Made available in DSpace on 2016-08-29T15:09:23Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 tese_8638_Andre Monnerat.pdf: 697939 bytes, checksum: 1652a0bd1d2c5372eae6558d36957b5f (MD5) Previous issue date: 2015-03-26 / O muriqui-do-norte, Brachyteles hypoxanthus, endêmico da Mata Atlântica, ocorria historicamente em Minas Gerais, Rio de Janeiro, Espírito Santo e Bahia. A destruição desta floresta resultou na drástica redução do hábitat natural da espécie que ocorre atualmente em apenas 14 localidades, com aproximadamente 1.000 indivíduos. Duas dessas áreas estão na região centro-serrana do Espírito Santo, onde os grupos vivem parcialmente isolados nos municípios de Santa Maria de Jetibá (SMJ) e Santa Teresa (ST). Pelo isolamento, algumas fêmeas jovens que emigram tornam-se solitárias por falta de conexão de habitat com uma segunda área com muriquis. Para investigar a viabilidade desses grupos sociais, realizamos Análises da Viabilidade Populacional (AVPs) no programa Vortex. Após estimativa da viabilidade populacional nas atuais condições, fizemos simulações de ações de manejo, como translocações de indivíduos e reflorestamento. As populações formadas pelos 88 muriquis monitorados em SMJ e os 25 em ST estão vulneráveis pela perda de conexão de habitat entre grupos, o que reduz o sucesso de migração de fêmeas jovens. Quando em fragmentos isolados, os grupos de muriquis tendem à extinção em apenas 30 anos nos casos com maior redução de fêmeas se reproduzindo. No isolamento, as populações apresentam taxa de crescimento negativa e elevada probabilidade de extinção nos 100 anos modelados. Pela proximidade entre os cinco grupos de muriquis em SMJ, o manejo de habitat, com reflorestamento entre os fragmentos, é uma estratégia promissora para o aumento da viabilidade populacional. Com a possibilidade das fêmeas jovens migrarem entre grupos, eles tenderão ao crescimento e a população de SMJ aumentará para até 350 muriquis em aproximadamente 50 anos. De forma distinta, em ST está a Reserva Biológica Augusto Ruschi, que possui 3.562 ha protegidos e apenas um grupo com 25 muriquis confirmados, dos quais 12 são machos adultos. Permanecendo o isolamento do grupo, essa população tenderá à extinção. Contudo, a introdução de fêmeas jovens poderá aumentar a viabilidade populacional, por exemplo, pela formação de um segundo grupo social. A modelagem sugere que, com a formação de um segundo grupo, a perda de fêmeas migrantes será reduzida e a população irá crescer durante os próximos 100 anos. Concluímos que a viabilidade das populações de muriquis depende do contato entre no mínimo dois grupos sociais, evitando assim a perda de fêmeas jovens migrantes.

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No. of bitstreams: 2 license_rdf: 23148 bytes, checksum: 9da0b6dfac957114c6a7714714b86306 (MD5) Viabilidade populacional do Muriqui-do-Norte, Brachyteles.pdf: 722230 bytes, checksum: e25e93539c10af5d9223d8585104581a (MD5) Previous issue date: 2015 / CNPq / O muriqui-do-norte, Brachyteles hypoxanthus, endêmico da Mata Atlântica, ocorria historicamente em Minas Gerais, Rio de Janeiro, Espírito Santo e Bahia. A destruição desta floresta resultou na drástica redução do hábitat natural da espécie que ocorre atualmente em apenas 14 localidades, com aproximadamente 1.000 indivíduos. Duas dessas áreas estão na região centro-serrana do Espírito Santo, onde os grupos vivem parcialmente isolados nos municípios de Santa Maria de Jetibá (SMJ) e Santa Teresa (ST). Pelo isolamento, algumas fêmeas jovens que emigram tornam-se solitárias por falta de conexão de habitat com uma segunda área com muriquis. Para investigar a viabilidade desses grupos sociais, realizamos Análises da Viabilidade Populacional (AVPs) no programa Vortex. Após estimativa da viabilidade populacional nas atuais condições, fizemos simulações de ações de manejo, como translocações de indivíduos e reflorestamento. As populações formadas pelos 88 muriquis monitorados em SMJ e os 25 em ST estão vulneráveis pela perda de conexão de habitat entre grupos, o que reduz o sucesso de migração de fêmeas jovens. Quando em fragmentos isolados, os grupos de muriquis tendem à extinção em apenas 30 anos nos casos com maior redução de fêmeas se reproduzindo. No isolamento, as populações apresentam taxa de crescimento negativa e elevada probabilidade de extinção nos 100 anos modelados. Pela proximidade entre os cinco grupos de muriquis em SMJ, o manejo de habitat, com reflorestamento entre os fragmentos, é uma estratégia promissora para o aumento da viabilidade populacional. Com a possibilidade das fêmeas jovens migrarem entre grupos, eles tenderão ao crescimento e a população de SMJ aumentará para até 350 muriquis em aproximadamente 50 anos. De forma distinta, em ST está a Reserva Biológica Augusto Ruschi, que possui 3.562 ha protegidos e apenas um grupo com 25 muriquis confirmados, dos quais 12 são machos adultos. Permanecendo o isolamento do grupo, essa população tenderá à extinção. Contudo, a introdução de fêmeas jovens poderá aumentar a viabilidade populacional, por exemplo, pela formação de um segundo grupo social. A modelagem sugere que, com a formação de um segundo grupo, a perda de fêmeas migrantes será reduzida e a população irá crescer durante os próximos 100 anos. Concluímos que a viabilidade das populações de muriquis depende do contato entre no mínimo dois grupos sociais, evitando assim a perda de fêmeas jovens migrantes. / The northern muriqui, Brachyteles hypoxanthus, is an endemic primate of the Atlantic Forest. Its historic distribution comprises Minas Gerais, Rio de Janeiro, Espírito Santo and Bahia. The forest destruction resulted in drastic reduction of muriqui’s natural habitat and currently, they are found in only 14 localities. All groups sum about 1,000 individuals. Two of these areas are the municipalities of Santa Maria de Jetibá (SMJ) and Santa Teresa (ST) in the central mountainous region of Espírito Santo, where the groups are isolated from each other or partially connected. Due to isolation, some young females who emigrate often become solitary probably because of the lack of habitat connection with other social groups. We conducted a Population Viability Analyzes (PVA) in the Vortex program to investigate the viability of these social groups. Besides estimating population viability in current conditions, we also did simulations predicting management actions, such as translocations of individuals and reforestation. We found that the muriqui populations (88 muriquis monitored in SMJ and 25 in ST) are vulnerable specially due to the loss of habitat connection between social groups, which reduces the success of migration of young females. When in isolated forest fragments and with greater reduction of reproductive females, the groups of muriquis tend to extinction in just 30 years. In completely isolation, the model predicts the negative growth rate of populations and high probability of extinction in the next 100 years. Due to the proximity of the five groups of muriquis in SMJ, the reforestation between fragments is a promising strategy for increasing population viability. Considering the possibility of young females migration between social groups, the model present a growth trend with the increasing of the SMJ population up to 350 muriquis in about 50 years. However, in ST, the 3,562 ha Biological Reserve Augusto Ruschi, comprises only one known group of muriquis with 25 individuals, 12 of them males. If this group remains in isolation, they will tend to extinction. However, the introduction of young females may increase population viability, for example, by the formation of a second social group. Modeling suggests that the formation of a second group decreases the loss of female migrants, ensuring the growth of the population over the next 100 years. We concluded that the viability of muriquis population depends mostly on the connection between at least two social groups, thus avoiding the loss of migrant young females.

The first study on Ateles geoffroyi in Honduras, this research focused on the population of spider monkeys in Parque Nacional Pico Bonito, Atlántida, Honduras. Subgroup size of spider monkeys in Parque Nacional Pico Bonito ranged from 1-23 (n=55) individuals, with a mean subgroup size of 6.93 ± 4.53 individuals, which was larger than nearly all subgroup sizes reported in Central and South America. Mean subgroup composition consisted of 1.65 ± 1.16 adult males, 2.67 ± 1.69 adult females and 1.75 ± 1.92 juveniles. Sex ratio of adult males to adult females was 1:1.62, which was consistent with most Central and South American Ateles studies in the literature.¶ Of a possible 23 identified food tree species from 15 families, and 7 unidentified tree and vine species, spider monkeys were confirmed to consume fruits, leaves and/or seeds from 8 identified tree species, 1 unidentified tree species, and 1 unidentified vine species. Several of the confirmed genera consumed by Ateles in Parque Nacional Pico Bonito were consistent with other studies conducted in Central and South America, including Dialium, Ficus, and Coccoloba.¶ Combining pelage analysis and discriminant analysis of cranial and dental measurements from 140 skins and 253 adult crania, the taxonomy of the Central American Ateles geoffroyi was revised to recognize the taxa Ateles geoffroyi yucatanensis, A. g. vellerosus, A. g. pan, A. g. geoffroyi, A. g. frontatus, A. g. ornatus, and A. g. grisescens, with the recognition of a potential new taxon from northern Honduras, resulting in a revised distribution of Ateles geoffroyi, based on the pelage and cranial analyses.

La géophagie désigne l’ingestion volontaire de terre et est répandue à travers le règne animal, l’Homme inclus. Cette large distribution souligne la longue histoire évolutive du comportement et suggère que la terre ingérée confèrerait des bénéfices adaptatifs aux consommateurs. L’Homme possède une longue histoire de la géophagie. Depuis deux dizaines d’années, la géophagie chez les primates non-humains connaît un intérêt scientifique croissant. Elle a été observée chez 27% des espèces de primates reconnues actuellement. Deux hypothèses majeures expliqueraient la géophagie chez les primates :la supplémentation et la protection. Dans le premier cas, la terre ingérée procurerait des éléments essentiels que l’individu ne trouve pas dans d’autres ressources. Dans le second cas, la terre consommée protègerait son tractus gastro-intestinal contre les endoparasites et/ou contre les effets néfastes des composés secondaires contenus dans les items végétaux ingérés. Toutefois, le manque de recherches multidisciplinaires ne facilite pas la compréhension du comportement et de son rôle chez les primates. Cette thèse s’intéresse à la géophagie chez le singe laineux à queue jaune (Lagothrix flavicauda), espèce pour laquelle ce comportement n’avait pas encore été décrit. C’est un des plus grands et un des plus rares primates néo-tropicaux. Ce primate peu étudié est endémique du Pérou et en Danger Critique d’extinction. Il est arboricole et principalement frugivore. Un groupe de singes habitués à la présence de chercheurs a été suivi au site d’étude de La Esperanza, afin de dresser les premières caractéristiques de la géophagie (Chap. 4) :i) toutes les classes d’individus (âge/sexe) consomment de la terre ii) en de rares et brefs événements (15 ± 9 secondes), iii) principalement pendant la saison sèche. Les singes semblent développer des stratégies pour gérer les risques de prédation liés à la terrestrialité qu’implique la géophagie :ils sélectionnent les sites de géophagie selon des paramètres qui pourraient promouvoir leur sécurité ;ils sont plus vigilants ;ils consomment souvent de la terre ex situ, sur une haute branche. La géophagie nécessite donc acquisition de connaissances particulières et nos observations mettent en évidence que l’apprentissage débute très tôt dans la vie de l’individu, la mère jouant un rôle crucial dans le processus de transmission du comportement. Ce travail s’est aussi focalisé sur l’échantillonnage et l’analyse de la composition des terres consommées et contrôles (Chap. 5) :la terre ingérée contient plus d’argile et moins d’éléments essentiels (e.g. Ca, Mg, K, Fe), supportant davantage l’hypothèse de protection, l’argile étant connue pour ses propriétés d’adsorption et d’évacuation des toxines. Enfin, les patterns temporels de la consommation de la terre et des items végétaux ont montré que la géophagie est directement associée à l’augmentation de la consommation de feuilles pendant la saison sèche (Chap. 6). Nos résultats suggèrent que ces primates ingèrent de la terre pour se protéger des composés secondaires pouvant être plus abondants dans les feuilles en saison sèche. Cette étude souligne que des données comportementales détaillées ainsi que des recherches comprenant plusieurs axes d’investigation sont essentielles pour comprendre la façon dont les individus acquièrent les connaissances liées à une pratique si rare. / Geophagy, i.e. the deliberate ingestion of earth, is largely described across the animal kingdom, including in human and non-human primates. Its widespread distribution highlights its long evolutionary history and its widely hypothesized selective benefits. Humans have a long history of geophagy. Since two decades, scientific interest in non-human primate geophagy is growing. The behavior has been described in 27% of the known primate species. In non-human primates, two major adaptive hypotheses are proposed to explain geophagy. The supplementation one argues that earth provides micronutrients individuals cannot find in their diet. The protection one argues that earth protects the gastrointestinal tract from secondary plant compounds and/or parasites. However, multidisciplinary research is lacking to fully understand the geophagy behavior in primates.I studied the geophagy behavior in the yellow-tailed woolly monkey (Lagothrix flavicauda), for which there was no earth consumption data. This monkey is one of the largest and rarest neotropical primates but remains little studied. Yellow-tailed woolly monkeys are Critically Endangered and endemic to northern Peru. They are arboreal and have a primarily frugivorous diet. Their simple gastro-intestinal tract makes digestion of cell walls and secondary plant compounds difficult.One habituated group of yellow-tailed woolly monkeys was studied at La Esperanza study site, allowing to provide the first descriptions of (Chap. 4) i) individuals of all age/sex classes consumed earth ii) in rare and very brief events (15 ± 9 seconds), and iii) mainly occurring during dry seasons. We also examined how these arboreal primates deal with the higher predation pressure linked to this terrestrial behavior: yellow-tailed wooly monkeys selected sites according to some parameters that may ensure their safety; they showed increased vigilance; and they often consumed earth ex situ, on a branch. Geophagy therefore requires the acquisition of specific knowledge and our observations show that learning begins very early in the individual's life, the mother playing a crucial role in the behavior transmission process. This research also focused on sampling and analyzing the composition of consumed and control earths (Chap. 5): earth consumed was richer in clay and poorer in micronutrients (e.g. Ca, Mg, K, Fe), better supporting the protection hypothesis, as clay is known to adsorb and evacuate toxins. Finally, temporal patterns of earth and vegetal items consumptions was also examined and showed geophagy was directly associated with the increased leaf consumption during the dry season (Chap. 6) and, through a geophagy day, earth and leaves consumption were synchronized. This study suggests that these primates eat earth to protect themselves against gastro-intestinal disorders caused by an increased ingestion of secondary compounds that might be more abundant in leaves and during the dry season. It also underlines that detailed behavioral data and multiple axed research are necessary to understand how a rare practice implying specific knowledge and aptitudes emerge in the behavioral repertoire of an individual. / Doctorat en Sciences / info:eu-repo/semantics/nonPublished