A travers cette thèse, on met en relief l'originalité de la notion de personne juridique privée dans l'ordonnancement canonique, en partant du code de 1917 jusqu'au code de 1983. Délimitation qui ne doit rien au hasard, car elle correspond à l'émergence, au développement et à la systématisation de cette notion. Sur la base des prémisses à la fois théologiques, juridiques et historiques, il s'agit pour nous de mieux situer le processus qui a abouti à l'introduction des personnes juridiques privées dans le code de droit canonique de 1983 ; processus dont on s'attache à montrer les points saillants, par l'agencement d'une série d'éléments disparates et hétérogènes en un ensemble plus cohérent. Toute notion juridique n'ayant pas seulement une utilité conceptuelle, mais également pratique, il importe d'en évaluer la portée en vue d'une meilleure efficience de celle-ci ; ce à quoi on s'attelle en nous appuyant sur l'exemple des associations canoniques privées dans le contexte français. Cette optique nous conduit à une confrontation du droit canonique et du droit étatique français en matière associative, non sans procéder parallèlement à une mise au point sur l'application de la législation canonique sur les associations privées dans les diocèses français. De tout ceci découle le fait qu'il est possible de préserver la spécificité canonique à travers certains mécanismes civils, dans les associations civiles qui servent de support juridique aux associations canoniques privées. Et ce en respectant le principe de laïcité. D'où l'esquisse de certaines perspectives liées aux associations privées, quand on les aborde à l'aune d'un droit spécifique dans un contexte tout aussi spécifique que celui de la France. Ainsi, se dégagent les deux pôles essentiels de notre thèse. / This thesis emphasises the originality of the canonical notion of private juridical person drawing on the 1917 and the 1983 Codes of Canon Law. This period was not chosen at random. In fact, it corresponds to the emergence, development and systematisation of the notion of private juridical person. Hence, the objective of this study was firstly to illuminate the process that led to the introduction of private juridical persons in the 1983 Code in the light of its theological, juridical and historical premises, and secondly to illustrate the key aspects of the process by situating a series of disparate and heterogeneous elements within a more coherent framework.In addition to conceptual utility, every juridical notion also has a practical value. It is therefore important to evaluate its significance with a view to promoting greater practical effectiveness. This thesis aims to achieve this by drawing on the example of private canonical associations in the French context. This optic leads us to compare the canon law and French civil law relating to associations, and in parallel with this, to make a study of the application of canonical legislation to private associations in French dioceses. From this, the study concludes that it is possible to preserve canonical specificity within civil associations by means of various civil law mechanisms that serve as a juridical foundation for private canonical associations. It is also possible to achieve this while maintaining respect for the principle of secularism. On the basis of this work, the study sketches out various perspectives for private associations in the light of a specific law in a context as particular as that existing in France. This leads to the emergence of the two major poles of our thesis.

Thesis (Ph. D.)--University of Washington, 1998. / Vita. Includes bibliographical references (leaves [365]-389).

No description available.

Forms in pocket. / Digitized by Kansas State University Libraries

Call number: LD2668 .T4 1966 F852 / Master of Science

Social anxiety describes a marked and persistent fear of negative evaluation in social performance situations that invariably evokes anxiety. In the following study, three dimensions of perception and information processing in context of social anxiety were covered: distinctions between state and trait anxiety, implicit associations, and subliminal priming. Implicit associations may be defined as unconscious cognitive processes related to one's preferences and biases. Implicit associations may also affect how quickly an individual perceives a threatening situation. Exposure to subliminal stimuli also appears to have an effect on the perception of stress-inducing stimuli. This research examined how subliminal priming may influence implicit associations. Results from the present study suggested that the implicit associations of social anxiety were minimally but significantly related to explicit reports of anxiety. Subliminal priming significantly influenced the participants' implicit associations of social anxiety.

No description available.

In the literature it is generally assumed that activities of voluntary membership based associations operating in stable institutional environments are multi-faceted, contributing simultaneously to societal, economic and political spheres. This article, drawing on the concept of functions of non-profit organizations investigates, whether the multi-functional character of associations holds true in the context of transitional Russia. The paper examines the relative importance of the advocacy, community building and service delivery functions, fulfilled by different types of associations. The original empirical data from exploratory interviews with 15 leading experts on associational activities was triangulated by a confirmatory survey of 215 associations across Russia. The results confirm that the absolute majority of the examined associations are multifunctional. Advocacy is considered to be the most important function for all types of associations. The findings suggest that business associations and intermediary unions are more active in policy advocacy directed toward the government, while liberal professional societies are more engaged in public advocacy addressing society at large. This study highlights importance of domestic associations for countries in transition as an institutional infrastructure of organized civil society, democratic development and market economy.

Counterfactual thinking typically follows an unexpected event and involves the mental simulation of an alternative outcome which can be either better or worse than the original one. In general, exceptional and controllable events are selected for change over those that are routine and uncontrollable, and actions are likely to be changed over inactions. Importantly an individual’s social role is thought to be critical in determining what is changed and how. Counterfactual thoughts have been associated with causal thinking and more recently with missed opportunities to prevent an unwanted outcome. Accidents at work are unwanted outcomes and are likely to generate counterfactual thoughts. As slips and trips continue to cause a significant number of injuries they are the focus of this research. Safety Professionals, Managers and Accident Subjects are most commonly involved in accident investigations and the study asks whether their different social roles or the type of accident influences how they use counterfactual, prevention and causal thoughts. 612 respondents were recruited representing Safety Professionals, Managers and Accident Subjects. After reading a slip or trip scenario they completed a counterfactual, prevention and causal sentence and these were analysed against 14 structural dimensions, seven of which were used for the first time in this study. The respondent’s job group and the type of accident were found to influence certain structural dimensions of the counterfactual, prevention and causal thoughts more than others. The respondent’s job group strongly influenced counterfactual direction, and the addition or subtraction of antecedents based on actions or inactions, whilst the type of accident strongly influenced the temporal location of the antecedent. Norm Theory (Kahneman & Miller, 1986) proposed that exceptional antecedents were selected for counterfactual change and a categorisation of types of exceptional events has been developed and applied in this study. The implications of these types of thoughts by Safety Professionals, Managers and Accident Subjects are considered.

Despite alcohol consumption being prohibited within the Sikh community for religious reasons, it is well documented that this ruling is regularly transgressed. There is also now a rising body of evidence that suggests that there is an increase in consumption levels within this community (Wilsnack, Vogeltanz, Wilsnack and Harris, 2000; Heim, Hunter, Ross, Bakshi, Davies, Flatley and Meer, 2004; Brar and Moneta, 2009; Pannu, Zaman, Bhala, Zaman, 2009; Motune, 2011). It has been reported that female alcohol consumption has increased within the general population, with the Office of National Statistics (2011) reporting a 7.7% increase in alcohol unit consumption per week for women since 2008. There are also concerns about increased consumption amongst Sikh females and the prevalence of secret drinking behaviour amongst second generation British Sikh females (Bayley and Hurcombe, 2010; Motune, 2011). Increased consumption amongst females remains a cause for concern with the Institute of Alcohol Studies (2013) reporting that female drinking behaviour remains at historically high levels especially amongst young females. This research study aimed to explore the experiences of British Sikh women with alcohol. In the current research 6 British born Sikh women were interviewed and the interviews were analysed using Interpretative Phenomenological Analysis. Semi structured interviews were used to explore the young women’s experiences with alcohol; the methodological approach of Interpretative Phenomenological Analysis (IPA) allowed for a rich and detailed exploration of a taboo subject. Themes emerged relating to the nature of secret drinking behaviour including details of the lengths young women go in order to hide their drinking behaviour from their families. The interviews highlighted the participants’ experiences of being British and fitting in with society whilst maintaining their cultural identity as Sikh women. The interviews also revealed a major element of upholding a public image to wider society as well hiding their drinking behaviour from parents and other family members. The participants engaged in constant renegotiating between what is traditional and what is modern: "who am I?" vs. "who am I supposed to be?" The findings from this research can contribute to the development of culturally sensitive alcohol assessment measures and development of culturally sensitive alcohol treatment programmes.