The development of ideas on deinstitutionalization of mental patients has a much longer history in the United States than is commonly acknowledged. Evidence of intense discussion on the rights of the mentally disturbed, curative as opposed to control measures in their treatment, and the drawbacks of congregating the afflicted in large institutions can be found as early as the middle of the 19th century. This discussion was provoked by dissemination of knowledge about the oldest community care program of all: the colony of mental patients in Gheel, Belgium. Based on document analysis of publications in the American Journal of Insanity from 1844 to 1921, this study attempts to trace how this discussion resulted in the first wave of deinstitutionalization in the American mental health care system, and the successful implementation of the alternative of hospital treatment. My study further documents how the development of this program was inhibited by the need of psychiatry to attain professional legitimation. In its struggle to acquire public respect and occupational authority, the profession focused on somatic explanations of disease that could justify categorization of psychiatry as a branch of medical science. While this claim was not decisively supported by laboratory findings, or the ability to cure patients, psychiatry put forward genetic explanations of mental disorder. This took the profession to the extreme of the eugenics movement, and eventually positioned it as an institution of social control instead of medical authority. Having thus failed to achieve the ultimate professional legitimation in the medical field, psychiatry was exposed to a new wave of criticism in the 1960s, which led to the second wave of deinstitutionalization. History repeated itself with the same outcome. In the absence of overall support within psychiatric circles, and a lack of appreciation of family care as a viable alternative to hospital treatment among social scientists, deinstitutionalization could not but fail again. The contribution of the study lies in the areas of deinstitutionalization, professionalization of expert labor, and the social construction of mental illness and deviance.

No / The First World War (1914–18) was a period of dramatic and rapid change for both staff and patients in asylums across the UK. Many British asylums were requisitioned by the army from 1915 for use as wartime hospitals, leading to mass evacuation of over 10,000 patients. Using contemporary resources, this article will review the impact of this and other significant changes that took place in wartime, which included variations in working practices, staff shortages, food rationing and a significant rise in the asylum death rate. Contributing factors will be considered with analysis and discussion of eye-witness, historical, documentary, parliamentary and meteorological evidence.

Subject of the thesis named Nursery Schools in the Town of Tabor between 1948 - 2010 is to describe the historical development of nursery schools in Tabor. The main goal of the thesis is to research development of Tabor's nursery schools. The thesis is divided into ten chapters. These concerns with the history and characteristic of the town Tabor, preschool institutions and its development in Bohemia, school system in Tabor, nursery schools in Tabor till 1945 and after 1945, history of four oldest nursery schools in Tabor, criteria of public holidays and children's healthcare in four oldest nursery schools in Tabor and comparison on base of chronicles. The thesis is a historical study and analysis ensuing from primary sources. There is used a historical method and primary documents and comparative methods in the thesis. The issue is research of the nursery school development in Tabor between 1948 and 2010.

Title from PDF of title page. / Document formatted into pages; contains 60 pages. / Thesis (M.A.)--University of South Florida, 2003. / Includes bibliographical references. / Text (Electronic thesis) in PDF format. / ABSTRACT: The development of ideas on deinstitutionalization of mental patients has a much longer history in the United States than is commonly acknowledged. Evidence of intense discussion on the rights of the mentally disturbed, curative as opposed to control measures in their treatment, and the drawbacks of congregating the afflicted in large institutions can be found as early as the middle of the 19th century. This discussion was provoked by dissemination of knowledge about the oldest community care program of all: the colony of mental patients in Gheel, Belgium. Based on document analysis of publications in the American Journal of Insanity from 1844 to 1921, this study attempts to trace how this discussion resulted in the first wave of deinstitutionalization in the American mental health care system, and the successful implementation of the alternative of hospital treatment. / ABSTRACT: My study further documents how the development of this program was inhibited by the need of psychiatry to attain professional legitimation. In its struggle to acquire public respect and occupational authority, the profession focused on somatic explanations of disease that could justify categorization of psychiatry as a branch of medical science. While this claim was not decisively supported by laboratory findings, or the ability to cure patients, psychiatry put forward genetic explanations of mental disorder. This took the profession to the extreme of the eugenics movement, and eventually positioned it as an institution of social control instead of medical authority. Having thus failed to achieve the ultimate professional legitimation in the medical field, psychiatry was exposed to a new wave of criticism in the 1960s, which led to the second wave of deinstitutionalization. History repeated itself with the same outcome. / ABSTRACT: In the absence of overall support within psychiatric circles, and a lack of appreciation of family care as a viable alternative to hospital treatment among social scientists, deinstitutionalization could not but fail again. The contribution of the study lies in the areas of deinstitutionalization, professionalization of expert labor, and the social construction of mental illness and deviance. / System requirements: World Wide Web browser and PDF reader. / Mode of access: World Wide Web.

O presente trabalho decorre do questionamento sobre a percepção, os discursos e as práticas relativos à loucura no contexto brasileiro de Reforma Psiquiátrica, defendendo a hipótese de que haveria entraves na relação entre aqueles que se aliam ao pensamento antimanicomial e os sujeitos ditos loucos: entraves sustentados por um paradigma clínicopolítico que visamos investigar. A racionalidade que organiza esse paradigma é objeto de análise desta pesquisa, cuja intenção é recuperar as noções de movimento e abertura implicadas na proposição central da reforma psiquiátrica brasileira por uma sociedade sem manicômios , aliando-a à ideia de comunidade que vem. Para tanto, apresentamos e discutimos elementos que compõem e delimitam o pensamento antimanicomial: seus fundamentos, suas narrativas e suas práticas suas formas de luta. Desta análise se observa que a negação do manicômio e a afirmação de um modelo comunitário de atenção em saúde mental, aspectos fundamentais da luta antimanicomial, articulam-se, oferecendo contornos a um pensamento que engendra formas específicas de relação com a loucura. Essa articulação fabrica também fronteiras: limites claros e precisos que distinguem um ideal de comunidade inclusiva de uma sociedade que marginaliza a loucura. A delimitação e o reconhecimento dessas divisas são estratégias importantes, pois permitem visibilizar e tornar pública a violência, os maus-tratos e a exclusão da lógica manicomial, conquistando, assim, o apoio social para a luta. Ao mesmo tempo, trava-se um segundo combate relativo às fronteiras, desta vez em sentido inverso: o confronto é pela dissolução dos limites, pela abolição dos muros reais e simbólicos que segregam a loucura. É nesse desenhar e apagar de linhas que se constituiria uma sociedade sem manicômios. O campo de batalha deste trabalho, enfim, localiza-se também nessas divisas, tendo como objetivo, no lugar de apagá-las ou garantir sua configuração, movimentá-las: muros, fronteiras ou limites, além de aprisionar ou segregar, acolhem, escondem e protegem; ademais, ainda que pareçam claras e precisas, são linhas descontínuas e abertas contêm furos, movimentam-se e produzem movimentos. É nessa mudança de perspectiva que buscamos mobilizar as fronteiras que vêm definindo nossas lutas, nossos ideais de comunidade e nossos modos de relação com a loucura, a fim de romper com suas formas totais / The present work stems from the questioning about perception, discourses and practices related to madness in the Brazilian context of the Psychiatric Reform, sustaining the hypothesis that there are obstacles in the relationship between those who join the anti-asylum thought and the so-called lunatics: obstacles supported by a clinical-political paradigm that we aim at investigating. The rationality that arranges this paradigm is the object of analysis from this research, which intends to retrieve movement and opening ideas involved in the main proposition of the Brazilian Psychiatric Reform for a society without asylums allying it to the idea of the coming community. Therefore, we present and discuss elements that compose and delimit anti-asylum thought: its foundations, narratives and practices - its ways of struggle. From this point, we have noticed that the denial of the asylum and the affirmation of a community-based mental healthcare in which fundamental aspects of the anti-asylum struggle articulate themselves offering contours to a thought that engenders specific ways of relating to madness. This articulation also produces boundaries: clear and precise ones that distinguish this ideal inclusive community from a society that marginalizes madness. The delimitation and recognition of these frontiers are important strategies because they enable to make visible and publicize the violence, the mistreatment and the exclusion of the asylum logic, thus conquering social support for the struggle. Likewise, a second conflict regarding boundaries arises, but this time in an opposite direction: the conflict is for the dissolution of the limits, for the abolition of the real and symbolic walls that segregate madness. It is in this drawing and erasing of lines that it would take root a society without asylums. The battlefield of this work, at last, locates itself also on these frontiers that, instead of erasing them or ensuring their configuration, aim to move them: walls, boundaries or limits, that as well as imprison or segregate, also welcome, hides and protect. Furthermore, even if they seem clear and precise, they are discontinuous and open lines, containing holes which also move and produce movements. It is in this change of perspective that we seek to mobilize the boundaries that define our struggles, our ideals of community and our ways of relating to madness in order to break away from their total forms

Hyde Park Asylum for Infirm and Destitute Women, Sydney was the New South Wales government’s first direct initiative in social welfare for the aged with the provision of residential care for women. It was the genesis of a system of destitute asylums (later state hospitals) that lasted for more than a century. For its duration (1862-1886), Hyde Park Asylum was the only one of its type in the colony. This empirical study looks at the day-to-day lives of its inmates at Hyde Park Asylum and follows them to their new home at Newington Asylum on the Parramatta River in 1886. The external and internal administration of the asylum under the Government Asylum’s Boards and later as a sub-department of the Colonial Secretary ‘s office is examined, including the roles of the manager and the matron. / Master of Arts (Hons)

The thesis is in three major sections, plus a brief conclusion. The first section provides essentail background by describing the care of the mentally ill in England and New South Wales (including the Port Phillip district) in the period prior to the establishment of Yarra Bend Lunatic Asylum in 1848. The second section is a chronological history of Yarra Bend, particularly focusing on the period from its inception in 1848 until the Royal Commission of 1884; with some extension to describe the other psychiatric services within Victoria during the same period.The third section discusses at length a number of key issues identified within the chronological history.

O presente trabalho decorre do questionamento sobre a percepção, os discursos e as práticas relativos à loucura no contexto brasileiro de Reforma Psiquiátrica, defendendo a hipótese de que haveria entraves na relação entre aqueles que se aliam ao pensamento antimanicomial e os sujeitos ditos loucos: entraves sustentados por um paradigma clínicopolítico que visamos investigar. A racionalidade que organiza esse paradigma é objeto de análise desta pesquisa, cuja intenção é recuperar as noções de movimento e abertura implicadas na proposição central da reforma psiquiátrica brasileira por uma sociedade sem manicômios , aliando-a à ideia de comunidade que vem. Para tanto, apresentamos e discutimos elementos que compõem e delimitam o pensamento antimanicomial: seus fundamentos, suas narrativas e suas práticas suas formas de luta. Desta análise se observa que a negação do manicômio e a afirmação de um modelo comunitário de atenção em saúde mental, aspectos fundamentais da luta antimanicomial, articulam-se, oferecendo contornos a um pensamento que engendra formas específicas de relação com a loucura. Essa articulação fabrica também fronteiras: limites claros e precisos que distinguem um ideal de comunidade inclusiva de uma sociedade que marginaliza a loucura. A delimitação e o reconhecimento dessas divisas são estratégias importantes, pois permitem visibilizar e tornar pública a violência, os maus-tratos e a exclusão da lógica manicomial, conquistando, assim, o apoio social para a luta. Ao mesmo tempo, trava-se um segundo combate relativo às fronteiras, desta vez em sentido inverso: o confronto é pela dissolução dos limites, pela abolição dos muros reais e simbólicos que segregam a loucura. É nesse desenhar e apagar de linhas que se constituiria uma sociedade sem manicômios. O campo de batalha deste trabalho, enfim, localiza-se também nessas divisas, tendo como objetivo, no lugar de apagá-las ou garantir sua configuração, movimentá-las: muros, fronteiras ou limites, além de aprisionar ou segregar, acolhem, escondem e protegem; ademais, ainda que pareçam claras e precisas, são linhas descontínuas e abertas contêm furos, movimentam-se e produzem movimentos. É nessa mudança de perspectiva que buscamos mobilizar as fronteiras que vêm definindo nossas lutas, nossos ideais de comunidade e nossos modos de relação com a loucura, a fim de romper com suas formas totais / The present work stems from the questioning about perception, discourses and practices related to madness in the Brazilian context of the Psychiatric Reform, sustaining the hypothesis that there are obstacles in the relationship between those who join the anti-asylum thought and the so-called lunatics: obstacles supported by a clinical-political paradigm that we aim at investigating. The rationality that arranges this paradigm is the object of analysis from this research, which intends to retrieve movement and opening ideas involved in the main proposition of the Brazilian Psychiatric Reform for a society without asylums allying it to the idea of the coming community. Therefore, we present and discuss elements that compose and delimit anti-asylum thought: its foundations, narratives and practices - its ways of struggle. From this point, we have noticed that the denial of the asylum and the affirmation of a community-based mental healthcare in which fundamental aspects of the anti-asylum struggle articulate themselves offering contours to a thought that engenders specific ways of relating to madness. This articulation also produces boundaries: clear and precise ones that distinguish this ideal inclusive community from a society that marginalizes madness. The delimitation and recognition of these frontiers are important strategies because they enable to make visible and publicize the violence, the mistreatment and the exclusion of the asylum logic, thus conquering social support for the struggle. Likewise, a second conflict regarding boundaries arises, but this time in an opposite direction: the conflict is for the dissolution of the limits, for the abolition of the real and symbolic walls that segregate madness. It is in this drawing and erasing of lines that it would take root a society without asylums. The battlefield of this work, at last, locates itself also on these frontiers that, instead of erasing them or ensuring their configuration, aim to move them: walls, boundaries or limits, that as well as imprison or segregate, also welcome, hides and protect. Furthermore, even if they seem clear and precise, they are discontinuous and open lines, containing holes which also move and produce movements. It is in this change of perspective that we seek to mobilize the boundaries that define our struggles, our ideals of community and our ways of relating to madness in order to break away from their total forms

The early nineteenth century saw the emergence of institutional psychiatry across Europe. Aware that Sweden had fallen behind in this development, Parliament decreed in 1823 that a number of specialised institutions for the care of the insane were to be established. The Vadstena asylum, opened in 1826, was the first such institution in Sweden.   The aim of this study is to examine medical interpretation of and responses to erotic behaviour in psychiatric practice at the Vadstena asylum in the period 1849-1878. The book places the theme of the erotic, a topical subject in nineteenth-century public debate, in the context of psychiatry as an emerging specialty in Sweden. The book explores how erotic behaviour was conceptualised as disease, and the nature of therapeutic intervention in erotic cases, in order to present a more nuanced image of nineteenth-century medical attitudes to sexuality. By highlighting the superintendency of physician Ludvig Magnus Hjertstedt, and linking his account of an 1845 study tour through Europe to medical practice at Vadstena, the study situates responses to erotic patients in a period when psychiatry claims authority over human sexuality.   In methodological terms, the study applies critical questions inspired by revisionist scholarship to a body of empirical source material. Focusing on a single institution, and conducting in-depth readings of case notes – with regard to language, form, and function – allows the study to highlight the everyday practice of the asylum physician in his encounters with male and female erotic patients, including the use, importance and diagnostic integrity of the concepts nymphomania, erotomania and masturbation. Hjertstedt’s travel journal provides insight into the physician’s medical philosophy, informing the analysis of diagnostic and interpretive procedures, while connecting medical practice at Vadstena to its European paragons.     The results indicate that while the use of specific diagnostic terms to describe erotic behaviour was infrequent, therapeutic and managerial intervention shows that sexual acts and expressions of desire were considered disturbing and dangerous symptoms in both male and female patients. The analysis thus makes visible a gap between psychiatric theory and asylum practice, emphasising uncertainties and complexities inherent in the latter. While erotic behaviour could be considered indicative of illness, it might also be interpreted as a lack of character or a result of insufficient moral instruction. The asylum’s regime of work and moral instruction was designed to restore health as well as sound values and appropriate behaviour in its patients, indicating a medical culture at Vadstena which was both curative and normalising.

During the mid-nineteenth century, the citizens of Texas were forced to keep their mentally disturbed family members at home which caused stress on the caregivers and the further debilitation of the afflicted. To remedy this situation, mental health experts and Texas politicians began to create a system of healing known as state asylums. The purpose of this study is to determine how Texas mental health care came into being, the research and theories behind the prevention and treatment programs that asylum physicians employed to overcome mental illness, in addition to the victories and shortcomings of the system. Through this work, it will be shown that during the 1850s until the 1920s institutions faced difficulty in achieving success from many adverse conditions including, but not limited to, overcrowding, large geographical conditions, poor health practices, faulty construction, insufficient funding, ineffective prevention and treatment methods, disorganization, cases of patient abuse, incompetent employees, prejudice, and legal improprieties. As a result, by 1930, these asylums were merely places to detain the mentally ill in order to rid them from society. This thesis will also confirm that while both Texas politicians and mental health experts desired to address and overcome mental illness in Texas, they were unable to do so due to arguments, selfishness, corruption, failures, and inaction on the part of both sides. However, this thesis will ultimately reveal it was lack of full support from Texas legislators, deriving from the idea that this system was not one of their top priorities among the state’s concerns, that led to the inability of the Texas mental health care system to properly assist their patients.