesis will argue that companies employed landscape professionals to contribute to a positive image of industry and industrial development in the suburban or rural landscape, and to harmonise industry and nature. It will show how the factory gardens and parks supported numerous and varied opportunities for outdoor recreation that in some districts would not have been so readily accessible to working people, particularly to women and young people. The thesis will show how companies exploited the social and cultural capital of gardens and recreation space through photography, illustration and film for promotional purposes. It will suggest that although the sporting and other outdoor recreational opportunities at factories were likely to be beneficial to many, the greater value to companies of factory pleasure gardens was in advertising and public relations. The thesis will build on existing research that highlights the valuable contribution of industry to sports and recreation provision in this period. It will also suggest that industry had more influence on gardens and gardening than is currently understood.

O objeto do estudo deste trabalho são as imagens de efeitos especiais digitais em computação gráfica (Computer Graphic Image - CGI) inseridas em narrativas cinematográficas da atualidade, principalmente a partir dos anos 1990, com a pluralidade de novas formas de viabiliza-lás baseadas em simulação e no contexto de uma sociedade em mutação nas formas de criação e reprodução técnica do audiovisual. A indagação proposta é identificar se os efeitos especiais simulados por CGI e as imagens decorrentes são apenas reconfiguração de velhas práticas e técnicas modernizadas tecnologicamente, ou estão neles embutidos novos modelos de compreensão do mundo na atualidade, se há um regime visual rearticulando o imaginário na pós-modernidade com nova relação entre representação e simulação. Essas articulações podem abrir espaços para se repensarem as relações atuais com as imagens digitais em um contexto entre a razão e a técnica, na óptica moderna, e o tempo presente e o prazer, na dimensão pós-moderna. O objetivo do presente estudo é estabelecer um diálogo com os efeitos especiais de segunda geração ou Digital Visual Effect (DVFx) para além de sua aplicabilidade prática somente como ferramenta para a linguagem narrativa em filmes mas desenvolver novas articulações entre o visível e o dizível, as possíveis visibilidades dos efeitos especiais como um novo regime visual na arte cinematográfica. O estudo avança para além de uma historicidade ao entender que as possibilidades trazidas pela tecnologia de computação gráfica (CG) produziram uma significativa renovação das possibilidades visuais no cinema contemporâneo, o que com certeza reflete e refletirá ainda mais na forma de consumo dos produtos audiovisuais produzidos a partir da ampliação do uso dessas tecnologias digitais e seu paralelo com estética, a arte e a cultura. A desocultação do processo criativo presente na técnica abre portas para a compreensão renovada do imaginário social e especialmente às formas de sua manifestação no campo das artes e da cultura. A metodologia empregada neste estudo será baseada em dados secundários desde livros e autores, pequenos trechos de filme, frames e até aplicações tecnológicas para demonstrar as configurações trazidas pelos efeitos especiais em computação gráfica (CG). * frames: é cada um dos quadros ou imagem fixa de um produto audiovisual. / The object of study are the images of digital special effects in computer graphics (Computer Graphic Image - CGI) inserted in film narratives of today, mainly from the 1990s, with the plurality of new ways to make them viable based on simulation and in the context of a changing society in ways of creating and technical audiovisual playback. The proposed inquiry is to identify whether the special effects simulated by CGI and the resulting images are just rewriting practices and old techniques technologically upgraded, or are embedded in them new models of understanding the world today, if there is a visual scheme rearticulating the imaginary postmodern with new relationship between representation and simulation. These joints can open spaces to rethink the current relations with the digital images in a context between reason and the technique in modern optics, and the present time and pleasure, in the postmodern dimension. The aim of this study is to establish a dialogue with the special effects of second generation or Digital Visual Effect (DVFx) in addition to its practical applicability only as a tool for narrative language in movies but develop new links between the visible and the speakable, the possible visibility of special effects as a new visual regime in cinematic art.). The study goes beyond a historicity to understand that the opportunities brought about by computer graphics technology (CG) produced a significant renewal of visual possibilities in contemporary cinema, which certainly reflects and further reflected in the form of consumption of the produced audiovisual products from the expanded use of these digital technologies and its parallel with aesthetics, art and cultura.A unblinding of the creative process in this technique opens the door to a renewed understanding of the social imaginary and especially the forms of its manifestation in the arts and culture. The methodology used in this study is based on secondary data from books and authors, small snippets of film, frames and even technological applications to demonstrate the settings brought by special effects in computer graphics (CG). * Frames: is each of the frames or still image of an audiovisual product.

Visual records of place remain to a large degree inadequate when attempting to make visible the ephemeral states of consciousness that underlie the damage wrought by brutal regimes, let alone make visible the extraordinary histories and power structures encoded in images and views. This practice-led dissertation examines an emerging critical landscape genre in post-apartheid South Africa and Namibia, and its relationship to specific themes such as identity, belonging, trauma and memory. The landscape genre was traditionally considered inadequate to use in expressions of resistance under apartheid, particularly in the socially conscious and reformist discourse of South African documentary photography. I argue that, as a result of historical and cultural shifts after the demise of apartheid in 1994, a shift in aesthetic and subject matter has occurred, one that has led to a more rigorous and interventionist engagement with the landscape genre. I demonstrate how, after 1994, photographers of the long-established documentary tradition, which was meant to record 'what is there' in a sharp, clear, legible and impartial manner, would continue to draw on devices of the documentary aesthetic, but in a more idiosyncratic way. I show how these post-apartheid, documentary landscapes both disrupt and complicate the conventional expectations involved in converting visual fields into knowledge. I further investigate, through my own experimental documentary work, the ideologically fraught aspects of landscape representation with their links to Calvinist and German Romantic aesthetics. I appropriate and disrupt certain tropes still prevalent in popular landscape depictions. I do this in an effort to reveal the complex and troubled relationship that these traditions share with issues of willed historical amnesia and recognition in contemporary Namibia. Through my practice and the examination of other photographers' and artists' work, this project aims to further a self-reflective and critical approach to the genre of landscape and issues of identity in post-apartheid South Africa and Namibia.

O objeto do estudo deste trabalho são as imagens de efeitos especiais digitais em computação gráfica (Computer Graphic Image - CGI) inseridas em narrativas cinematográficas da atualidade, principalmente a partir dos anos 1990, com a pluralidade de novas formas de viabiliza-lás baseadas em simulação e no contexto de uma sociedade em mutação nas formas de criação e reprodução técnica do audiovisual. A indagação proposta é identificar se os efeitos especiais simulados por CGI e as imagens decorrentes são apenas reconfiguração de velhas práticas e técnicas modernizadas tecnologicamente, ou estão neles embutidos novos modelos de compreensão do mundo na atualidade, se há um regime visual rearticulando o imaginário na pós-modernidade com nova relação entre representação e simulação. Essas articulações podem abrir espaços para se repensarem as relações atuais com as imagens digitais em um contexto entre a razão e a técnica, na óptica moderna, e o tempo presente e o prazer, na dimensão pós-moderna. O objetivo do presente estudo é estabelecer um diálogo com os efeitos especiais de segunda geração ou Digital Visual Effect (DVFx) para além de sua aplicabilidade prática somente como ferramenta para a linguagem narrativa em filmes mas desenvolver novas articulações entre o visível e o dizível, as possíveis visibilidades dos efeitos especiais como um novo regime visual na arte cinematográfica. O estudo avança para além de uma historicidade ao entender que as possibilidades trazidas pela tecnologia de computação gráfica (CG) produziram uma significativa renovação das possibilidades visuais no cinema contemporâneo, o que com certeza reflete e refletirá ainda mais na forma de consumo dos produtos audiovisuais produzidos a partir da ampliação do uso dessas tecnologias digitais e seu paralelo com estética, a arte e a cultura. A desocultação do processo criativo presente na técnica abre portas para a compreensão renovada do imaginário social e especialmente às formas de sua manifestação no campo das artes e da cultura. A metodologia empregada neste estudo será baseada em dados secundários desde livros e autores, pequenos trechos de filme, frames e até aplicações tecnológicas para demonstrar as configurações trazidas pelos efeitos especiais em computação gráfica (CG). * frames: é cada um dos quadros ou imagem fixa de um produto audiovisual. / The object of study are the images of digital special effects in computer graphics (Computer Graphic Image - CGI) inserted in film narratives of today, mainly from the 1990s, with the plurality of new ways to make them viable based on simulation and in the context of a changing society in ways of creating and technical audiovisual playback. The proposed inquiry is to identify whether the special effects simulated by CGI and the resulting images are just rewriting practices and old techniques technologically upgraded, or are embedded in them new models of understanding the world today, if there is a visual scheme rearticulating the imaginary postmodern with new relationship between representation and simulation. These joints can open spaces to rethink the current relations with the digital images in a context between reason and the technique in modern optics, and the present time and pleasure, in the postmodern dimension. The aim of this study is to establish a dialogue with the special effects of second generation or Digital Visual Effect (DVFx) in addition to its practical applicability only as a tool for narrative language in movies but develop new links between the visible and the speakable, the possible visibility of special effects as a new visual regime in cinematic art.). The study goes beyond a historicity to understand that the opportunities brought about by computer graphics technology (CG) produced a significant renewal of visual possibilities in contemporary cinema, which certainly reflects and further reflected in the form of consumption of the produced audiovisual products from the expanded use of these digital technologies and its parallel with aesthetics, art and cultura.A unblinding of the creative process in this technique opens the door to a renewed understanding of the social imaginary and especially the forms of its manifestation in the arts and culture. The methodology used in this study is based on secondary data from books and authors, small snippets of film, frames and even technological applications to demonstrate the settings brought by special effects in computer graphics (CG). * Frames: is each of the frames or still image of an audiovisual product.