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O objetivo deste trabalho foi propor potenciais misturas de pós para utilização na indústria automotiva, mais especificamente ligas metálicas aplicadas na produção de insertos de assentos de válvulas. A pesquisa foi dividida em etapas como segue a produção via metalurgia do pó: seleção dos componentes para as ligas metálicas estudadas, aquisição e preparo de cada um dos pós metálicos, caracterização física e microscópica dos componentes da mistura, definição das proporções a serem usadas, mistura dos pós constituintes, compactação a frio em prensa uniaxial, sinterização das peças de acordo com ciclo térmico e atmosfera específicos, realização de ensaios de dureza, resistência à compressão radial e análise microestrutural por microscopia de varredura eletrônica. As misturas de pós forma basicamente pó de ferro misturado com aços rápidos, AISI M3/2, D2 e M2. Os insertos produzidos com a liga metálica denominada M3/2 mostraram-se mais vantajosos em relação aos demais por terem apresentado melhor desempenho nos testes de dureza e resistência à compressão radial. / The aim of this study was to propose potential materials for use in the automotive industry, specifically alloys applied in the production of valve seat inserts. The research was divided in steps according to standard powder metallurgy technique: selecting components for the studied alloys, acquisition and preparation of each of the metal powders, physical and microscopic characterization of the components, defining the proportions to be used, a mixture of alloys, compaction in uniaxial presses, sintering the parts according to thermal cycle and specific atmosphere, hardness tests, resistance to radial compression and microstructural analysis using scanning electron microscopy. The powders mixtures were basically iron powder mixed with high-speed steels type AISI M3/2, D2 and M2. The valve seat inserts made with the alloy M3/2 showed to be more advantageous in relation to the other mixtures in terms of hardness and transverse rupture strength.

O objetivo deste trabalho foi propor potenciais misturas de pós para utilização na indústria automotiva, mais especificamente ligas metálicas aplicadas na produção de insertos de assentos de válvulas. A pesquisa foi dividida em etapas como segue a produção via metalurgia do pó: seleção dos componentes para as ligas metálicas estudadas, aquisição e preparo de cada um dos pós metálicos, caracterização física e microscópica dos componentes da mistura, definição das proporções a serem usadas, mistura dos pós constituintes, compactação a frio em prensa uniaxial, sinterização das peças de acordo com ciclo térmico e atmosfera específicos, realização de ensaios de dureza, resistência à compressão radial e análise microestrutural por microscopia de varredura eletrônica. As misturas de pós forma basicamente pó de ferro misturado com aços rápidos, AISI M3/2, D2 e M2. Os insertos produzidos com a liga metálica denominada M3/2 mostraram-se mais vantajosos em relação aos demais por terem apresentado melhor desempenho nos testes de dureza e resistência à compressão radial. / The aim of this study was to propose potential materials for use in the automotive industry, specifically alloys applied in the production of valve seat inserts. The research was divided in steps according to standard powder metallurgy technique: selecting components for the studied alloys, acquisition and preparation of each of the metal powders, physical and microscopic characterization of the components, defining the proportions to be used, a mixture of alloys, compaction in uniaxial presses, sintering the parts according to thermal cycle and specific atmosphere, hardness tests, resistance to radial compression and microstructural analysis using scanning electron microscopy. The powders mixtures were basically iron powder mixed with high-speed steels type AISI M3/2, D2 and M2. The valve seat inserts made with the alloy M3/2 showed to be more advantageous in relation to the other mixtures in terms of hardness and transverse rupture strength.

The standard view in epistemology is that propositional knowledge entails belief. Positive arguments are seldom given for this entailment thesis, however; instead, its truth is typically assumed. Against the entailment thesis, Myers-Schulz and Schwitzgebel (Noûs, forthcoming) report that a non-trivial percentage of people think that there can be propositional knowledge without belief. In this paper, we add further fuel to the fire, presenting the results of four new studies. Based on our results, we argue that the entailment thesis does not deserve the default status that it is typically granted. We conclude by considering the alternative account of knowledge that Myers-Schulz and Schwitzgebel propose to explain their results, arguing that it does not explain ours. In its place we offer a different explanation of both sets of findings-the conviction account, according to which belief, but not knowledge, requires mental assent.

The standard view in epistemology is that propositional knowledge entails belief. Positive arguments are seldom given for this entailment thesis, however; instead, its truth is typically assumed. Against the entailment thesis, Myers-Schulz and Schwitzgebel (Noûs, forthcoming) report that a non-trivial percentage of people think that there can be propositional knowledge without belief. In this paper, we add further fuel to the fire, presenting the results of four new studies. Based on our results, we argue that the entailment thesis does not deserve the default status that it is typically granted. We conclude by considering the alternative account of knowledge that Myers-Schulz and Schwitzgebel propose to explain their results, arguing that it does not explain ours. In its place we offer a different explanation of both sets of findings-the conviction account, according to which belief, but not knowledge, requires mental assent.

Assent, currently defined as “a child’s affirmative agreement”, is a way in which some children are included in the decision-making process regarding their participation in clinical research. Current guidelines for paediatric research do not provide clear directions for how assent should be handled, resulting in confusion among researchers. The goal of this research project was two-fold: to examine the ethical arguments for assent with a view to developing concrete moral justification for its being required, and to develop a framework of significant issues for an investigator to consider when deciding whether to gain assent from an individual child. After an in-depth analysis, it was determined that the ethical justification for assent arises from the researcher’s dual obligations to the child and his parents. A child’s parents are responsible for determining when and how he will develop his decision-making ability. The researcher has an obligation to engage with the child in a manner that complements their pedagogical style, while also treating the child as a being of moral worth. As a child’s family context has an influence on his participation in medical decision-making, further research on children’s daily decision-making within their families is needed. To this end, a three-phase research agenda was designed: a qualitative focus group study, a quantitative questionnaire study, and a discussion panel with paediatric experts. The children in these studies clearly desired to make decisions but did not express an interest in having complete control. They expected their parents to provide them with decision-making guidance in most aspects of their lives. Data collected from parents illustrated that they often tried to involve their children in decisions by providing them with limited options from which to choose and encouraging family discussion. Participants in the discussion panel stated that they did not expect children to make an independent decision regarding medical care, but they might attempt to give children smaller decisions, such as the arm used to provide a blood sample. These results indicate that the definition of assent should be revised, emphasising the child’s involvement in the overall decision making process, without an expectation of an “affirmative agreement”, likely mimicking a familiar decision-making setting from his family context. This could then be documented in the child’s clinical notes through a brief description of all relevant interactions and/or discussions with the child, resulting in an accurate portrayal of the entire assent process.

Democracy and democratic values have stagnated and are under attack. Current criticism of democracy points towards problems with efficiency, leniency towards undemocratic elements, collective problem-solving, and a suspension of the rule of law for public good. One solution to these problems could be to focus on teaching democratic values through literature in school. A suitable novel for this endeavor is the science-fiction novel Starship Troopers, written by Robert A. Heinlein in 1959, since it functions as fictional criticism and an alternative to democracy. However, most of the previous research conducted on Starship Troopers have focused on aspects regarding militarism and fascism. This research paper differs because it focuses specifically on how democracy is critiqued in the novel and how this critique could be used to teach democratic values. Teaching democratic values should be conducted since democracy and democratic values are arguably the most essential aspects of the fundamental values of the Swedish school system. Still, the relevant school policy documents do not define how these fundamental values are connected to the system of democracy and how they could be taught in a classroom. In order to fill that gap, this paper aims to use the theories and methods of didactic potential, Socratic pedagogy, and the politics of advocacy, attack, and assent to help students become more self-aware of their fundamental democratic values. The analysis demonstrates that Starship Troopers criticizes essential elements of democracy and complements those elements with its own alternative fundamental elements and values. The analysis also demonstrates how this critique can be used as a complement in a philosophical discussion that helps students become more self-aware of their fundamental democratic values.

Principe cardinal du droit de la santé, le consentement est traditionnellement étudié sous le prisme unique de la relation binaire : praticien - patient. Pourtant, bien qu'il doive être recueilli dans le cadre de ce colloque singulier, le consentement est la résultante d'une interaction réciproque entre trois liens liant le patient, le praticien et le financeur public. En effet, à l'instar de l'adage "Idem est non esse aut non probari", le consentement ne serait rien, s'il ne pouvait être effectif. C'est bien la reconnaissance du droit à la santé, impliquant un droit universel aux prestations sociales, qui lui permet d'être favorisé. Mais, financée par la solidarité et obligée par le principe d'équilibre budgétaire, l'assurance maladie se doit de maîtriser ses dépenses en agissant en financeur éclairé. Pour ce faire, elle participe à une politique d'infléchissement des comportements des patients en leur qualité d'assuré social. Tantôt favorisé, le consentement, expression individuelle de volonté, tend à être dépassé au profit d'un consentement social jugé responsable. Entre prévention et éducation, la responsabilisation a pour objectif d'accroître l'efficience de la prise en charge du risque maladie pour soi même, mais également pour la collectivité. Ainsi, le consentement, mode d'expression des droits et libertés fondant la disposition juridique corporelle, est plus que jamais celui du patient assuré social évoluant dans une démocratie sanitaire aux pourtours encore flous oscillant entre incitation et obligation et venant parfois s'achopper au principe de liberté de la vie privée. / A major principle of health law, assent is traditionally seen within the boundaries of the binaryrelationship “patient-medical practitioner”. However, assent results from the mutual interaction between patients, medical practitioners and the social security system. Indeed, as the saying notes "Idem est non esse aut non probari", the assent must be effective to really exist. It is promoted by the recognition of the “right to health care”, implying a universal right of social security benefits. However, being financed by solidarity and obliged to respect the constitutional principle of budgetary equilibrium, social insurance must contain its costs. This is why it partakes in a policy of modification of insured patients' behaviours. The assent, at times favoured as anindividual expression of will, tends to overtaken by a social assent, thought to be socially responsible. Between prevention and education, responsibilization aims at increasing efficiency of health care management. Thus, assent, expression of rights and liberties founded on the principle of “disposing of one's body”, is more than ever the insured patient's assent. This insured patient lives in a sanitary democracy which has hazy contours oscillating between incitation and healthcare obligation. These may struggle with the right to respect for private life.

Syfte Syftet med uppsatsen är att vi ska identifiera nya potentiella utvecklingsmöjligheter med direktreklam. Vilken betydelse har DR för företagen? Metod Den här uppsatsen har vi valt att genomföra utifrån en deduktiv ansats med en kvalitativ karaktär. Det här valet gjorde vi därför att vår strävan har varit att kunna besvara vårt forskningsproblem. Vi har genomfört sex intervjuer, för att ha kunnat samla in våra empiriska data, med personer i ledande positioner på företag som arbetar eller är i kontakt med direktreklam. Tre av dessa har varit personliga intervjuer, två telefonintervjuer och en via e-post. Slutsatser Vi har kommit fram till att direktreklam är en mycket stark och fortfarande mycket aktuell marknadsföringskanal. Trots den stämpel som direktreklamen har fått, av att vara skräppost och junkmail, så har kanalen ändå något alldeles extra att tillföra konsumenterna tycker vi. Direktreklamens fysiska attribut skapar en speciell känsla bland mottagarna av den. Direktreklamen har flera positivt utmärkande egenskaper då vi anser att den både kan driva försäljning och bygga varumärken så länge som dess budskap är relevant för konsumenten. För att relevansen skall finnas med i meddelandet måste företag hantera konsumenternas integritet med respekt. Den integriteten kan företagen respektera genom att ha en tillräckligt nära kommunikation med kunden, vilket på sikt även stärker relationen. Kommunikationen mellan företagen och kunderna sker genom den adresserade direktreklamen som därför har kommit att bli aktuell för oss att utveckla. Utvecklingsmöjligheterna ligger därför i att konsumenterna ska kunna, via internet, välja vilken reklam som de själva vill ha i brevlådan. Det här samtycket bidrar till att kunderna blir sedda, vilket på sikt kan leda till att deras lojalitet inför både företaget och dess varumärke kan stärkas. När kunderna blir lojala så kommer också företagens träffsäkerhet med utskicken att bli bättre. Konsekvensen av det kan bli att den totala volymen av direktreklam minskar, vilket i sin tur leder till en bättre miljö, samtidigt som företagens distributionskostnader reduceras. När andelen av nöjda kunder växer så ökar också lönsamheten för företagen. Därför anser vi att det här förslaget är något som både företagen och kunderna tjänar på i längden, då modellen bidrar till en win - win situation där båda parterna till slut blir vinnare. / Purpose The purpose of this essay is to identify new development opportunities for direct mail. What impact has direct mail on the companies? Method This essay we have chosen to implement is based on a deductive approach with a qualitative nature. We made this choice to be able to answer our research problem. We have conducted six interviews, to collect our empirical data, with managers in companies that are working or in contact with direct mail. Three of these were personal interviews, two telephone interviews and one was made by e-mail. Conclusions We have found that direct mail is still a very strong and very current marketing channel. Despite the stigma that direct mail has been received to be spam and junk mail it has something special to bring to the customers. Direct mail´s physical attributes creates a special feeling among consumers. Direct mail has several positive features, since we believe that it can both drive sales and build brands as long as its message is relevant to the consumer. For the relevance to be included in the message, companies have to deal with consumer privacy with respect. Companies can conform to consumer´s integrity by having a sufficiently close communication with the customer, which in time also strengthens the relationship. Companies communicate with customers through the addressed direct mail, which therefore has to be defined for us to develop. The potential is therefore in that the consumer can by using an internet based technology choose the advertising that they want in their mailbox. This permission marketing based solution helps companies to have a better look on their clients, which also could ultimately lead to strength consumer´s loyalty. As customers become more loyal so will the companies' success rates by mailing to be better. The total volume of direct mail will be reduced which leads to a better environment conditions, while companies distribution costs will be also decreased. When the percentage of satisfied customers grows, the profitability of companies will increase. Therefore, we believe that this proposal is something that both businesses and customers benefit from in the long run as the model contributes to a win - win situation where both parties end up being winners.