Forest fragmentation poses a serious danger to population diversity in plants and animals by increasing species isolation, thus reducing the population size and genetic diversity. However, little information is available concerning how fragmentation impacts plant diversity. AFLP fingerprinting was used to assess genetic diversity within and between populations of Asarum canadense L. (Canadian Wild Ginger) across 11 different populations in East-Central Indiana. AFLP fingerprints using two primer pairs generated 51 distinct bands with an average of 25.5 bands per primer. Forty-eight low molecular weight distinct polymorphic bands were observed (50-200 bp range). The percentage of polymorphism was low (0-25%) indicating low levels of genetic diversity within each population studied. NTSYSpc Numerical Taxonomy Analysis Software generated aphenogram that revealed high levels of homologies within populations (75-100%), with individuals from the same population typically clustered. The genetic diversity between populations ranged from 10-50%. The populations from Jay, Randolph and Henry Counties clustered together exhibiting -54% homology, while populations from Mien, Madison, and Huntington counties shared approximately 64% homology. The populations from Adams, Blackford, Delaware, and Grant counties shared approximately 66% homology. However, within this last group Blackford and Delaware counties shared 90% homology. There were no apparent effects of the size of the forest fragments on the observed diversity measures. A possible relationship between genetic diversity and spatial distance was observed between populations moving from east to west. Possible reasons for this observation may be due to forest types, age of forests, climatic factors, soil types, and/or anthropogenic activities. Overall, the low level of average diversity within the populations strongly suggests that the individuals inhabiting isolated forests primarily propagate by asexual means.Ball State UniversityMuncie, IN 47306 / Department of Biology

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京都大学 / 新制・課程博士 / 博士(人間・環境学) / 甲第23263号 / 人博第978号 / 新制||人||232(附属図書館) / 2020||人博||978(吉田南総合図書館) / 京都大学大学院人間・環境学研究科相関環境学専攻 / (主査)教授 瀬戸口 浩彰, 教授 加藤 眞, 教授 市岡 孝朗 / 学位規則第4条第1項該当 / Doctor of Human and Environmental Studies / Kyoto University / DFAM

Lee, Kit Lin. / Thesis (M.Phil.)--Chinese University of Hong Kong, 2007. / Includes bibliographical references (leaves 95-105). / Abstracts in English and Chinese. / Abstract --- p.i / 撮要 --- p.iii / Acknowledgements --- p.v / Table of contents --- p.vii / List of Tables --- p.x / List of Figures --- p.xi / List of Abbreviations --- p.xiii / Chapter Chapter 1: --- Literature Review --- p.1 / Chapter 1.1 --- Introduction --- p.1 / Chapter 1.1.1 --- History of Botanical Studies in Hong Kong --- p.1 / Chapter 1.1.2 --- Plant Species Named after Hong Kong --- p.2 / Chapter 1.2 --- Botanical Background of Asarum Plants --- p.5 / Chapter 1.2.1 --- Plant Species under the Family of Aristolochiaceae --- p.5 / Chapter 1.2.2 --- Herba Asari --- p.6 / Chapter 1.2.3 --- Classification of Asarum hongkongense --- p.8 / Chapter 1.2.4 --- Growing Habitat of Asarum hongkongense --- p.8 / Chapter 1.3 --- Medicinal Properties of Asari --- p.10 / Chapter 1.4 --- Chemical Constituents of Asari --- p.10 / Chapter 1.5 --- Aristolochic acid and Health Issues --- p.12 / Chapter 1.5.1 --- Aristolochic Acid Intoxication --- p.12 / Chapter 1.5.2 --- Description of Aristolochic Acid --- p.13 / Chapter 1.5.3 --- Toxicities of Aristolochic Acid --- p.13 / Chapter 1.5.4 --- Aristolochic Acid-Containing Plants --- p.15 / Chapter 1.5.5 --- Control of Aristolochic Acid-Containing Products --- p.17 / Chapter 1.5.6 --- Control of Aristolochic Acid-Containing Products in Hong Kong --- p.18 / Chapter 1.6 --- Objectives of Study --- p.19 / Chapter Chapter 2: --- Macroscopic Features of Asarum hongkongense --- p.20 / Chapter 2.1 --- Introduction --- p.20 / Chapter 2.2 --- Plant Material --- p.20 / Chapter 2.2.1 --- Asarum hongkongense --- p.20 / Chapter 2.2.2 --- Herba Asari --- p.23 / Chapter 2.3 --- Macroscopic Characteristics of Aarum hongkongense --- p.23 / Chapter 2.3.1 --- Leaf --- p.23 / Chapter 2.3.2 --- Root and Rhizome --- p.25 / Chapter 2.3.3 --- Flower --- p.27 / Chapter 2.4 --- Macroscopic Characteristics of Herba Asari heterotropoidis (Liaoxixin) --- p.31 / Chapter 2.4.1 --- Leaf --- p.31 / Chapter 2.4.2 --- Root and Rhizome --- p.31 / Chapter 2.4.3 --- Flower --- p.34 / Chapter 2.5 --- Discussion --- p.36 / Chapter Chapter 3: --- Microscopic Features of Asarum hongkongense --- p.38 / Chapter 3.1 --- Introduction --- p.38 / Chapter 3.2 --- Plant Materials --- p.39 / Chapter 3.3 --- "Chemical,Reagents and Instrumentation" --- p.39 / Chapter 3.4 --- Methods --- p.39 / Chapter 3.5 --- Microscopic Characteristics of Asarum hongkongense --- p.40 / Chapter 3.5.1 --- Transverse Section of Leaf --- p.40 / Chapter 3.5.2 --- Surface View of Leaf --- p.40 / Chapter 3.5.3 --- Transverse Section of Root --- p.43 / Chapter 3.5.4 --- Transverse Section of Rhizome --- p.43 / Chapter 3.5.5 --- Powder --- p.47 / Chapter 3.5.5.1 --- Pollens --- p.47 / Chapter 3.5.5.2 --- Vessels --- p.47 / Chapter 3.5.5.3 --- Starch Grains --- p.47 / Chapter 3.6 --- Microscopic Characteristics of Herba Asari heterotropoidis (Liaoxixin) --- p.49 / Chapter 3.6.1 --- Transverse Section of Leaf --- p.49 / Chapter 3.6.2 --- Surface View of Leaf --- p.49 / Chapter 3.6.3 --- Transverse Section of Root --- p.53 / Chapter 3.6.4 --- Transverse Section of Rhizome --- p.53 / Chapter 3.6.5 --- Powder --- p.56 / Chapter 3.6.5.1 --- Starch Grains --- p.56 / Chapter 3.6.5.2 --- Vessels --- p.56 / Chapter 3.7 --- Discussion --- p.58 / Chapter Chapter 4: --- Molecular DNA Sequencing of Asarum hongkongense --- p.61 / Chapter 4.1 --- Introduction --- p.61 / Chapter 4.2 --- Sample Preparation --- p.64 / Chapter 4.3 --- Method --- p.64 / Chapter 4.3.1 --- Extraction of Total DNA --- p.64 / Chapter 4.3.2 --- PCR Amplification of ITS1 and ITS2 Regions of rRNA Gene --- p.65 / Chapter 4.3.3 --- Purification of PCR Products --- p.65 / Chapter 4.3.4 --- Sequencing of ITS Regions --- p.66 / Chapter 4.3.4.1 --- Cycle Sequencing Reaction --- p.66 / Chapter 4.3.4.2 --- Purification of Sequencing Extension Products --- p.67 / Chapter 4.3.4.3 --- Electrophoresis by Genetic Analyzer --- p.67 / Chapter 4.3.4.4 --- Sequence Analysis and Alignment --- p.67 / Chapter 4.4 --- Results and Discussion --- p.68 / Chapter 4.4.1 --- Extraction of Total DNA --- p.68 / Chapter 4.4.2 --- PCR Amplification of ITS1 and ITS2 Regions of rRNA Gene --- p.68 / Chapter 4.4.3 --- Sequence Analyses --- p.68 / Chapter Chapter 5: --- Determination of Aristolochic Acid of Asarum hongkongense --- p.80 / Chapter 5.1 --- Introduction --- p.80 / Chapter 5.2 --- Sample Preparation --- p.81 / Chapter 5.3 --- Standard Preparation --- p.81 / Chapter 5.4 --- Experimental --- p.83 / Chapter 5.4.1 --- Chemical and Reagents --- p.83 / Chapter 5.4.2 --- Methods --- p.83 / Chapter 5.4.2.1 --- High-Performance Liquid Chromatography --- p.83 / Chapter 5.4.2.2 --- Mass Spectrometry --- p.85 / Chapter 5.4.3 --- Other Instrumentation --- p.85 / Chapter 5.5 --- Method Validation --- p.85 / Chapter 5.5.1 --- Calibration --- p.85 / Chapter 5.5.2 --- Precision --- p.87 / Chapter 5.5.3 --- Recovery Test --- p.88 / Chapter 5.5.4 --- Limit of Detection --- p.89 / Chapter 5.6 --- Results and Discussion --- p.90 / Chapter Chapter 6: --- Conclusion --- p.92 / References --- p.94

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