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Thesis (MSc (Mathematics))--Stellenbosch University, 2008. / In the Benchmark Approach to Finance, it has been shown that by taking the Growth Optimal Portfolio as numéraire, a candidate for a pricing derivatives formula under the real world probability can be given. This result allows us to price in an incomplete financial market model. The result comes from two different approaches. In the first approach we use the supermartingale property of portfolios in units of the benchmark portfolio which leads to the fact that an equivalent measure is not needed. In the second approach the numéraire property of the Growth Optimal Portfolio is used. The numéraire portfolio defines an equivalent martingale measure and by change of measure using the Radon-Nikodým derivative, a real world pricing formula is derived which is the same as the one given by the first approach stated above.

The first empirical chapter examines the existence of a 'net equity issuance' (NEI) effect in the UK stock market. Net Equity Issuance (NEI) refers to the change in a firm's shares outstanding due to events such as SEOs, acquisitions financed by share issues, issues to staff and share repurchases. The NEI effect is the ability of share issuance by firms to predict their subsequent stock returns. My results mainly suggest that there is an NEI effect in the UK. However, a discrepancy exists between the UK results and those found in the US. In the UK market, negative-NEI stocks tend to show negative subsequent returns while zero-NEI stocks have the highest subsequent returns. I also find that the abnormal returns from the NEI effect disappear when transaction costs are taken into account. Furthermore, the asset pricing test results suggest that the new factor models partially explain the NEI effect in the UK. The second empirical chapter evaluates the information content of new asset pricing factors in the UK. I find that two new risk factors, the investment factor and the profitability factor, improve the factor model's performance in the UK while both the size factor 'small minus big' (SMB) and the value factor 'high minus low' (HML) are redundant. There is also evidence that factor construction methods matter to the information content of the profitability factor. The most informative profitability factor in the UK among the possible candidates is constructed using income before extraordinary items scaled by book equity. The third empirical chapter explores the information content of the two new factors by linking them to the state variables which predict future investment opportunities. By doing this, I find confirmative evidence that the two new risk factors may proxy for state variables that capture time variations in the investment opportunity set. I find empirical evidence which confirms that the investment factor predicts future economic growth, proxied by GDP growth, investment growth and consumption growth. In addition, the investment factor is found to be related to dividend yield shocks, whereas the profitability factor is related to inflation shocks. In addition, the pricing significance of macroeconomic variable shocks disappears when loadings on the two new factors are presented in the model. The evidence therefore provides economic interpretation to the information content of the new asset pricing factors in the UK market.

Submitted by Ricardo Buscariolli Pereira (ribusca@yahoo.com) on 2014-06-18T16:45:36Z No. of bitstreams: 1 tese_final.pdf: 7712126 bytes, checksum: 31167f00e858b4955d0dbdbde639006a (MD5) / Approved for entry into archive by Suzinei Teles Garcia Garcia (suzinei.garcia@fgv.br) on 2014-06-18T18:36:04Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 1 tese_final.pdf: 7712126 bytes, checksum: 31167f00e858b4955d0dbdbde639006a (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2014-06-18T20:06:52Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 tese_final.pdf: 7712126 bytes, checksum: 31167f00e858b4955d0dbdbde639006a (MD5) Previous issue date: 2014-05-23 / This dissertation is composed of three related essays on the relationship between illiquidity and returns. Chapter 1 describes the time-series properties of the relationship between market illiquidity and market return using both yearly and monthly datasets. We find that stationarized versions of the illiquidity measure have a positive, significant, and puzzling high premium. In Chapter 2, we estimate the response of illiquidity to a shock to returns, assuming that causality runs from returns to illiquidity and find that an increase in firms' returns lowers illiquidity. In Chapter 3 we take both effects into account and account for the endogeneity of returns and illiquidity to estimate the liquidity premium. We find evidence that the illiquidity premium is a smaller than the previous evidence suggests. Finally, Chapter 4 shows topics for future research where we describe a return decomposition with illiquidity costs.