Submitted by Cátia Araújo (catia.araujo@unipampa.edu.br) on 2017-09-29T12:46:00Z No. of bitstreams: 1 Eduardo Stüker - 2017.pdf: 7313484 bytes, checksum: 62b33528c60c5929fa82fa9096afeeee (MD5) / Approved for entry into archive by Marlucy Farias Medeiros (marlucy.farias@unipampa.edu.br) on 2017-09-29T16:25:01Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 1 Eduardo Stüker - 2017.pdf: 7313484 bytes, checksum: 62b33528c60c5929fa82fa9096afeeee (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2017-09-29T16:25:01Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Eduardo Stüker - 2017.pdf: 7313484 bytes, checksum: 62b33528c60c5929fa82fa9096afeeee (MD5) Previous issue date: 2017-08-18 / Este trabalho tem por objetivo principal analisar a influência de um parque eólico sobre as variáveis que controlam o escoamento atmosférico na camada limite atmosférica. O período simulado foi todo o ano de 2008, utilizando duas configurações diferentes: sem parque eólico (simplesmente o modelo Weather Research and Forecasting (WRF)) e o com parque eólico (o modelo WRF com o módulo Fitch, que parametriza a influência de aerogeradores no escoamento atmosférico), ambas utilizando a parametrização de camada limite (PCL) Yonsei-University (YSU). A partir da simulação sem parque eólico é feita a validação do modelo, utilizando dados observacionais coletados em duas estações automáticas do Instituto Nacional de Meteorologia (INMET), os municípios de Alegrete-RS e Quaraí-RS. Os índices de correlação para as estações de Alegrete-RS e Quarai-RS foram de aproximadamente 80% a 85%, respectivamente. Porém, essa análise, também mostrou uma tendência de o WRF superestimar os dados observados. O parque eólico idealizado nesse trabalho possui 100 aerogeradores de 3 MW de potência com 120 m de altura e com rotor medindo 125 m de diâmetro. Os resultados indicam que e o parque geraria, no ano de 2008, 89; 1 MWh de energia elétrica, com um fator de capacidade (FC) de 29; 7%. A partir da comparação entre os resultados das simulações com as duas configurações, a influência da presença do parque eólico sobre o comportamento das variáveis que controlam o escoamento médio na atmosfera é analisado. Apesar da velocidade do vento responder de maneira adequada, a temperatura e a turbulência do escoamento próximo à superfície diminuem, apesar da parametrização utilizada para as turbinas eólicas transformar parte da energia mecânica, parte em energia na forma de calor e parte em turbulência. Uma análise da dependência da turbulência próximo à superfície, com a estabilidade vertical do escoamento indica que a turbulência que está sendo gerada pelas turbinas não está chegando até a superfície. Esse problema pode estar diretamente relacionado com a parametrização de camada limite escolhido. / The main objective of this work is to analyze the influence of a wind farm on the variables that control the atmospheric flow in the atmospheric boundary layer (ABL). The period simulated was the whole year of 2008, by using two different configurations: without wind farm (simply Weather Research and Forecasting (WRF) model) and with a wind farm (the WRF model with the module Fitch, which parameterizes the influence of the wind turbines in the atmospheric flow), both of them using the boundary layer module (PBL-module) Yonsei-University (YSU). From the simulations without the wind farm the model validation is done, with the observed data collected in two automatic stations of Instituto Nacional de Meteorologia (INMET), in Alegrete-RS e Quaraí-RS. The correlation ratio for the stations of Alegrete-RS and Quarai-Rs was, approximately, 80% a 85%, respectively. However, this analysis, also showed a tendency in the model overestimation of the observed data. The idealized wind farm, in this work, has 100 wind turbines of 3 MW of power with 120 m of height and with rotor measuring 125 m of diameter. The results show that the wind farm would generate, in 2008, 89; 1 MWh of electric energy, with a capacity factor of 29; 7%. From the comparison between the results of the simulations with both configurations, the influence of the presence of the wind farm over the behavior of the variables that control the mean flow in the atmosphere is analyzed. In spite of adequate answer of the wind velocity, the temperature and the turbulence of the flow decreases in the presence of the wind farm, although the parametrization for the wind turbines to change part of the mechanical energy of the flow part in heat and in part in turbulence. An analysis of the dependence of the turbulence, near the ground, with the vertical stability of the flow indicates that the turbulence generate by turbines does not arrive in the low levels of the atmosphere. This problem can be directly caused by the PBL-module chosen.

Fine particulate matter (PM2.5) has been associated with a variety of problems that include adverse health effects, reduction in visibility, damage to buildings and crops, and possible interactions with climate. Although stringent air quality regulations are in place, policy makers need efficient tools to test a wide range of control strategies. Sensitivity analysis provides predictions on how the interdependent concentrations of various PM2.5 components and also gaseous pollutant species will respond to specific combinations of precursor emission reductions. The Community Multiscale Air Quality Model (CMAQ) was outfitted with the Decoupled Direct Method in 3D for calculating sensitivities of particulate matter (DDM-3D/PM). This method was evaluated and applied to high PM2.5 episodes in the Southeast United States. Sensitivities of directly emitted particles as well as those formed in the atmosphere through chemical and physical processing of emissions of gaseous precursors such as SO2, NOx, VOCs, and NH3 were calculated. DDM-3D/PM was further extended to calculate receptor oriented sensitivities or the Area of Influence (AOI). AOI analysis determines the geographical extent of relative air pollutant precursor contributions to pollutant levels at a specific receptor of interest. This method was applied to Atlanta and other major cities in Georgia. The tools developed here (DDM-3D/PM and AOI) provide valuable information to those charged with air quality management.

Approved for public release, distribution is unlimited / The objective of this thesis is to investigate the forecastability of optical turbulence using the U.S. Navy's Coupled Ocean Atmosphere Mesoscale Prediction System (COAMPS). First, a detailed synoptic study was performed over the Eastern Pacific region for observation periods in October 2001 and March 2002 to focus on mesoscale features affecting Vandenberg AFB. Second, a modified version of COAMPS version 2.0.16 model output was evaluated to ensure reasonable modeling of the mesoscale. Next, temperature and dewpoint temperature vertical profiles of COAMPS, modified with the Turbulent Kinetic Energy (TKE) Method, were compared with balloon-launched rawinsondes, initially, then with higher resolution thermosondes. Optical turbulence parameters were then calculated from the data and a comparison between synthetic profiles and thermosonde-derived profiles were qualitatively and quantitatively studied. Then the vertical resolution of the model was increased for selected forecasts to determine the potential for forecast improvement. / Lieutenant Commander, United States Navy

La végétation influence le climat urbain de l'échelle de la rue à l'échelle de la ville. Les arbres de rue, en particulier, constituent une technique alternative à l'atténuation de l'îlot de chaleur urbain et à l'amélioration du confort thermique. Ils modifient les bilans radiatif et énergétique en interceptant et absorbant une partie du rayonnement solaire incident, créent de l'ombre, augmentent l'humidité relative de l'air par évapotranspiration et modifient également les écoulements d'air dans le canyon urbain. Le modèle TEB est un des rares modèles de climat urbain prenant en compte la végétation. Il intègre des paramétrisations dédiées à la végétation basse dans les canyons urbains et aux toitures végétalisées, et peut représenter les interactions de petite échelle entre les surfaces minéralisées, la végétation et l'atmosphère. Dans le cadre de cette thèse, une paramétrisation a été implémentée dans TEB pour modéliser les aspects radiatifs, énergétiques et aérauliques liés à la présence d'arbres de rue dans l'espace urbain. Une canopée arborée explicite a été intégrée dans le canyon urbain au-dessus de la chaussée et des jardins. Le modèle ISBA est utilisé pour représenter les strates haute et basse de la végétation. Les calculs radiatifs du modèle TEB ont été modifiés afin de prendre en compte les effets d'ombrage et d'atténuation du rayonnement solaire et IR liés à la présence de cette canopée, et les interactions IR entre l'ensemble des éléments urbains du canyon. Une évaluation du bilan radiatif a été réalisée grâce à une comparaison avec le modèle architectural d'ensoleillement à haute résolution SOLENE, sur la base de simulations de canyons urbains idéalisés et pour différentes configurations d'arbres de rue. Les flux d'énergie calculés par ISBA selon l'approche \textit{big leaf} ont ensuite été désagrégés entre les contributions de la végétation haute et basse. Les flux des arbres ont été redistribués sur la verticale de façon à modifier le microclimat à hauteur réaliste vis-à-vis de la position de la canopée arborée. Un effet de traînée lié à la présence de la canopée arborée a été intégré dans les équations de quantité de mouvement et d'énergie cinétique turbulente résolues par la paramétrisation de couche limite de surface de TEB pour le volume d'air au sein du canyon. Une évaluation en cas réel de cette nouvelle version du modèle a été conduite sur un site expérimental, à savoir une cour semi-fermée aménagée avec des arbres et où ont été collectées différentes variables microclimatiques. Les résultats montrent des améliorations considérables quant à la modélisation des températures de surface des murs et du sol, de la température de l'air sous la canopée arborée, et de la vitesse du vent. Ces implémentations visent à simuler de façon plus réaliste différentes stratégies d'adaptation par la végétalisation et d'évaluer leurs performances sur l'atténuation de l'îlot de chaleur urbain, le confort thermique, et la consommation d'énergie des bâtiments. / Vegetation influences the urban climate, from road to city scale. Street trees implementation is an alternative technic to reduce the urban heat island and to improve the thermal comfort. They modify the radiative and energetic balances by intercepting and absorbing a part of the solar radiation, provide shade, increase the humidity with evapotranspiration, and alter the air flow in the urban canyons. The TEB model is one the rare urban climate models taking into account vegetation. It integrates parameterizations dedicated to low vegetation and green roofs. It can represent the small-scale interactions between mineral surfaces, vegetation and the atmosphere. During this PhD thesis, a parameterization has been developed to model the radiative, energetic and dynamical effects of street and garden trees in urban spaces. An explicit tree canopy has been integrated into the urban canyon, above gardens but also streets. The ISBA vegetation scheme has been used, and included in TEB, to represent these vegetated entities (both low and high strata). The radiative computations of the TEB model have been improved in order to represent the shading and attenuation of radiation due to trees, as well as all the infra-red interactions between the urban elements. An evaluation of the radiative budget has been done thanks to a comparison with the high- resolution architectural model SOLENE, using numerous different urban canyons with several layouts of tree canopies. Then, the energy fluxes computed by ISBA have been dis- aggregated between contributions from high and low vegetation. Fluxes allocated to the trees have been redistributed on the vertical in order to alter the microclimate at realistic height, i.e. respecting the position of the tree crown. A specific drag force of trees on the airflow is simulated. An evaluation has been done on a real experimental site in a canyon-like courtyard with trees where several microclimatic data were collected. The results show an impressive improvement of the surface temperatures of walls and ground, air temperature and wind speed. In the future, these implementations will allow to simulate more realistically several adaptation strategies using greening at city scale, and to evaluate their efficiency in terms of urban heat island mitigation, improvement of human comfort and building energy consumption.

Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior - CAPES / The present PhD thesis analyzes the results obtained from the Total Ozone Column (TOC) monitoring conducted in the Southern Space Observatory - SSO (29.26 ° S, 53.48 °W and 488 m altitude) between 1992 and 2014 by three successive Brewer spectrophotometers (# 081, # 056 and # 167). First, the Brewer measurements were compared with TOMS (Total Ozone Mapping Spectrometer) and OMI (Ozone Monitoring Instrument) satellites obtaining excellent agreement. In addition, was determined that the seasonal TOC variability is dominated by the annual cycle, with a minimum of ~ 260 DU in April and a maximum of ~ 295 DU in September. The Quasi-Biennial Oscillation (QBO) is the main mode of interannual variability being approximately in antiphase with the QBO index. Next, 58 events of the influence of the Antarctic Ozone Hole on the SSO station was identificate in the period between 2005 and 2014. This events occurred on average 5.8 ± 3.51 times per year, with a mean reduction of TOC by Brewer' of -7.04 ± 2.97% and by OMI of -7.66 ± 3.11 respectively. Analyzing the ozone profiles from AURA/MLS (Microwave Limb Sounder) satellite, the average isentropic level for maximum reduction is 644.68 ± 158.59 K, with a mean reduction of 15.39 ± 6.47%, being October the month of greatest occurrence (18 events). The events were separated into three categories: TOC intensity reduction, height of the ozone reduction lamina in AURA/MLS satellite and the dynamic characteristic of Polar Filament or Polar Tongue through the application of Dybal (Dynamical Barrier Localization) code in the potential vorticity (PV) fields from MIMOSA (Modélisation Isentrope du transport Mésoéchelle de l'Ozone Stratosphérique par Advection) model. The events with a dynamic feature of Polar Tongue (20,68%) occurred more frequently in October, with medium intensity and in the medium stratosphere, while events of dynamic characteristic of Polar Filament (79,31%) occurred more frequently in September, also with medium intensity and in the medium stratosphere. / A presente Tese de Doutorado analisa os resultados obtidos a partir do monitoramento da Coluna Total de Ozônio (CTO) realizado no Observatório Espacial do Sul – OES (29,26 ° S, 53,48 ° e 488 m de altitude) entre 1992 e 2014 através de três sucessivos espectrofotômetros Brewer (# 081, # 056 e # 167). Primeiramente, as medidas dos Brewers foram comparadas com observações dos instrumentos de satélite TOMS (Total Ozone Mapping Spectrometer) e OMI (Ozone Monitoring Instrument), obtendo elevados valores de R2 (0,88 e 0,93, respectivamente). Além disso, foi determinado que a variabilidade sazonal da CTO é dominada pelo ciclo anual, com um mínimo de ~260 DU em abril e um máximo de ~295 DU em setembro. A Oscilação Quasi-Bienal (QBO) é o principal modo de variabilidade interanual estando aproximadamente em antifase com o índice QBO. Em seguida é apresentada a identificação da ocorrência de 58 eventos de Influência do Buraco de Ozônio Antártico sobre a estação do OES no período entre 2005 e 2014, os quais ocorreram em média 5,8 ± 3,5 vezes por ano, com redução média da CTO de Brewer e OMI de -7,04±2,9% e 7,66±3,1 respectivamente. Analisando os perfis de ozônio do satélite AURA/MLS (Microwave Limb Sounder), observa-se que o nível isentrópico médio para a máxima redução é de 644,6±158,5 K com redução média de 15,3±6,4%, sendo outubro o mês de maior ocorrência (18 eventos). Os eventos foram separados em categorias: Intensidade da redução da CTO, altura da camada de redução no perfil do ozônio do satélite AURA/MLS e a característica dinâmica de Filamento Polar ou Língua Polar através da aplicação do código Dybal (Dynamical Barrier Localisation) nos campos de vorticidade potencial (PV) do modelo MIMOSA (Modélisation Isentrope du transport Mésoéchelle de l'Ozone Stratosphérique par Advection). Os eventos com característica dinâmica de Lingua Polar (20,68%) ocorreram com mais frequência no mês de outubro, com intensidade média e na média estratosfera, enquanto que eventos de característica dinâmica de Filamento Polar (79,31%) ocorreram com mais frequência no mês de setembro, também com media intensidade e na média estratosfera.

Die komplexen Interaktionen von Aerosolen, Wolken und Niederschlag werden in aktuellen Vorhersagemodellen nur ungenügend dargestellt. Simulationen mit spektraler Beschreibung von Wolkenprozessen können zu verbesserten Vorhersagen beitragen, sind jedoch weitaus rechenintensiver. Die Beschleunigung dieser Simulationen erfordert eine hochparallele Ausführung. In dieser Arbeit wird ein Konzept zur Kopplung spektraler Wolkenmikrophysikmodelle mit atmosphärischen Modellen entwickelt, das eine effiziente Nutzung der heute verfügbaren Parallelität der Größenordnung von 100.000 Prozessorkernen ermöglicht. Aufgrund des stark variierenden Rechenaufwands ist dafür eine hochskalierbare dynamische Lastbalancierung des Wolkenmikrophysikmodells unumgänglich. Dies wird durch ein hierarchisches Partitionierungsverfahren erreicht, das auf raumfüllenden Kurven basiert. Darüber hinaus wird eine hochskalierbare Verknüpfung von dynamischer Lastbalancierung und Modellkopplung durch ein effizientes Verfahren für die regelmäßige Bestimmung der Überschneidungen zwischen unterschiedlichen Partitionierungen ermöglicht. Durch die effiziente Nutzung von Hochleistungsrechnern ermöglichen die Ergebnisse der Arbeit die Anwendung spektraler Wolkenmikrophysikmodelle zur Simulation realistischer Szenarien auf hochaufgelösten Gittern. / Current forecast models insufficiently represent the complex interactions of aerosols, clouds and precipitation. Simulations with spectral description of cloud processes allow more detailed forecasts. However, they are much more computationally expensive. Reducing the runtime of such simulations requires a highly parallel execution. This thesis presents a concept for coupling spectral cloud microphysics models with atmospheric models that allows for efficient utilization of today\'s available parallelism in the order of 100.000 processor cores. Due to the strong workload variations, highly scalable dynamic load balancing of the cloud microphysics model is essential in order to reach this goal. This is achieved through a hierarchical partitioning method based on space-filling curves. Furthermore, a highly scalable connection of dynamic load balancing and model coupling is facilitated by an efficient method to regularly determine the intersections between different partitionings. The results of this thesis enable the application of spectral cloud microphysics models for the simulation of realistic scenarios with high resolution grids by efficient use of high performance computers.

Die komplexen Interaktionen von Aerosolen, Wolken und Niederschlag werden in aktuellen Vorhersagemodellen nur ungenügend dargestellt. Simulationen mit spektraler Beschreibung von Wolkenprozessen können zu verbesserten Vorhersagen beitragen, sind jedoch weitaus rechenintensiver. Die Beschleunigung dieser Simulationen erfordert eine hochparallele Ausführung. In dieser Arbeit wird ein Konzept zur Kopplung spektraler Wolkenmikrophysikmodelle mit atmosphärischen Modellen entwickelt, das eine effiziente Nutzung der heute verfügbaren Parallelität der Größenordnung von 100.000 Prozessorkernen ermöglicht. Aufgrund des stark variierenden Rechenaufwands ist dafür eine hochskalierbare dynamische Lastbalancierung des Wolkenmikrophysikmodells unumgänglich. Dies wird durch ein hierarchisches Partitionierungsverfahren erreicht, das auf raumfüllenden Kurven basiert. Darüber hinaus wird eine hochskalierbare Verknüpfung von dynamischer Lastbalancierung und Modellkopplung durch ein effizientes Verfahren für die regelmäßige Bestimmung der Überschneidungen zwischen unterschiedlichen Partitionierungen ermöglicht. Durch die effiziente Nutzung von Hochleistungsrechnern ermöglichen die Ergebnisse der Arbeit die Anwendung spektraler Wolkenmikrophysikmodelle zur Simulation realistischer Szenarien auf hochaufgelösten Gittern. / Current forecast models insufficiently represent the complex interactions of aerosols, clouds and precipitation. Simulations with spectral description of cloud processes allow more detailed forecasts. However, they are much more computationally expensive. Reducing the runtime of such simulations requires a highly parallel execution. This thesis presents a concept for coupling spectral cloud microphysics models with atmospheric models that allows for efficient utilization of today\'s available parallelism in the order of 100.000 processor cores. Due to the strong workload variations, highly scalable dynamic load balancing of the cloud microphysics model is essential in order to reach this goal. This is achieved through a hierarchical partitioning method based on space-filling curves. Furthermore, a highly scalable connection of dynamic load balancing and model coupling is facilitated by an efficient method to regularly determine the intersections between different partitionings. The results of this thesis enable the application of spectral cloud microphysics models for the simulation of realistic scenarios with high resolution grids by efficient use of high performance computers.

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L’un des enjeux principaux dans l’appréhension de l’évolution du climat planétaire réside dans la compréhension du rôle des processus de formation de la glace ainsi que leur rôle dans la formation et l’évolution des nuages troposphériques. Un cold stage nouvellement construit permet l’observation simultanée de jusqu’à 200 gouttes monodispersées de suspensions contenant des particules de K–feldspath, connues comme étant des particules glaçogènes très actives. Les propriétés glaçogènes des particules résiduelles de chaque goutte sont ensuite comparées pour les différents modes de glaciation et le lien entre noyau glaçogène en immersion et en déposition est étudié. Les premiers résultats ont montré que les mêmes sites actifs étaient impliqué dans la glaciation par immersion et par déposition. Les implications atmosphériques des résultats expérimentaux sont discutés à l’aide de Descam (Flossmann et al., 1985), un modèle 1.5–d à microphysique détaillée dans une étude de cas visant à rendre compte du rôle des différents mécanismes de glaciation dans l’évolution dynamique du nuage convective CCOPE (Dye et al., 1986). Quatre types d’aérosol minéraux (K–feldspath, kaolinite, illite et quartz) sont utilisés pour la glaciation en immersion, par contact et par déposition, à l’aide de paramétrisations sur la densité de sites glaçogènes actifs. Des études de sensibilité, où les différents types d’aérosols et modes de glaciation sont considérés séparément et en compétition, permettent de rendre compte de leurs importances relatives. La glaciation en immersion sur les particules de K–feldspath s’est révélée comme ayant le plus d’impact sur l’évolution dynamique et sur les précipications pour un nuage convectif. / One of the main challenges in understanding the evolution of Earth's climate resides in the understanding the ice formation processes and their role in the formation of tropospheric clouds as well as their evolution. A newly built humidity-controlled cold stage allows the simultaneous observation of up to 200 monodispersed droplets of suspensions containing K-feldspar particles, known to be very active ice nucleating particles. The ice nucleation efficiencies of the individual residual particles were compared for the different freezing modes and the relationship between immersion ice nuclei and deposition ice nuclei were investigated. The results showed that the same ice active sites are responsible for nucleation of ice in immersion and deposition modes.The atmospheric implications of the experimental results are discussed, using Descam (Flossmann et al., 1985), a 1.5-d bin-resolved microphysics model in a case study aiming to assess the role of the different ice nucleation pathways in the dynamical evolution of the CCOPE convective cloud (Dye et al., 1986). Four mineral aerosol types (K-feldspar, kaolinite, illite and quartz) were considered for immersion and contact freezing and deposition nucleation, with explicit Ice Nucleation Active Site density parameterizations.In sensitivity studies, the different aerosol types and nucleation modes were treated seperately and in competition to assess their relative importance. Immersion freezing on K-feldspar was found to have the most pronounced impact on the dynamical evolution and precipitation for a convective cloud.