Numerous epidemiology studies suggest a correlation between exposures to polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) and the development and severity of type 2 diabetes (T2D); however, mechanisms remain largely unknown. Previous studies demonstrated that PCBs that are ligands of the aryl hydrocarbon receptor (AhR) promote the expression of proinflammatory cytokines, including tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α), that are linked to insulin resistance in adipocytes. To explore potential mechanisms linking PCB exposures to diabetes, we developed a mouse model of glucose and insulin intolerance induced by acute and chronic exposures to PCB-77. We hypothesized that PCB ligands of AhR result in adipocyte-specific elevations in TNF-α and dysregulated glucose homeostasis. Results demonstrated that PCB77 resulted in rapid and sustained glucose and insulin intolerance in low fat (LF)-fed mice, and that these effects were associated with adipose-specific elevations in TNF-α. When mice were made obese from consumption of a high fat (HF) diet, effects of PCB77 were lost presumably due to concentration of the toxin in adipose lipids. However, upon weight loss, mice exposed to PCB77 exhibit impaired glucose homeostasis. These results suggest that lipophilic PCBs redistribute from adipose lipids with weight loss and mitigate beneficial effects to improve glucose homeostasis. To define the role of adipocyte AhR in PCB-induced diabetes, we created a mouse 3 model of adipocyte AhR deficiency using the Cre/LoxP system. Adipocyte-AhR deficiency conferred protection from the development of PCB-77-induced impairments in glucose and insulin tolerance in obese mice undergoing weight loss. Unexpectedly, adipocyte-AhR deficient mice fed the HF diet exhibited adipocyte hypertrophy, increased adipose mass and elevated body weight. These results suggest that (1) adipocyte AhRs are responsible for effects of PCB77 to impair glucose homeostasis during weight loss and (2) adipocyte AhRs respond to the HF diet to regulate adipose mass and body weight. We used resveratrol as a putative AhR antagonist to determine if the polyphenol confers protection against PCB-77-induced diabetes. Resveratrol abolished acute effects of PCB77 to impair glucose and insulin tolerance in LF-fed mice. Notably, PCB77 administration abolished insulin-induced phosphorylation of Akt in adipose tissue and these effects were abolished by resveratrol. Resveratrol also abolished marked suppressions in glucose uptake in adipocytes exposed to PCB77. These studies suggest the adipocyte AhR plays a potentially significant role in the development of diabetes and obesity, and that resveratrol may represent a novel therapeutic for PCB exposed populations.

A ativação de Receptores de Hidrocarbonetos de Arila (AhR) é associada ao desenvolvimento de doenças cardiovasculares (DCV), dentre elas a aterogênese. Entretanto, não foi elucidado se a ativação do AhR por compostos/moléculas endógenas influenciaria o desenvolvimento de placas vulneráveis. Diante do exposto, o presente estudo testou a hipótese que a ativação do AhR mediada por compostos/moléculas endógenas contribui para o processo aterogênico e vulnerabilidade da placa aterosclerótica de camundongos nocautes para apoliproteína E (ApoE-/-). Nosso estudo mostrou que um dispositivo cilíndrico (cast), que promove estresse de cisalhamento baixo (ECB) e estresse de cisalhamento oscilatório (ECO), causa o desenvolvimento de placas ateroscleróticas com fenótipos vulnerável e estável de forma tempo dependente, em carótidas de camundongos ApoE-/- submetidos a dieta western. Regiões com ECB, apresentaram aumento na expressão de IL-1?, TNF-?, MMP-12 e do AhR, sugerindo que este receptor contribui com o processo inflamatório em placas vulneráveis, posto que ele regula a expressão gênica de mediadores pró-inflamatórios. O tratamento com CH223191 (antagonista AhR) diminuiu a vulnerabilidade da placa aterosclerótica, pois reduziu a quantidade de macrófagos, lipídeos, a geração de espécies reativas de oxigênio (EROs) e aumentou a quantidade de células de musculo liso (CML) em regiões com ECB. Além disso, o CH223191 reduziu a expressão de IL-1? em placas ateroscleróticas presentes no arco aórtico e a hipercolesterolemia dos camundongos ApoE-/-. Outrossim, nossos achados apontam que o CH223191 evita o prejuízo induzido por oxLDL na vasodilatação da artéria aorta de camundongos C57BL/6J. Em células endoteliais, a ativação do AhR mediada por oxLDL é responsável pela produção de IL-1?, evento bloqueado pelo CH223191. Nossos achados destacam o AhR como alvo promissor na compreensão de DCV e possível alvo terapêutico na aterosclerose. / Aryl hydrocarbon receptor (AhR) activation is associated with the development of cardiovascular diseases, including atherosclerosis. However, it is unknown whether AhR activation by endogenous compounds/molecules plays a role in the development and vulnerability of the atherosclerotic plaque. We hypothesized that AhR activation by endogenous compounds/molecules promotes atherogenesis and contributes to the formation of vulnerable plaques in apolipoprotein E knockout mice (ApoE-/-). A shear stress modifier (cylindrical device referred to as cast) was placed in the carotid arteries of ApoE-/- mice, creating areas of lower shear stress (LSS) and oscillatory shear stress (OSS), and inducing the development of atherosclerotic vulnerable and stable plaques, respectively, in a time-dependent manner. LSS regions exhibited increased expression of IL-1?, TNF-?, MMP-12 and AhR. Considering that AhR activation leads to transcription of proinflammatory markers transcription, it is possible that AhR expression in LSS regions is associated with the inflammatory process. Treatment with an AhR antagonist (CH223191) reduced lipid and macrophage accumulation and increased the smooth muscle cell content in LSS regions. Additionally, CH223191 reduced IL-1? expression in atherosclerotic plaques in the aortic arch from hypercholesterolemic ApoE-/- mice. Furthermore, CH223191 prevented oxLDL-induced vascular dysfunction (reduced ACh vasodilation) in C57BL/6J. In endothelial cells, oxLDL induced IL-1? release by mechanisms dependent on AhR activation, an effect prevented by CH223191. Our findings point to AhR as a possible new therapeutic target in cardiovascular diseases, including atherosclerosis.

A ativação de Receptores de Hidrocarbonetos de Arila (AhR) é associada ao desenvolvimento de doenças cardiovasculares (DCV), dentre elas a aterogênese. Entretanto, não foi elucidado se a ativação do AhR por compostos/moléculas endógenas influenciaria o desenvolvimento de placas vulneráveis. Diante do exposto, o presente estudo testou a hipótese que a ativação do AhR mediada por compostos/moléculas endógenas contribui para o processo aterogênico e vulnerabilidade da placa aterosclerótica de camundongos nocautes para apoliproteína E (ApoE-/-). Nosso estudo mostrou que um dispositivo cilíndrico (cast), que promove estresse de cisalhamento baixo (ECB) e estresse de cisalhamento oscilatório (ECO), causa o desenvolvimento de placas ateroscleróticas com fenótipos vulnerável e estável de forma tempo dependente, em carótidas de camundongos ApoE-/- submetidos a dieta western. Regiões com ECB, apresentaram aumento na expressão de IL-1?, TNF-?, MMP-12 e do AhR, sugerindo que este receptor contribui com o processo inflamatório em placas vulneráveis, posto que ele regula a expressão gênica de mediadores pró-inflamatórios. O tratamento com CH223191 (antagonista AhR) diminuiu a vulnerabilidade da placa aterosclerótica, pois reduziu a quantidade de macrófagos, lipídeos, a geração de espécies reativas de oxigênio (EROs) e aumentou a quantidade de células de musculo liso (CML) em regiões com ECB. Além disso, o CH223191 reduziu a expressão de IL-1? em placas ateroscleróticas presentes no arco aórtico e a hipercolesterolemia dos camundongos ApoE-/-. Outrossim, nossos achados apontam que o CH223191 evita o prejuízo induzido por oxLDL na vasodilatação da artéria aorta de camundongos C57BL/6J. Em células endoteliais, a ativação do AhR mediada por oxLDL é responsável pela produção de IL-1?, evento bloqueado pelo CH223191. Nossos achados destacam o AhR como alvo promissor na compreensão de DCV e possível alvo terapêutico na aterosclerose. / Aryl hydrocarbon receptor (AhR) activation is associated with the development of cardiovascular diseases, including atherosclerosis. However, it is unknown whether AhR activation by endogenous compounds/molecules plays a role in the development and vulnerability of the atherosclerotic plaque. We hypothesized that AhR activation by endogenous compounds/molecules promotes atherogenesis and contributes to the formation of vulnerable plaques in apolipoprotein E knockout mice (ApoE-/-). A shear stress modifier (cylindrical device referred to as cast) was placed in the carotid arteries of ApoE-/- mice, creating areas of lower shear stress (LSS) and oscillatory shear stress (OSS), and inducing the development of atherosclerotic vulnerable and stable plaques, respectively, in a time-dependent manner. LSS regions exhibited increased expression of IL-1?, TNF-?, MMP-12 and AhR. Considering that AhR activation leads to transcription of proinflammatory markers transcription, it is possible that AhR expression in LSS regions is associated with the inflammatory process. Treatment with an AhR antagonist (CH223191) reduced lipid and macrophage accumulation and increased the smooth muscle cell content in LSS regions. Additionally, CH223191 reduced IL-1? expression in atherosclerotic plaques in the aortic arch from hypercholesterolemic ApoE-/- mice. Furthermore, CH223191 prevented oxLDL-induced vascular dysfunction (reduced ACh vasodilation) in C57BL/6J. In endothelial cells, oxLDL induced IL-1? release by mechanisms dependent on AhR activation, an effect prevented by CH223191. Our findings point to AhR as a possible new therapeutic target in cardiovascular diseases, including atherosclerosis.

OBJECTIVE: The aryl hydrocarbon receptor (AhR) translocates to the nucleus and binds to the aryl hydrocarbon receptor nuclear translocator (ARNT) to regulate biological responses upon ligand activation. The aim of this study was to measure the effects of activation or inhibition of AhR activity on basal and glucose-stimulated insulin secretion (GSIS) from clonal pancreatic β-cells (INS-1) cultured under normal and glucolipotoxic (GLT) conditions (high glucose and fatty acid). METHODS: Insulin content and secretion were measured utilizing homogenous time-resolved fluorescence (HTRF) insulin assay kit (cisbio). Cells cultured in RPMI media containing 5 mM and 11 mM glucose were pre-incubated with the receptor agonist FICZ or antagonist CH223191 for 96 hours. Insulin secretion over 2 hours was reported as ng/million cells. Intracellular lipid was measured by fluorescence after Nile red staining. RESULTS: Incubation of INS-1 cells with 11 mM glucose and fatty acid increased lipid droplets, basal insulin secretion and inhibited GSIS compared to cells cultured in 4 mM glucose, characteristic of GLT. Incubation of INS-1 cells with 11 mM glucose alone also exhibited GLT characteristics. INS-1 cells cultured at 11 mM glucose and treated with antagonist (1.25 - 10 μM) had decreased lipid content and improved insulin secretion compared to cells cultured in 11 mM glucose alone. INS-1 cells cultured in 5 mM glucose and treated with the AhR agonist (1.25 - 10 μM) exhibited increased intracellular lipid and impaired insulin secretion. CONCLUSION: The AhR may play a mediatory role in the development of GLT in pancreatic β-cells cultured in excess nutrients and β-cell specific activator or inhibitor ligands of this receptor could potentially be a targeted therapeutic treatment of diabetes.

The Aryl Hydrocarbon Receptor (AhR) and the Aryl Hydrocarbon Nuclear Translocator (ARNT) play a role in mediating transcriptional responses to environmental pollutants, including the highly toxic compound 2,3,7,8-tetrachlorodibenzo -p-dioxin (TCDD) but also endogenous physiological ligands. More recent studies have also indicated that the AhR plays a role in the immune system notably in effector Th17 cells where it seems to be critical for the production of the IL-22 cytokine. It is known that AhR ligands such as dioxins can suppress CD8 T cell mediated antiviral immune responses but it is not known whether this reflects a direct role of the AhR in CD8 T cells.Accordingly, one objective of the present study was to explore AhR and ARNT expression in CD8 T cells. The initial strategy was to probe AhR and ARNT expression by western blot analysis. A second approach was to develop a mouse model that would fate mark single lymphocytes that have activated AhR signaling pathways. A third strategy was to examine the impact of deletion of AhR and ARNT on CD8 T-cell function.The data show that AhR and ARNT expression in CD8 T cells is limited to immune activated effector cells and these transcription factors are not expressed in naïve CD8 T cells. There are only low levels of AhR complexes in conventional CD8 positive cytotoxic T cells. To investigate AhR function at the single cell level we developed a mouse model to fate mark cells that have activated AhR signaling. In this model a mouse expressing Cre recombinase ‘knocked in’ to the CYP1A locus (CYP1A1Cre+/-) was backcrossed to the R26REYFP reporter mouse. In R26REYFP mice, a gene encoding EYFP is knocked into the ubiquitously expressed Rosa26 locus preceded by a loxP flanked stop sequence. CYP1A1 expression is controlled by AhR/ARNT complexes and the concept of our model was that cells that express AhR and ARNT complexes and are triggered with AhR ligands will express Cre recombinase and delete the loxP flanked stop sequence in the R26REYFP reporter locus and hence begin to express YFP.In vitro experiments demonstrated the validity of this AhR reporter model. The in vitro data reveal that expression of functional AhR/ARNT complexes occurs during Th17 and Tc17 cell differentiation but only a very low frequency of cytotoxic T cells activates the AhR. In vivo data found no evidence for AhR activation during T cell development in the thymus but show strong evidence for activation of AhR/ARNT signaling in innate lymphocytes in the gut. The ARNT transcription factor is highly expressed in cytotoxic T cells. These cells do not express functional AhR complexes, yet we considered that ARNT might play a role in CD8 T cell biology because of its ability to dimerise with the transcription factor Hif-1a. Our studies of T cells lacking ARNT expression revealed that in CD4 T cells the ARNT transcription factor regulates IL-17 and IL-22 production. In CD8 T cells we discovered that Hif-1a/ARNT signaling controls glycolysis in immune activated cells by sustaining expression of glucose transporters and multiple rate limiting glycolytic enzymes. ARNT was not required for CD8 T cell proliferation but was required for immune activated CD8 T cells to normally differentiate to express perforin and granzymes and to acquire the migratory program of effector T cells. Importantly, we discovered that Hif-1a/ARNT signaling is regulated by mTOR (mammalian target of rapamycin) thus revealing a fundamental mechanism linking nutrient sensing and transcriptional control of CD8 T-cell differentiation.

Polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) are synthetic organic chemicals that persist in the environment and are known to be carcinogenic to humans. Virtually all of the deleterious effects of PCB 126, the most potent dioxin-like PCB, are mediated by the aryl hydrocarbon receptor (AhR). By means of the common cofactor ARNT, the AhR signaling pathway can crosstalk with the hypoxia signaling pathway. Regulated by hypoxia-inducible factors (HIFs), the hypoxia pathway mediates responses to environments of reduced oxygen availability (hypoxia). This dissertation specifically examines the crosstalk and interference between these two pathways in the context of PCB 126 exposure. The results of this dissertation show that the antagonistic relationship between the AhR and hypoxia signaling pathways affects the function and responses of both AhR and HIF-1Α. We provide substantial evidence that ARNT is indeed a crucial factor in both the AhR and HIF-1Α signaling pathways. Furthermore, this dissertation examines regulatory mechanisms involved in AhR-mediated gene expression and identifies epigenetic regulation as a critical factor in AhR target gene expression. In summary, this dissertation helped to improve the understanding of mechanisms of PCB 126 toxicity. Understanding the detrimental biological effects of these ubiquitous environmental pollutants might ultimately have significant implications for human health.

Aquatic organisms in response to toxic insults from environmental pollutants activate defence systems including the aryl hydrocarbon receptor (AhR) in an attempt to metabolize and excrete these toxicants and their metabolites. These detoxification mechanisms however may come with certain energetic costs. I hypothesize that the activation of the AhR by β-Naphthoflavone (β-NF), a model AhR agonist, results in increased energetic costs requiring metabolic reorganization in rainbow trout hepatocytes. While the results obtained suggest that there are no significant energetic costs of AhR activation, analysis of enzyme activities suggests possible metabolic reorganization. This study also showed significant changes in cellular processes in hepatocytes over the incubation periods which previously were not reported. Furthermore, for the first time in fish hepatocytes, metabolic flux analysis (MFA) was used to examine intra-cellular metabolism, the applicability of which is discussed.

Aquatic organisms in response to toxic insults from environmental pollutants activate defence systems including the aryl hydrocarbon receptor (AhR) in an attempt to metabolize and excrete these toxicants and their metabolites. These detoxification mechanisms however may come with certain energetic costs. I hypothesize that the activation of the AhR by β-Naphthoflavone (β-NF), a model AhR agonist, results in increased energetic costs requiring metabolic reorganization in rainbow trout hepatocytes. While the results obtained suggest that there are no significant energetic costs of AhR activation, analysis of enzyme activities suggests possible metabolic reorganization. This study also showed significant changes in cellular processes in hepatocytes over the incubation periods which previously were not reported. Furthermore, for the first time in fish hepatocytes, metabolic flux analysis (MFA) was used to examine intra-cellular metabolism, the applicability of which is discussed.

<p>Chronic exposure to toxicant mixtures is a serious threat to environmental and human health. It is especially important to understand the effects of these exposures for contaminants, such as polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs), which are toxic, ubiquitous, and increasingly prevalent. Furthermore, estuarine systems are of particular concern, as they are highly impacted by a wide variety of pollutants; fish there are often exposed to some of the highest levels of contaminants of any vertebrate populations, along with other stressors such as fluctuations in water level, dissolved oxygen, and temperature. A population of <italic>Fundulus heteroclitus</italic> (the Atlantic killifish or mummichog, hereafter referred to as killifish) inhabits a Superfund site heavily contaminated with a mixture of PAHs from former creosote operations; they have developed resistance to the acute toxicity and teratogenic effects caused by the mixture of PAHs in sediment from the site. The primary goal of this dissertation was to better understand the mechanism(s) by which Elizabeth River killifish resist the developmental toxicity of a complex mixture of PAHs and to investigate the tradeoffs associated with this resistance. Because the aryl hydrocarbon receptor (AHR) pathway plays an important role in mediating the effects of PAHs, one major hypothesis of my work was that suppression of the AHR response plays an important role in the resistance of Elizabeth River killifish. For this reason, investigation of the activation of the AHR pathway, as measured by CYP induction, is a unifying thread throughout the work. Another major hypothesis of this work is that adaptation to PAHs has secondary consequences for Elizabeth River killifish, such as altering their response to other xenobiotics. To investigate these hypotheses, a series of experiments were carried out in PAH-adapted killifish from the Elizabeth River and in reference fish. The morpholino gene knockdown technique was modified for use in killifish; we demonstrated that CYP1A knockdown exacerbates PAH-driven cardiac teratogenesis and AHR2 (but not AHR1) knockdown rescues PAH-driven cardiac teratogenesis. Using acute toxicity tests of larval killifish, we showed that Elizabeth River killifish are less sensitive than reference larvae to chlorpyrifos, permethrin, and carbaryl. These results demonstrated that the adaptation was able to protect from multiple xenobiotics, not just PAHs. Using the in ovo ethoxyresorufin-o-deethylase (EROD) assay and a subjective cardiac deformity screen, we showed that the adaptation was spread throughout the killifish subpopulations of the Elizabeth River estuary. However, the adaptive response varied greatly among the subpopulations, which showed that AHR pathway suppression was not required for some level of protection from PAH toxicity. Finally, using the quantitative real-time PCR, the EROD assay, and cardiac deformity screening, we demonstrated that the adaptation was heritable for two generations of fish reared in clean laboratory conditions. The findings in this dissertation will help to reveal how mixtures of PAHs exert their toxic action in un-adapted organisms. Furthermore, these studies will hopefully demonstrate how chronic exposure to PAH mixtures can affect organisms at the population and even evolutionary level. Perhaps most importantly, they will help us to better predict the consequences and tradeoffs for organisms and populations persisting in PAH-contaminated environments.</p> / Dissertation

TiPARP is a PARP-like mART that is induced by and negatively regulates AHR transactivation. Despite these insights, not much is known about TiPARP. This study aimed to characterize the regulation of TiPARP by AHR, PDGFR, and ERα, and investigate potential receptor interplay. Gene expression studies revealed that coactivation of AHR and PDGFR can enhance TiPARP expression after 3 h relative to activation of either receptor pathway alone. Gene expression and ChIP studies demonstrated that while co-activation of AHR and ER enhanced AHR, ARNT, and ERα recruitment to the regulatory region of TiPARP, TiPARP mRNA levels were not potentiated by co-activation relative to activation of either pathway. Dissection of the 5’ regulatory region of TiPARP using reporter gene assays revealed that a putative AHRE cluster and an ERE half-site were functional. Lastly, overexpression of TiPARP with an estrogen-responsive reporter revealed that TiPARP can repress ERα signalling and requires its catalytic activity.