A escassez de equipamentos e soluções à disposição das pessoas portadoras de necessidades especiais é evidente e, na maioria dos casos, não está entre as prioridades primárias dos governos, tanto nos países desenvolvidos como, e principalmente, nos subdesenvolvidos. O desenvolvimento de dispositivos a preços acessíveis é, desta forma, uma carência real. O alto custo de fabricação de dispositivos assistivos é oriundo da necessidade de se construí-los de forma personalizada o que geralmente utiliza o estado da arte de determinada tecnologia. Aglutinando então, tecnologias já difundidas com novas abordagens e ferramentas, foi implementado um dispositivo assistivo com um índice de \"personalização\" extremamente baixo e com custo acessível. O método GRAFCET como ferramenta de desenvolvimento, aliado a tecnologia FPGA, nas fases de prototipação e produção, mostram-se eficazes e de fácil aplicabilidade. Para essa finalidade foi desenvolvida uma ferramenta de conversão GRAFCET - Circuito Digital que facilita e torna possível não só na elaboração do esquema GRAFCET, mas principalmente possibilita antever semelhança com outras aplicações que não são facilmente visualizadas num primeiro momento, permitindo a sua simplificação. O dispositivo concebido, mostrou que, com pequenas modificações, é possível desenvolvê-los de forma que atenda não apenas um, mas vários portadores de necessidades especiais, viabilizando assim a diminuição dos custos de projeto, desenvolvimento e construção dos equipamentos que venham a atender estas pessoas, permitindo assim melhora significativa em sua qualidade de vida. / In all countries, particularly in underdeveloped ones, there are few equipment and solutions available to people with physical disabilities, whose needs hardly rank among the government\'s top priorities. Therefore, there is a real need to develop low cost equipment to people with disabilities. The high cost of production of assistive devices results from the necessity of building them in a customized way, generally employing some state-of-the-art technology. This work proposes using well known technologies as tools, in such a way to allow the design of assistive devices with a low degree of customization and, consequently, at low cost. Using GRAFCET as a development tool and FPGA technology have shown to be an effective and easily applicable approach during the phases of prototyping and production. We developed a tool that converts GRAFCET designs into a digital circuit. The tool makes it easier to develop GRAFCET schemes and highlights the similarities among different applications, which otherwise could pass unnoticed, resulting in simplified designs. With small modifications, the proposed device can meet the needs of several people with disabilities, resulting in lower design, development and building costs of equipment that can significantly improve their quality of life.

More information is now readily available to computer users than at any time in human history; however, much of this information is often inaccessible to people with blindness or low-vision, for whom information must be presented non-visually. Currently, screen readers are able to verbalize on-screen text using text-to-speech (TTS) synthesis; however, much of this vocalization is inadequate for browsing the Internet. An auditory interface that incorporates auditory-spatial orientation was created and tested. For information that can be structured as a two-dimensional table, links can be semantically grouped as cells in a row within an auditory table, which provides a consistent structure for auditory navigation. An auditory display prototype was tested. Sixteen legally blind subjects participated in this research study. Results demonstrated that stereo panning was an effective technique for audio-spatially orienting non-visual navigation in a five-row, six-column HTML table as compared to a centered, stationary synthesized voice. These results were based on measuring the time- to-target (TTT), or the amount of time elapsed from the first prompting to the selection of each tabular link. Preliminary analysis of the TTT values recorded during the experiment showed that the populations did not conform to the ANOVA requirements of normality and equality of variances. Therefore, the data were transformed using the natural logarithm. The repeated-measures two-factor ANOVA results show that the logarithmically-transformed TTTs were significantly affected by the tonal variation method, F(1,15) = 6.194, p= 0.025. Similarly, the results show that the logarithmically transformed TTTs were marginally affected by the stereo spatialization method, F(1,15) = 4.240, p=0.057. The results show that the logarithmically transformed TTTs were not significantly affected by the interaction of both methods, F(1,15) = 1.381, p=0.258. These results suggest that some confusion may be caused in the subject when employing both of these methods simultaneously. The significant effect of tonal variation indicates that the effect is actually increasing the average TTT. In other words, the presence of preceding tones increases task completion time on average. The marginally-significant effect of stereo spatialization decreases the average log(TTT) from 2.405 to 2.264.

Tongue-computer interfaces allow people with upper limb disability to control a computer with their tongue. A number of assistive devices, that make use of this technology, have been developed in the last two decades: some employ contact impedance, membrane switches, or miniature joysticks, while others use magnetic or piezoelectric sensors. This thesis proposes a new tongue-computer interface, which was designed to enable users to manipulate a computer pointer by moving the tip of their tongue over an intraoral electrode array. The system maps the contact between the tongue and the electrodes, detects the movements of the tongue, and translates it into pointer movements. Compared to similar devices, the MouthPad does not require any head gear or sensors, and does not employ heavy signal processing. The hardware is simplified by using a small number of electrodes and only one output channel, multiplexed over the electrode array. A low power footprint allows the potential miniaturization of the system, so that it could fit on palatal retainer, and allow for permanent unobtrusive usage. The performance of the device was evaluated by measuring the throughput and the accuracy as defined in ISO 9241-9 standard. Two extra measures proposed in the literature, target re-entry and movement offset, were used for the evaluation of the accuracy. The measured throughput values were situated between 78% and 88% of the throughput rates of regular computer joysticks.

Background: Persons with developmental disabilities (DDs) represent about 1-3% of the total population in Canada; however, very little statistical data exists regarding this population in the context of long-term care (LTC). As the life expectation of these individuals increases, the distinct needs they have that are associated with aging should be addressed in LTC to help improve the quality and relevancy of the care they receive. Methods: An exploratory qualitative study. Semi-structured interviews were conducted. Open coding of interview transcripts, and content analysis was completed. Descriptive statistics of the sample were calculated using Excel. Results: All participants had experienced earlier functional decline which resulted in changes in their care needs. Often this meant needing to change their assistive devices. Many participants feared losing their independence as they aged. Conclusion: There is insufficient understanding of the unique needs that face people aging with DDs or how they access LTC. The preference for these individuals is to age in place, their independence must be maintained in order for this to be successful. Three factors help to facilitate this: assistive devices, attendant care and accessibility of health care services. Contexte: Les personnes ayant un handicaps developmental représentent environ 1-3% de la population totale au Canada. Cependant, très peu de données statistiques concernant cette population existent dans le contexte de soins de longue durée. L’espérance de vie de ces personnes augmente, les besoins distincts associés au vieillissement devraient être examinés pour aider à améliorer la qualité et la pertinence des soins qu'ils reçoivent dans les soins de longue durée. Méthodes: Une étude qualitative exploratoire. Des entrevues semi-structurées ont été menées. Les transcriptions d'entrevues ont été codées en utilisant un style de codage ouvert et l'analyse de contenu a été accomplie. Les statistiques descriptives des participants ont été calculées. Résultats: Plusieurs thèmes sont devenus apparents. Tous les participants avaient connu un déclin fonctionnel à un jeune âge qui a entraîné des changements dans leurs besoins de soins. Souvent, cela signifit avoir à changer leurs appareils et accessoires fonctionnels. De nombreux participants craignaient de perdre leur indépendance en vieillissant. Conclusion: Il y a une méconnaissance des besoins uniques auxquels font face les personnes vieillissant avec un handicap developmental et la façon dont ils accident aux soins de longue durée. La préférence pour ces personnes est de viellir en place, leur indépendance devant être maintenue pour que ce soit un succès. Trois facteurs contribuent à faciliter ceci: les appareils et accessoires fonctionnels, les soins auxiliaires et l'accessibilité aux services santé.

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