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Accurate prediction of tsunami waves requires complete boundary and initial condition data, coupled with the appropriate mathematical model. However, necessary data is often missing or inaccurate, and may not have sufficient resolution to capture the dynamics of such nonlinear waves accurately. In this thesis we demonstrate that variational data assimilation for the continuous shallow water equations (SWE) is a feasible approach for recovering both initial conditions and bathymetry data from sparse observations. Using a Sadourny finite-difference finite volume discretisation for our numerical implementation, we show that convergence to true initial conditions can be achieved for sparse observations arranged in multiple configurations, for both isotropic and anisotropic initial conditions, and with realistic bathymetry data in two dimensions. We demonstrate that for the 1-D SWE, convergence to exact bathymetry is improved by including a low-pass filter in the data assimilation algorithm designed to remove scale-scale noise, and with a larger number of observations. A necessary condition for a relative L2 error less than 10% in bathymetry reconstruction is that the amplitude of the initial conditions be less than 1% of the bathymetry height. We perform Second Order Adjoint Sensitivity Analysis and Global Sensitivity Analysis to comprehensively assess the sensitivity of the surface wave to errors in the bathymetry and perturbations in the observations. By demonstrating low sensitivity of the surface wave to the reconstruction error, we found that reconstructing the bathymetry with a relative error of about 10% is sufficiently accurate for surface wave modelling in most cases. These idealised results with simplified 2-D and 1-D geometry are intended to be a first step towards more physically realistic settings, and can be used in tsunami modelling to (i) maximise accuracy of tsunami prediction through sufficiently accurate reconstruction of the necessary data, (ii) attain a priori knowledge of how different bathymetry and initial conditions can affect the surface wave error, and (iii) provide insight on how these can be mitigated through optimal configuration of the observations. / Thesis / Candidate in Philosophy

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In his Kirkman tetralogy, Fred Chappell refutes ill-conceived Appalachian stereotypes via his refreshingly intelligent and sophisticated cast of mountaineer players. However, Chappell’s characters do not exist without flaws. Jess Kirkman, the tetralogy’s narrator, is a particularly tortured figure. Perpetually struggling to assimilate into his native mountain culture, Jess represents the Appalachian Other, an individual who is born into Southern Highland society, but who is, ironically, treated like an outsider by his peers. Throughout Chappell’s first novel, Jess’s inability to connect with his own family members becomes evident. In books two and three, readers see that, although several of Jess’s male relatives share his assimilative struggles, the women in his family are warmly embraced members of Appalachian society. While Jess desperately attempts to win the approval of his peers in novel four, he ultimately accepts his otherness, thus embracing the permanency of his outsider status.

Hur definierar lärare sitt ledarskap, vad har format deras syn på och vad upplever de som väsentligt i sitt ledarskap? Detta arbete har undersökt dessa frågor genom att dels genomföra intervjuer med två lärare och dels genom en enkätundersökning på en gymnasieskola. Den teoretiska ansatsen har varit hermeneutisk, dvs att resultaten har tolkats utifrån den innebörd som läggs in i handlingar och begrepp. Det visade sig att lärare definierar sitt ledarskap ganska varierande och att detta kan förstås utifrån avsaknaden av en gemensam teoretisk bakgrund.

Vi skapas och omskapas i möten där det kulturella har en given plats. Sverige har omskapats från att vara ett relativt etniskt homogent land till en mångkulturell nation. Vårt syfte med detta examensarbete är att undersöka hur internationalisering kommuniceras och synliggörs i två läseböcker inriktade mot skolår 1. Vi avser att undersöka hur de kommunicerar utifrån Lpo-94:s internationaliseringsuppdrag och om böckerna har en kulturell och etnisk mångfald. Metoden vi använder oss av består av bildanalyser och textanalyser eftersom läseböckerna vi valt kommunicerar i båda genrerna. I analyserna har vi haft i beaktande att läromedel är en produkt av sin tid och utifrån detta har vi valt två nyutgivna läseböcker, Läsdax 1 och Kråkes läsebok. I analyserna kom vi fram till att de två läseböckerna är två skilda produkter av sin samtid. Läsdax 1 påvisar i text- och bildrepresentationen ett mångkulturellt jag-perspektiv medan Kråkes läsebok utgår från det individcentrerade samhället som råder idag med ett individcentrerat perspektiv. Vi upptäckte under vår analysfas dolda strukturer som exempelvis stereotyper och assimilerade karaktärer. De båda läseböckernas fokus ligger inte på internationaliseringsperspektivet men vi anser dock att det finns möjligheter för ett internationaliseringsarbete utifrån dem. Enligt vår läseboksundersökning i skolår 1 använder majoriteten av skolorna läseböcker. Vi har fått en bild av att läseböcker främst används för att utveckla en mer tekniskt orienterad lästräning hos elever. Vi vill förtydliga att vi är väl medvetna om att vår granskning och analys inte säger något om hur läseböckerna används ute i skolorna eller om, och i så fall hur, dessa läromedel kompletteras.

Acculturation refers to the process of change and adaptation that occurs between members of cultural groups, especially when one or more minority groups merge with the majority (Berry, 1980). In order to effectively manage diversity, organizational leaders are beginning to realize the importance of understanding the dynamics associated with cross cultural interactions in the workplace. This dissertation focuses on the acculturation mode of assimilation relative to the experiences of 101 African Americans employed in faculty and staff positions in colleges and universities located in the Southeastern United States. Specifically, the moderating role of ethnic identity on the relation between perceived pressure to assimilate and compliance, and the relations between compliance and both work stress and turnover intentions were assessed. The concept of perceived pressure to assimilate in organizations suggests that employees perceive that they are expected to deny their ethnic identities, or at least their expression, at work in order to conform to the norms of the organization. However, for employees with strong ethnic identities, their ethnicity is an essential component of their self-concept and pressure to deny that aspect of themselves may result in a conflict where they must decide whether to comply or to leave the organization. A Model of the Individual Consequences of Assimilation Pressure is presented based upon the Role Taking Model (Katz & Kahn, 1978), the Model of the Effects of Culture on Role Behavior (Stone-Romero, Stone and Salas, 2003), the Acculturation Typology (Berry, 1980), and the Model of Social Influence (Kelman, 1958). The participants completed questionnaires designed to assess the following constructs: perceived pressure to assimilate, ethnic identity, compliance, work stress, and turnover intentions. In order to obtain an additional assessment of compliance, the primary participants compliance behavior was rated by their coworkers. As hypothesized, the results supported a positive relation between compliance and work stress. The other hypothesized relations were not supported. The implications of these results, a discussion of the study s limitations, and directions for future research are presented.

Efforts to learn more about the oceans that surround us have increased dramatically as the technological ability to do so grows. Autonomous Underwater Vehicles (AUVs) are one such technological advance. They allow for rapid deployment and can gather data quickly in places and ways that traditional measurement systems (bouys, profilers, etc.) cannot. A ROMS-based data assimilation method was developed that intelligently plans for and integrates AUV measurements with the goal of minimizing model standard deviation. An algorithm developed for this system is first described that optimizes paths for AUVs that seeks to improve the model by gathering data in high-interest locations. This algorithm and its effect on the ocean model are tested by comparing the results of missions made with the algorithm and missions created by hand. The results of the experiments demonstrate that the system is successful in improving the ROMS ocean model. Also shown are results comparing optimized missions and unoptimized missions.

Abstract Investigation of a Commercial Product (BiOWiSH­­TM) for Nitrogen Management Eva Lee BiOWiSH–Aqua, which has the capability of treating nitrogen from wastewater through bioaugmentation, is a commercial product consisting of a blend of microorganisms developed by BiOWiSH Technologies. A study of the treatment of nitrogen compounds (i.e. , , and ) using Biowish–Aqua was conducted using small scale experiments (flask experiments) and large scale experiments (column reactor experiments). In this work, column reactors were created to test Biowish–Aqua’s nitrogen treating capabilities by providing enough depth to simulate the dissolved oxygen gradient that can be observed in a pond. The results show that the optimal growth conditions for both ammonia assimilating and denitrifying bacteria are an anoxic environment with a carbon-to-nitrogen ratio of 2:1. Under this optimal growth environment, Biowish–Aqua was able to assimilate ammonia with a zero order k value of 3.06 ppm/day. Also, under the same conditions, Biowish–Aqua was able to eliminate nitrate ( ) and nitrite ( ) at a rate of 9.58 ppm/day and 5.64 ppm/day respectively. The experiments also suggested that with a C:N ratio of 2:1, Biowish–Aqua did not have an effect in slowing the hydrolysis of urea. Overall, this research suggests that the application of Biowish–Aqua is a feasible nitrogen removing strategy for wastewater with initial presence of ammonia and nitrate between 10 to 20 ppm. Keywords: Ammonia assimilation, Bioaugmentation, BiOWiSH, Denitrification