Theoretical models of parenting that explain parenting behaviors (e.g., Belsky's (1984) model) generally lack consideration of cultural variables among various ethnic groups, particularly Chinese Americans. One such concept is guan that literally means training (Chao, 1994) (or called training parenting attitude in the present study). Moreover, literature has shown that acculturation and family socioeconomic status significantly influence parenting attitudes and behaviors pertaining to various forms of punitive parenting, namely, authoritarian parenting, corporal punishment, and child physical abuse among the Chinese American population. The training parenting attitude (as a culture-specific parenting attitude) and disciplinary belief (as a traditional parenting attitude) are taken into consideration in the proposed theoretical models of parenting for Chinese Americans.One hundred and seventeen Chinese American mothers who have at least one child in the age range of 4 to 12 years old participated in this study. Structural equation modeling was used to test viable models of punitive parenting. Results indicated that the originally proposed primary model was incorrectly specified. The primary model was then respecified and re-estimated by eliminating the unreliable measures and correlating between the error terms of some observed variables. Consistent with the theory of planned behavior, results indicated that Chinese American mothers with favorable attitudes toward authoritarian parenting were more likely to engage in authoritarian parenting behavior. However, neither acculturation nor family socioeconomic status was found to significantly influence either parenting attitudes or behaviors pertaining to authoritarian parenting. Discriminant function analysis was performed to predict thelevels of engagement (i.e., presence or absence) in corporal punishment and physical abuse from a set of predictors. Findings revealed that only the discriminant function for corporal punishment was significant. Authoritarian parenting and disciplinary belief were found to be the most significant predictors of the levels of engagement in corporal punishment.Further research is needed to explore the predictors for the engagement in authoritarian parenting, corporal punishment, and child physical abuse among the Chinese American population. In addition, professionals should interpret parenting behaviors in terms of the cultural meaning of Chinese American parents. Finally, the limitations of the present study include the lack of access to a diversified sample, self-report bias, low reliabilities of some measures, and the weaknesses of structural equation modeling along with discriminant function analysis. / Department of Counseling Psychology and Guidance Services

Historically, American Sign Language (an aspect of Deaf culture) has been rendered invisible in mainstream hearing society. Today, ASL’s popularity is evidenced in an ethnolinguistic renaissance; more second language learners pursue an interest in ASL than ever before. Nonetheless, Deaf and hearing people alike express concern about ASL’s place in hearing culture. This qualitative study engages ethnographic methods of participant observation and semi-structured interviewing as well as popular media analysis to understand language ideologies (ideas and objectives concerning roles of language in society) hearing and Deaf Signers hold about motivations and practices of other hearing Signers. Although most hearing ASLers identify as apolitical students genuinely seeking to build bridges between disparate communities, I argue that ASLers are most concerned with hearing Signers’ colonization of the language through commoditization and cultural appropriation.

This dissertation examines the adaptation of Christian refugees from Southern Sudan—primarily Dinkas and mostly educated—to living in Ottawa, Canada, not historically a gateway immigrant city. The discussion is based on sustained observation, documentation and analysis of South Sudanese refugees between 2005 and 2009, including 32 recorded interviews of adults, as well as a focus group held with young adults. It examines the findings through the lenses of social capital, with its focus on trust and reciprocity, and segmented assimilation to study the South Sudanese refugees’ integration through their most important groupings: ethnic, gendered, racial and religious. The study also focuses on the cultural, gender and language dynamics of a nascent South Sudanese-focused congregation and a related East African congregation. The experiences of Anglican and Catholic congregations with Christian Sudanese refugees were also examined. The research suggests that inter-culturally competent ethnic and religious leadership is central to the ability of migrant groups in the Global North to have enough bonding social capital to mediate the adaptation process and to bridge or link to other groups. First-wave, mostly male, educated refugees often have the inter-cultural skills and agency to set up effective organizations, but a continued focus on their region of origin, facilitated by the Internet and cell phones, makes a sustained emphasis on organizational-supported living in Canada difficult. While the values of many Sudanese-born women and their children converge with those of mainstream Canadian society, men living within patriarchal value systems, supported by literal interpretations of Holy Scriptures, face challenges, and the resulting conflicts threaten family cohesion. Both the denominational and the ethnic churches, in supporting new migrants spiritually and socially, are caught between denominational parameters and goals of ethnic identity, culture and values maintenance, made more difficult by the Sudanese not having a common language. The dissertation also begins to analyze the impact for recent African Christian immigrants of a culture that emphasizes individual rights, including the effects of the increasing presence of openly gay leaders in the Canadian but not in the African Church. / Cette dissertation se penche sur l’adaptation des réfugiés chrétiens originaires du Sud du Soudan, en majorité d’ethnie Dinka et scolarisés, vivant à Ottawa, Canada. Les résultats de la recherche sur 5 ans suggèrent qu’une gestion adéquate des dynamiques ethniques et religieuses au niveau interculturel est capitale dans la capacité des groupes de migrants dans les pays développés pour générer suffisamment de capital social et faciliter le processus d’adaptation pour se lier à d’autres groupes. Les églises confessionnelles et les églises ethniques, en aidant les immigrants spirituellement et socialement, sont coincées entre des paramètres confessionnels et des objectifs d’identification ethnique, de maintien de valeurs et de culture, compliqués par l’absence d’une langue commune parmi les Soudanais. Cette dissertation tente aussi d’analyser l’impact pour les immigrants africains de fraîche date, d’une culture qui valorise les droits individuels, y compris l’émergence de chefs de file ouvertement homosexuels dans les églises canadiennes mais non dans les églises africaines. / University of Ottawa

The relations among acculturation, parenting and depressive symptoms were examined among 98 immigrant Chinese mothers and fathers with early adolescents in Canada. Parents completed measures assessing their involvement in Canadian and Chinese culture, their symptoms of depression, and their parenting practices (i.e., expressive warmth, firm control, Chinese parenting beliefs and restrictive control). Greater Canadian orientation was associated with more expressive warmth and firm control for parents, whereas greater Chinese orientation was associated with stronger Chinese parenting beliefs. Greater Canadian orientation was associated with fewer depressive symptoms for all mothers, and for fathers who were low in Chinese orientation. Symptoms of depression were negatively related to firm control and expressive warmth for parents, and positively related to restrictive control for fathers. Finally, symptoms of depression partially mediated the relation between Canadian orientation and firm control for mothers, as well as the relation between Canadian orientation and expressive warmth for fathers.

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起源於日本的「修學旅行」，隨著日本在台實施新式教育的政策，進入了台灣社會。以學生為主體的修學旅行，不僅兼具近代遊憩活動的意涵，更富教育功能，成為教室以外拓展學生視野的新興校外活動；同時，修學旅行是還是殖民當局貫徹其同化策略的工具。此時的修學旅行，也反映出近代化旅遊的樣貌，亦即從過去「個人探險」的形式，進入「制度化」的階段：島內、海外修學旅行開始流行，象徵著交通建設走向完備；由與旅行相關的事物越來越多，顯示修學旅行已成為既定行事。而在旅行的過程中，透過讓學生觀賞近代建設，不僅有助於增廣見聞，也是使其從對於近代化的嚮往轉化為對統治者的認同；或是參拜神社，接觸國家神道的核心，感受日本國體萬世一系的天皇體制，台灣學生在被檢視同化教育成效之餘，認知方面也無條件地被強化成為「日本人」。由此可知修學旅行中處處可見政治力量的鑿痕。此外，在修學旅行之中，學生所見到與鄉土相關的景物時，該物件已經被賦予新的意義，也就是被化約在日本歷史系統之下，漸漸失去其主體性。而學生即是在修學旅行的過程裡，體驗殖民與近代化之間曖昧不明的滋味。 / The "educational excursion" which originated in Japan,had entered Taiwan society with the new education policies Japanese carried out in Taiwan. The educational excursion took students as the main part, were not only concurrently the meaning of modern recreational activities,but also were full of educational functions, and became new activities outside the school that could widen students' horizons beyond the classroom; and in the same time, the educational excursion were also the tool for colonial authorities to carry out the strategies for the assimilation. The educational excursion at this time, also reflected the appearance of modern tourism, which entered the stage of "institutionalized" from the past form of "personal adventure": the domestic,overseas educational excursion became popular, which signified the transportation construction were going to be complete; since the travel-related things became more and more,it showed that the educational excursion had become main stream activities. And in the process of travel, through letting students to view the modern buildings,it did not only help to broaden their horizons, but also made their yearning to the modernization transformed to the acceptance to the rulers; or to let them visiting the Yasukuni Shrine, and to access the core of to the national Shinto religion,to experience the system of the eternal Emperor of Japanl, except that Taiwanese students were viewed of the effectiveness of assimilation education . The recognitions of Taiwanese students could be forced to become "Japanese” unconditionally. From this we can see the marks of political power everywhere in the educational excursion. In addition, during the educational excursion, when the students saw the scenes related to the home town,that thing had been given a new meanings,it was converted into the system of Japan history, and gradually losing its subjectivity. And the students in the process of educational excursion were experiencing the taste of ambiguities between colonization and modernization.

This thesis examines the construction of ?Chineseness? by Australian-born Chinese through their interactions with mainstream ?white? society and Chinese diasporic communities in Australia. It represents an interdisciplinary study based on qualitative research and critical analysis of forty-three in-depth interviews with Australian-born Chinese whose families have resided in Australia for three generations or more. Diasporic narratives, fraught with contentions over belonging and difference, often lead to ambiguous ramifications of identity formation. While the notion of hybridity problematises the unsettling boundaries of identities, there is still a continuing perception that ethnic identification decreases over successive generations, resulting in assimilation. However, contrary to this assumption, this study shows that subsequent generations also encounter complicated experiences involving both feelings of cultural ambivalence and enrichment. While the rewriting of identity takes place against the varying circumstances of resettlement, the experiences and transitions across the respondents? life course concurrently inscribes Chineseness onto their lives in diverse ways. Furthermore, Chineseness is continually (re)constructed through decentered connections with an imaginary homeland. Consequently, despite generational longevity, strong affinities with Australian society and longstanding national identities grounded in Australian culture, Chineseness is still a significant part of their identity, whether they willingly choose to associate with it or not. The focus on revaluating the concept of Chineseness and elucidating the sense of identity of sequential generations has important ramifications for the development of a more informed theoretical model for understanding the long-term effects of migration, especially on the process of identity formation and feelings of home and belonging.

The radical transformations attendant upon the imposition of colonial rule on the Siksikaitsitapi or Blackfoot of northern Alberta and southern Montana are examined in this dissertation in order to emphasise the threads of continuity within a tapestry of cultural change c.1870-1920. The dissertation traces cultural persistence through the analysis of texts of history and literature that constructed Blackfoot subjectivity in the half-century following the end of traditional lifeways and settlement on three reserves in Canada and one reservation in the United States of America. This interdisciplinary thesis has been undertaken jointly in the School of History and Philosophy, and the School of English, Media and Performance Studies. It combines the tools of historical research and literary criticism to analyse the discourses and counter-discourses that served to construct Blackfoot subjectivity in colonial texts. It engages with the ways in which the Blackfoot navigated colonisation and resisted forced acculturation while adopting strategies of accommodation to ensure social reproduction and even physical survival in this period. To this end, it presents four case studies, each focusing on a discrete process of Blackfoot cultural transformation: a) the resistance to acculturation and cultural revitalisation as it relates to the practice of Ookaan (Sun Dance); b) the power shifts ushered in by European contact and the intersection between power and Blackfoot dress practices; c) the participation of Blackfoot "organic intellectuals" in the construction of Blackfoot history through the transformation of oral stories into text via the ethnographic encounter; and d) the continuing links between Blackfoot history and literature, and contemporary fictional representations of Blackfoot subjectivity by First Nations authors. This thesis acknowledges that Blackfoot history and literature have been constructed through a complex matrix of textual representations from their earliest contacts with Europeans. This dissertation is a study of the intersection between textual representations of the Blackfoot, and resistance, persistence and cultural revitalisation 1870-1920. It seeks to contribute to debates on the capacity of the colonised Other to exercise agency. It engages with views articulated by organic intellectuals, and Blackfoot and other First Nations scholars, in order to foster a dialogue between Blackfoot and non-Blackfoot scholarship.

Bibliogrpahy: leaves 288-306. / xvi, 325 leaves : ill., maps ; 30 cm. / Title page, contents and abstract only. The complete thesis in print form is available from the University Library. / Thesis (Ph.D.)--University of Adelaide, Dept. of Psychology, 2000

Bibliography : leaves 375-403. / vi, 403 leaves ; 30 cm. / Title page, contents and abstract only. The complete thesis in print form is available from the University Library. / Examines the response to a number of outsiders and marginal social groups, such as Jews, Chinese, and Southern and Eastern Europeans predominantly in England and Australia, and considers the role that public health played in arguments for their exclusion and control. Measures the strength of the public health case, arguing that a health threat was generally not a real issue but, more typically, a badge which labelled the outsider as dangerous to the community. / Thesis (Ph.D.)--University of Adelaide, Dept. of Community Medicine, 1993