Ce travail aborde les rites et les monuments funéraires grecs au travers de toutes les sources iconographiques et écrites les plus pertinentes pour ce faire (vases, stèles, peintures, lois, épigrammes, littérature, etc.), datées avant tout des périodes classique et hellénistique. L’intérêt est de respecter le fonctionnement distinct de ces sources, pour ne pas que l’une constitue le faire-valoir ou la simple illustration de l’autre, et de dégager tous leurs apports. S’il s’agit avant tout d’un travail d’Histoire de l’art, fondé sur les sources qui servent notre propos, des exemples archéologiques supplémentaires émaillent également cette étude, de sorte à renforcer celle-ci, mais également à donner une meilleure vision au lecteur. Basée sur un système comparatif également, cette étude prend en compte la zone du monde grec antique répartie entre la Grèce propre, Macédoine comprise, l’Asie Mineure et, dans une moindre mesure, l’Italie du Sud. La thèse se divise en trois parties. La première se concentre avant tout sur les rites, du point de vue des vivants qui les pratiquent. La deuxième est orientée davantage sur la figure du défunt lui-même, ainsi que sur le monument qui marque sa sépulture. Enfin, la dernière partie consiste en une analyse des sources utilisées, de sorte à dégager leurs catégories d’apports et à voir si une certaine vision de la mort les sous-tend. / The present work deals with the Greek funerary rites and monuments via the most relevant iconographic and written sources (vases, stelai, paintings, laws, epigrams, literature, etc.) dating back to the Classical and Hellenistic times. The interest here is to abide by the specific mode of functioning of each source so that one source should not be perceived merely as the sparring-partner of another, and so as to be able to fully appreciate whatever they are bound to convey. Even though we are first and foremost dealing with Art History, relying on the sources that are most likely to serve our purpose, the present essay is also strewn with additional archaeological examples purporting to reinforce its central thesis; it is intent also on presenting the reader with as accurate a vision as possible. Based on a comparative system, the present essay takes into account the area of the Greek world comprising Greece proper, including Macedonia, Asia Minor, and, to a lesser extent, Southern Italy. It divides into three main parts. The first part focuses above all on rites from the standpoint of the living people who perform them. The second part deals more specifically with the figure of the deceased as such, as well as with the monument marking his/her burial-place. The third part consists of an analysis of the sources so as to point out their categories of contributions while examining whether they might or might not be subsumed by a specific vision of death.

Abstract This thesis offers the first detailed critical account of the Greek-Australian writer, Alex Doucas (1900-1962) who came to Australia in 1927 as a migrant from Asia Minor. It attempts to place his work in the perspectives of Greek and Australian literatures and to evaluate his position both as a migrant and as a writer. The Asia Minor Catastrophe and the exchange of populations between Greece and Turkey in 1923, as well as the Great Depression he faced in Australia along with many other Australians had a profound effect on his social outlook. Considered one of the pioneers of Greek-Australian Literature, Doucas played an important role in the development of Greek community life in Australia during the pre- and post-World War II periods. His work consists of two published novels (one posthumously) and a significant body of published and unpublished, stories, poems, translations and essays. Out of print for some decades, it remains largely unknown to the general public or even to academic circles in Greece and in Australia. It was, however, a landmark of Greek-Australian Literature and continues to have more than historical interest in its treatment of migration, exile and displacement, and in its use of intercultural perspectives to forge a positive vision for humanity. Although forced into ill-paid manual labour for much of his life after his arrival in Australia, Alex Doucas tried to develop links and relationships with Australian intellectual circles and to become involved in Australian life in the broadest way. At the same time, he never lost contact with social, political and literary developments in Greece. Alex Doucas maintained close relations with both the Greek and Australian literary traditions. As a writer he belongs to the Greek generation of the 1930s and its literary traditions. In his work, he dealt with events which took place in Anatolia before the Asia Minor Catastrophe as well as with the impact the catastrophe had on Greek society. He is one of the first writers of his generation who turned his attention to the “other side of the coin” and investigated the impact of the Catastrophe on the Turkish people. This perspective was adopted mainly due to the openness that he found in Australia, an openness that led to Multiculturalism. Alex Doucas was a multiculturalist before his time. His work is a fine example of the Australian version of Multiculturalism. Through his brother Stratis Doucas (also a writer) and others, he kept himself informed on all sorts of changes and developments in his native country, Greece, especially as it was shaped after the Asia Minor Catastrophe. At the same time, he tried to understand the Australian way of life, its culture and its literary traditions. His bi-cultural position gave him a powerful perspective. He attempted to understand the Australian way of life through his Greekness and to find answers for problematic events that happened in Greece through his Australian experience. Across the entire span of Doucas’s work, it is clear that his political philosophy and his belief in the goals of socialism played a crucial role in his consciousness of himself as a writer whose role was to provide the artistic equivalent of the philosophical basis of Marxism, best expressed in the Theses on Feuerbach (1845) by Marx, in his famous dictum, "Philosophers have hitherto only interpreted the world in various ways; the point is to change it". In other words, it was never enough for Doucas simply to describe in social realist terms the conditions of life and the aspirations of human beings. His aim was to show how these conditions might be changed for the better, not only for the individual, but for the community as a whole. Equally, he wished to show how people’s aspirations, particularly those of an immigrant community familiar with exile, suffering and loss, might be more fully realised.

Anatolia has been the cradle of many different cultures throughout history. One of these was the Celts who migrated from Europe to Anatolia in the 3rd century BC and had various impacts on the settlement pattern of the region called Galatia after their arrival. Therefore in Anatolia urbanization history we know them as Galatians. The main statement of this thesis is that, cultural identity is not a static, inherent quality, but a dynamic and contigent aspect of the existence of people. Therefore cultural identity should be regarded as a pattern continuum. In thisd study, in order to predict the Galatian settlement pattern until thr Roman dominance in the late 1st century BC in Anatolia, European Celtic settlement pattern has been reviewed as well as archaeolgical evidence and the Celtic language. The Hallstatt and the following La Tene periods in European history have been investigated since La Tene period is isochronic with Galatians in Anatolia. From the archaeological evidence in Europe, it is clear that the Celts established defended settlements, mastered the art of iron working and mining, and traded with the classical world. In previous literature, Anatolia Celts/Galatians have been regarded as nomads who were involved mostly in warfare. However, the location of their forts and village-like settlements along the ancient trade routes implies that they were settled people who were engaged in production and trading activities as well, similar to La Tene in Europe. Settlement types and their distribution pattern, linguistic and archaeological evidence investigated in this thesis verify that Celtic cultural identity in the history of Europe and Anatolia should be regarded as a pattern continuum.

This thesis is an examination of the role of architectural benefaction of the local elite on the urbanization of the Greek cities of Asia Minor in the Roman Imperial period, and its impact on the social status of the benefactor. While providing a theoretical framework for the nature of benefaction in antiquity and the pattern of architectural renewal of the Anatolian cities under the Roman influence, the thesis focuses on a single case study / the Hellenistic City Gate of Perge which was restored by Plancia Magna during the reign of Hadrian. After its renovation, the gate became an indispensible part of the urban activities of Perge and a source of pride for both the city and its donor. Hence, this study constitutes an attempt to investigate the involvement of Plancia Magna&rsquo / s architectural patronage within the Roman urbanization of Perge and also the transformation of the public persona of Plancia Magna in the center of the male-dominated Roman society.

Abstract This thesis offers the first detailed critical account of the Greek-Australian writer, Alex Doucas (1900-1962) who came to Australia in 1927 as a migrant from Asia Minor. It attempts to place his work in the perspectives of Greek and Australian literatures and to evaluate his position both as a migrant and as a writer. The Asia Minor Catastrophe and the exchange of populations between Greece and Turkey in 1923, as well as the Great Depression he faced in Australia along with many other Australians had a profound effect on his social outlook. Considered one of the pioneers of Greek-Australian Literature, Doucas played an important role in the development of Greek community life in Australia during the pre- and post-World War II periods. His work consists of two published novels (one posthumously) and a significant body of published and unpublished, stories, poems, translations and essays. Out of print for some decades, it remains largely unknown to the general public or even to academic circles in Greece and in Australia. It was, however, a landmark of Greek-Australian Literature and continues to have more than historical interest in its treatment of migration, exile and displacement, and in its use of intercultural perspectives to forge a positive vision for humanity. Although forced into ill-paid manual labour for much of his life after his arrival in Australia, Alex Doucas tried to develop links and relationships with Australian intellectual circles and to become involved in Australian life in the broadest way. At the same time, he never lost contact with social, political and literary developments in Greece. Alex Doucas maintained close relations with both the Greek and Australian literary traditions. As a writer he belongs to the Greek generation of the 1930s and its literary traditions. In his work, he dealt with events which took place in Anatolia before the Asia Minor Catastrophe as well as with the impact the catastrophe had on Greek society. He is one of the first writers of his generation who turned his attention to the “other side of the coin” and investigated the impact of the Catastrophe on the Turkish people. This perspective was adopted mainly due to the openness that he found in Australia, an openness that led to Multiculturalism. Alex Doucas was a multiculturalist before his time. His work is a fine example of the Australian version of Multiculturalism. Through his brother Stratis Doucas (also a writer) and others, he kept himself informed on all sorts of changes and developments in his native country, Greece, especially as it was shaped after the Asia Minor Catastrophe. At the same time, he tried to understand the Australian way of life, its culture and its literary traditions. His bi-cultural position gave him a powerful perspective. He attempted to understand the Australian way of life through his Greekness and to find answers for problematic events that happened in Greece through his Australian experience. Across the entire span of Doucas’s work, it is clear that his political philosophy and his belief in the goals of socialism played a crucial role in his consciousness of himself as a writer whose role was to provide the artistic equivalent of the philosophical basis of Marxism, best expressed in the Theses on Feuerbach (1845) by Marx, in his famous dictum, "Philosophers have hitherto only interpreted the world in various ways; the point is to change it". In other words, it was never enough for Doucas simply to describe in social realist terms the conditions of life and the aspirations of human beings. His aim was to show how these conditions might be changed for the better, not only for the individual, but for the community as a whole. Equally, he wished to show how people’s aspirations, particularly those of an immigrant community familiar with exile, suffering and loss, might be more fully realised.

Abstract This thesis offers the first detailed critical account of the Greek-Australian writer, Alex Doucas (1900-1962) who came to Australia in 1927 as a migrant from Asia Minor. It attempts to place his work in the perspectives of Greek and Australian literatures and to evaluate his position both as a migrant and as a writer. The Asia Minor Catastrophe and the exchange of populations between Greece and Turkey in 1923, as well as the Great Depression he faced in Australia along with many other Australians had a profound effect on his social outlook. Considered one of the pioneers of Greek-Australian Literature, Doucas played an important role in the development of Greek community life in Australia during the pre- and post-World War II periods. His work consists of two published novels (one posthumously) and a significant body of published and unpublished, stories, poems, translations and essays. Out of print for some decades, it remains largely unknown to the general public or even to academic circles in Greece and in Australia. It was, however, a landmark of Greek-Australian Literature and continues to have more than historical interest in its treatment of migration, exile and displacement, and in its use of intercultural perspectives to forge a positive vision for humanity. Although forced into ill-paid manual labour for much of his life after his arrival in Australia, Alex Doucas tried to develop links and relationships with Australian intellectual circles and to become involved in Australian life in the broadest way. At the same time, he never lost contact with social, political and literary developments in Greece. Alex Doucas maintained close relations with both the Greek and Australian literary traditions. As a writer he belongs to the Greek generation of the 1930s and its literary traditions. In his work, he dealt with events which took place in Anatolia before the Asia Minor Catastrophe as well as with the impact the catastrophe had on Greek society. He is one of the first writers of his generation who turned his attention to the “other side of the coin” and investigated the impact of the Catastrophe on the Turkish people. This perspective was adopted mainly due to the openness that he found in Australia, an openness that led to Multiculturalism. Alex Doucas was a multiculturalist before his time. His work is a fine example of the Australian version of Multiculturalism. Through his brother Stratis Doucas (also a writer) and others, he kept himself informed on all sorts of changes and developments in his native country, Greece, especially as it was shaped after the Asia Minor Catastrophe. At the same time, he tried to understand the Australian way of life, its culture and its literary traditions. His bi-cultural position gave him a powerful perspective. He attempted to understand the Australian way of life through his Greekness and to find answers for problematic events that happened in Greece through his Australian experience. Across the entire span of Doucas’s work, it is clear that his political philosophy and his belief in the goals of socialism played a crucial role in his consciousness of himself as a writer whose role was to provide the artistic equivalent of the philosophical basis of Marxism, best expressed in the Theses on Feuerbach (1845) by Marx, in his famous dictum, "Philosophers have hitherto only interpreted the world in various ways; the point is to change it". In other words, it was never enough for Doucas simply to describe in social realist terms the conditions of life and the aspirations of human beings. His aim was to show how these conditions might be changed for the better, not only for the individual, but for the community as a whole. Equally, he wished to show how people’s aspirations, particularly those of an immigrant community familiar with exile, suffering and loss, might be more fully realised.

Abstract This thesis offers the first detailed critical account of the Greek-Australian writer, Alex Doucas (1900-1962) who came to Australia in 1927 as a migrant from Asia Minor. It attempts to place his work in the perspectives of Greek and Australian literatures and to evaluate his position both as a migrant and as a writer. The Asia Minor Catastrophe and the exchange of populations between Greece and Turkey in 1923, as well as the Great Depression he faced in Australia along with many other Australians had a profound effect on his social outlook. Considered one of the pioneers of Greek-Australian Literature, Doucas played an important role in the development of Greek community life in Australia during the pre- and post-World War II periods. His work consists of two published novels (one posthumously) and a significant body of published and unpublished, stories, poems, translations and essays. Out of print for some decades, it remains largely unknown to the general public or even to academic circles in Greece and in Australia. It was, however, a landmark of Greek-Australian Literature and continues to have more than historical interest in its treatment of migration, exile and displacement, and in its use of intercultural perspectives to forge a positive vision for humanity. Although forced into ill-paid manual labour for much of his life after his arrival in Australia, Alex Doucas tried to develop links and relationships with Australian intellectual circles and to become involved in Australian life in the broadest way. At the same time, he never lost contact with social, political and literary developments in Greece. Alex Doucas maintained close relations with both the Greek and Australian literary traditions. As a writer he belongs to the Greek generation of the 1930s and its literary traditions. In his work, he dealt with events which took place in Anatolia before the Asia Minor Catastrophe as well as with the impact the catastrophe had on Greek society. He is one of the first writers of his generation who turned his attention to the “other side of the coin” and investigated the impact of the Catastrophe on the Turkish people. This perspective was adopted mainly due to the openness that he found in Australia, an openness that led to Multiculturalism. Alex Doucas was a multiculturalist before his time. His work is a fine example of the Australian version of Multiculturalism. Through his brother Stratis Doucas (also a writer) and others, he kept himself informed on all sorts of changes and developments in his native country, Greece, especially as it was shaped after the Asia Minor Catastrophe. At the same time, he tried to understand the Australian way of life, its culture and its literary traditions. His bi-cultural position gave him a powerful perspective. He attempted to understand the Australian way of life through his Greekness and to find answers for problematic events that happened in Greece through his Australian experience. Across the entire span of Doucas’s work, it is clear that his political philosophy and his belief in the goals of socialism played a crucial role in his consciousness of himself as a writer whose role was to provide the artistic equivalent of the philosophical basis of Marxism, best expressed in the Theses on Feuerbach (1845) by Marx, in his famous dictum, "Philosophers have hitherto only interpreted the world in various ways; the point is to change it". In other words, it was never enough for Doucas simply to describe in social realist terms the conditions of life and the aspirations of human beings. His aim was to show how these conditions might be changed for the better, not only for the individual, but for the community as a whole. Equally, he wished to show how people’s aspirations, particularly those of an immigrant community familiar with exile, suffering and loss, might be more fully realised.

Abstract This thesis offers the first detailed critical account of the Greek-Australian writer, Alex Doucas (1900-1962) who came to Australia in 1927 as a migrant from Asia Minor. It attempts to place his work in the perspectives of Greek and Australian literatures and to evaluate his position both as a migrant and as a writer. The Asia Minor Catastrophe and the exchange of populations between Greece and Turkey in 1923, as well as the Great Depression he faced in Australia along with many other Australians had a profound effect on his social outlook. Considered one of the pioneers of Greek-Australian Literature, Doucas played an important role in the development of Greek community life in Australia during the pre- and post-World War II periods. His work consists of two published novels (one posthumously) and a significant body of published and unpublished, stories, poems, translations and essays. Out of print for some decades, it remains largely unknown to the general public or even to academic circles in Greece and in Australia. It was, however, a landmark of Greek-Australian Literature and continues to have more than historical interest in its treatment of migration, exile and displacement, and in its use of intercultural perspectives to forge a positive vision for humanity. Although forced into ill-paid manual labour for much of his life after his arrival in Australia, Alex Doucas tried to develop links and relationships with Australian intellectual circles and to become involved in Australian life in the broadest way. At the same time, he never lost contact with social, political and literary developments in Greece. Alex Doucas maintained close relations with both the Greek and Australian literary traditions. As a writer he belongs to the Greek generation of the 1930s and its literary traditions. In his work, he dealt with events which took place in Anatolia before the Asia Minor Catastrophe as well as with the impact the catastrophe had on Greek society. He is one of the first writers of his generation who turned his attention to the “other side of the coin” and investigated the impact of the Catastrophe on the Turkish people. This perspective was adopted mainly due to the openness that he found in Australia, an openness that led to Multiculturalism. Alex Doucas was a multiculturalist before his time. His work is a fine example of the Australian version of Multiculturalism. Through his brother Stratis Doucas (also a writer) and others, he kept himself informed on all sorts of changes and developments in his native country, Greece, especially as it was shaped after the Asia Minor Catastrophe. At the same time, he tried to understand the Australian way of life, its culture and its literary traditions. His bi-cultural position gave him a powerful perspective. He attempted to understand the Australian way of life through his Greekness and to find answers for problematic events that happened in Greece through his Australian experience. Across the entire span of Doucas’s work, it is clear that his political philosophy and his belief in the goals of socialism played a crucial role in his consciousness of himself as a writer whose role was to provide the artistic equivalent of the philosophical basis of Marxism, best expressed in the Theses on Feuerbach (1845) by Marx, in his famous dictum, "Philosophers have hitherto only interpreted the world in various ways; the point is to change it". In other words, it was never enough for Doucas simply to describe in social realist terms the conditions of life and the aspirations of human beings. His aim was to show how these conditions might be changed for the better, not only for the individual, but for the community as a whole. Equally, he wished to show how people’s aspirations, particularly those of an immigrant community familiar with exile, suffering and loss, might be more fully realised.

Si les fouilles archéologiques menées depuis la fin des années 1960 ont enrichi nos connaissances sur Marseille grecque, la documentation relative à la période archaïque demeure restreinte dans le domaine des productions locales. L’artisanat de la sculpture est très peu représenté : seuls les quarante-quatre édicules en calcaire, trouvés rue Négrel au XIXe s. dans un même contexte, témoignent de l’activité d’ateliers locaux. Ces œuvres appartiennent à un type créé à Marseille à partir d’un modèle grec d’Asie Mineure, probablement introduit en Occident par les Phocéens, ou peut-être par d’autres colons ioniens, après 545 av. J.-C. : dans un naïskos (petit temple ou chapelle en grec), est assise une divinité féminine. Les études antérieures ont porté principalement sur l’identité de la déesse : plusieurs possibilités ont été envisagées avant que soit privilégiée l’interprétation comme Cybèle, mais cette attribution reste très controversée. La description et l’analyse de la série marseillaise sous tous ses aspects, pour la première fois présentée ici, offrent le point de départ d’une étude de l’ensemble des naïskoi à femme assise dans les cités phocéennes, ioniennes et éoliennes à l’époque archaïque. Pour comprendre les sculptures de Marseille, il est indispensable de retracer la circulation et les variantes du type depuis sa création à Milet, au plus tôt dans le 3e quart du VIe s. av. J.-C., jusqu’à son adaptation dans les cités de Grèce de l’Est et dans leurs colonies respectives. Malgré des différences stylistiques imputables aux ateliers régionaux et l’ajout, dans de rares cas, d’un petit lion, les naïskoi à femme assise forment un ensemble relativement homogène. / Although the archaeological excavations, carried out since the end of 1960’s, have substantially increased our knowledge on Greek city of Marseilles, our documentation on the Archaic Period remains restricted in the field of local productions. Sculture and its craft are poorly represented and the important series of 44 aedicules in limestone, found in the rue Négrel during the 19th century, still the only testimony for the existence of local workshops, which produced an iconographic type directly derived from a Greek model, created in Asia Minor, and most probably introduced through the Phocaeans – or perhaps by other groups of Ionian settlers – after 545 BC. These pieces of sculptures represent of small temple or shrine (naiskos in greek), within which a female deity is seated. The previous studies have focused on the identity of the goddess : several possibilities were envisaged before the interpretation as Cybele was privileges, but this attribution has raised a considerable debate. The present research is devoted to the analysis of this ensemble and more generally, to the study of aedicules with seated woman in the Phocaean, Ionian and Aeolian cities in the Archaic Period. As a matter of fact, the series from Marseilles can only be understood within a large-scale reflection, embracing the whole development of the type, from its creation at Miletus in the third quarter of the 6th century to its diffusion in the cities of Eastern Greece and in their colonies. In spite of stylistic differences attributable to regional workshops and of the addition, in a few cases of a small lion, the naiskoi with seated woman form a relatively homogeneous series.

L’étude de la Lydie antique s’est traditionnellement concentrée sur deux points : les recherches sur les origines de la monnaie et la période lydo-perse d’une part, et la cité de Sardes d’autre part. Cette recherche propose d’étudier cette région à partir d’un corpus numismatique, afin d’établir l’histoire de la Lydie à travers les différentes expériences impériales des époques hellénistique et romaine. Avec la conquête d’Alexandre le Grand et l’installation de l’ordre séleucide, la Lydie entre pleinement dans le monde grec. Avec l’extension de la puissance pergaménienne, et donc la rivalité croissante entre les Attalides et les Séleucides, les cités lydiennes se trouvent au coeur des grands enjeux internationaux de la période. Malgré l’installation romaine à la fin du IIe siècle avant J.-C., la Lydie reste troublée par les tensions de la basse époque hellénistique. L’étude de la période impériale ouvre d’autres perspectives : questionner la rupture traditionnelle entre période hellénistique et romaine, appréhender les conséquences la réforme monétaire d’Auguste, étudier les relations entre hellénisme et romanité et apporter un éclairage nouveau sur la « crise » du IIIe siècle. Cette étude propose d’inscrire la Lydie dans un temps long permettant de questionner les modalités de son intégration aux espaces impériaux qui la dominent et d’interroger les processus d’hellénisation et de romanisation d’une région orientale au passé prestigieux / The study of antique Lydia has traditionally been focused on two lines: research on the origin of the money and the Lydo-Persian period on the one hand, and the city of Sardis on the other hand. The aim of this research is to study the history of this region from a collection of numismatic sources, to establish the story of Lydia through the different imperial experience of the Hellenistic and Imperial areas. With Alexander’s conquest and the installation of the Seleucid’s organisation, Lydia completely joined the Greek world. With the extension of Pergamon’s power, and the rising rivalry between the Attalids and the Seleucids, Lydian cities found themselves at the heart of the time period’s major international issues. Despite the Roman settlement in Asia Minor at the end of the second century B.C., Lydia experienced tensions from lower Hellenistic period on. The study of the imperial period opens up other perspectives: disregarding the traditional separation between the Hellenistic and the Roman periods, grasping the consequences of Augustus’s monetary reform, reviewing the links between Hellenism and Romanity, and providing a new light upon the “crisis” of the Third century. This study would fit Lydia into a long time period, questioning its integration into imperial spaces which prevail over, and questioning the process of Hellenisation and Romanisation of a region which has a glorious past